30. Queen v. Joseph, p. 43.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid., p. 44.
33. Ibid., p. 46.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid., p. 47.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid., p. 48; The Age, 26 February 1855, p. 5. Author’s note: This passage is exactly as it appears in the trial transcript, with the exception of the words ‘riotous nigger from down south’, which is how it appeared in The Age, instead of the words ‘down south man’.
39. The Age, 23 February 1855, p. 4.
40. Queen v. Joseph, p. 50.
41. Carboni, p. 91.
42. Ibid.
43. Queen v. Joseph, p. 52.
44. Ibid., p. 53.
45. Ibid., p. 59.
46. Author’s note: Though that is not recorded in the official transcript, the verdict certainly is, and according to my research this was the verbal form used at the time.
47. Hocking, p. 168.
48. The Age, 24 Feburary 1855, p. 4.
49. The Sydney Morning Herald, 1 March 1855, p. 4.
50. The Ballarat Times, 10 March 1855, p. 2.
51. The Argus, 28 February 1855, p. 4.
52. Neue Oder-Zeitung, 7 March 1855, p. 3.
53. Mayer, p. 94.
54. The Argus, 13 March 1855, p. 5.
55. Acting Chief Commissioner of Police to Governor Charles Hotham, Reporting a Public Meeting, 15 March 1855, No. 29, Inward Correspondence, VPRS 4066, Box 2, p. 4.
56. Queen v. Hayes, p. 64.
57. Ibid., p. 65.
58. Ibid., p. 67.
59. Ibid., p. 68.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid., p 69.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid., p. 71.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid., 73.
66. Ibid., p. 74.
67. Ibid., p. 78.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid., p. 98.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid., pp. 115-116.
73. Molony, p.187.
74. Queen v. Hayes, p. 93.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid., p. 94-95.
77. Ibid., p. 116.
78. Ibid., p. 142.
79. The Argus, 22 March 1855, p. 5.
80. Ibid.
81. Molony, p. 189.
82. The Argus, 22 March, 1855.
83. Carboni, Pg. 117.
84. Carboni, p. 118.
85. The Age, 23 March 1855, p. 4.
86. Hotham despatch to Sir George Grey, 3 April 1855. ‘Further Papers Relevant to the Discovery of Gold in Australia’, February 1856, p. 64.
87. Ibid.
88. The Age, 26 March 1855, p. 5.
89. ‘Report of the Commission Appointed to Enquire into the Condition of the Goldfields of Victoria’, p. xix.
90. Secretary of State to Governor Hotham, Confidential Despatch, 2 June 1855, VPRS 1090, P0000/1, pp. 187-188.
91. The Age, 3 April 1855, p. 7.
92. Peter Lalor letter to his brother Richard, 1855, SLV, AJCP M Series M2039, p. 4.
93. The Argus, 10 April 1855, p. 7.
94. Johnson, p. 12.
95. Withers, p. 166.
96. Author’s note: Hotham issued writs for the creation of new electoral districts (that included Ballarat and the other major gold districts) on 19 October 1855.
97. The Argus, 13 November 1855, p. 4.
98. Victorian Government Gazette (No.117), Friday, 23 November 855, p. 3077.
EPILOGUE
1. Smith, p. 89.
2. Molony, ‘Eureka and the Prerogative of the People’, Papers on Parliament, No. 42, December 2004.
3. The Argus, 11 January 1856, p. 4.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Craig, p. 251.
7. Lynch, p. 28.
8. Lynch, p. 37.
9. The Argus, 31 December 1856, p. 6.
10. Lynch, p. 128.
11. Hocking, p. 125.
12. Johnson, p. 12.
13. Illustrated Australian News, 9 March 1889, p. 43. Author’s note: Lalor’s obituary was written by the famed observer of the Australian colonies John Stanley, better known as ‘The Vagabond’. Stanley interviewed Lalor in the week before his death.
14. Newton, p.73.
15. The Sydney Morning Herald, 6 August 1947, p. 3S.
16. Cairns Post, 17 April 1946, p.1.
17. The Age, 14 April 1873, p. 4.
18. MacFarlane, p. 110.
19. Withers, p. 89.
20. The British Colonist, 30 April 1862, p. 3.
21. Bowden, pp. 30-31.
22. Beggs Sunter, Anne. ‘Seekamp, Henry (1829-1864), Australian Dictionary of Biography..
23. The Sydney Morning Herald, 28 December 1975, p. 30.
24. The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 January 1974, p.8.
25. Withers, p. 150.
26. Tom, p.8.
27. Ibid. p.7.
28. The Sydney Morning Herald, 28 December 1923, p. 8.
29. Cox, p. 37.
30. Ibid.
31. The Daily News [Perth], 11 August 1933, p. 5.
32. Flannery, p. 11.
33. Lynch, p. 11.
34. Withers, p. 154.
35. O’Brien, p.122.
36. Blainey, p. 57.
37. Molony, ‘Eureka and the Prerogative of the People’, Papers on Parliament, No. 42, December 2004.
38. Lynch, p. 28.
39. The Sun Herald, 28 November 2004, p. 16.
40. The Age, 3 December 2004, p. 15.
41. Blainey, p. 56.
42. The Sydney Morning Herald, 30 November 2004, p. 13.
43. Carboni, p. 51.
44. Ibid., p 39.
45. The Argus, 10 April 1855, pp. 14-16.
46. The Sydney Morning Herald, 29 November 2004, p. 15.
47. Ibid.
Charles Joseph La Trobe, Superintendent of the Port Phillip District (1839-51), first Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria (1851-54). (STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA)
Jolimont, La Trobe’s modest prefabricated residence in Melbourne, is referred to by locals as ‘The Chalet’ because of its Continental form. (GEORGE ALEXANDER GILBERT/STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA)
Edward Hammond Hargraves, rewarded as the first discoverer of payable gold at Ophir, New South Wales, in 1851. (STATE LIBRARY OF NEW SOUTH WALES)
Panning for gold. (SAMUEL THOMAS GILL/REX NAN KIVELL COLLECTION/NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA)
New South Wales’s first gold digging at FitzRoy Bar, Ophir, is soon in full swing after the newspapers announce Hargraves’s discovery in May 1851. (FROM SKETCHES IN AUSTRALIA BY GEORGE FRENCH ANGAS/STATE LIBRARY OF NEW SOUTH WALES)
Optimistic diggers making their way to Ballarat in 1854. (SAMUEL THOMAS GILL/NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA)
Goldmining techniques: panning, puddling (where clayey dirt is broken down with water in a tub) and cradling. (EDWIN STOCQUELER/REX NAN KIVELL COLLECTION/NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA)
Cradling at Forrest Creek, the fabulously auriferous goldfield that opened up in September 1851. (SAMUEL THOMAS GILL/REX NAN KIVELL COLLECTION/NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA)
Deep sinking, digging in teams to depths of 150 feet, can mean toiling for up to six months before any prize is won. (SAMUEL THOMAS GILL/NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA)
‘Shepherding’ can result in disputes as to whether the ground is being properly worked on or is, in fact, available to be claimed by others. (SAMUEL THOMAS GILL/REX NAN KIVELL COLLECTION/NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA)
Sir Charles Hotham, Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria (1854-55), and first Governor of Victoria (1855). (STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA)
Ballarat diggings in the summer of 1853-54, looking south from Black Hill towards Buninyong. Row’s Circus tent can be seen on the flat. (EUGENE VON GUERARD / ART GALLERY OF BALLARAT)
Assistant-Commissioner Amos’s camp located on the Eureka. (THOMAS HAM/REX NAN KIVELL COLLECTION/NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRAL
IA)
Castlemaine diggers line up to pay their license fees. (SAMUEL THOMAS GILL/LA TROBE PICTURE COLLECTION/STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA)
A mass meeting typically concludes with diggers giving three cheers or groans for those newspapers that either support or oppose the diggers (in this case, The Argus The Herald respectively). (REX NAN KIVELL COLLECTION/NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA)
Sunday outdoor service at Forrest Creek. (SAMUEL THOMAS GILL/REX NAN KIVELL COLLECTION/NATIONAL LIBRARY OF AUSTRALIA)
‘I propose that this house belongs to the diggers!’ The burning down of the Eureka Hotel, 17 October 1854. (EUREKA RIOT BY CHARLES DOUDIET/ART GALLERY OF BALLARAT)
‘Bridegroom’ of the Southern Cross flag, Canadian digger Charles Ross. (ART GALLERY OF BALLARAT)
Robert Rede, Resident Commissioner of Crown Lands for the Goldfields at Ballarat (1854-55).
John Leslie Fitzgerald Vesey Foster, Colonial Secretary of Victoria (1853-54). (T. F. CHUCK/STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA)
Secretary of the Ballarat Reform League, moral-force Chartist and Welshman, John Basson Humffray. (LA TROBE PICTURE COLLECTION/STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA)
Italian man of letters, Raffaello Carboni, friend of Peter Lalor and author of The Eureka Stockade.
‘We swear by the Southern Cross …’ Digger swearing-in ceremony, 30 November 1854, at Bakery Hill. (F. A. SLEAP/STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA)
Swearing Allegiance to the ‘Southern Cross’ by Charles Doudiet. (ART GALLERY OF BALLARAT)
Members of the 12th Foot (left) and 40th Foot Gold Escort (right). (LINDSAY COX)
Eureka Slaughter by Charles Doudiet. (ART GALLERY OF BALLARAT)
The military attack on the Eureka Stockade, 3 December 1854. (THE EUREKA STOCKADE BY BERYL IRELAND/LA TROBE PICTURE COLLECTION/STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA)
The Stockade wall is breached by foot soldiers of the 12th and 14th Regiments. (EUREKA STOCKADE RIOT BY J. B. HENDERSON/LA TROBE PICTURE COLLECTION/STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA)
Members of the Independent California Rangers’ Revolver Brigade standing their ground during the attack on the Stockade. (GREGORY BLAKE)
Pikeman Hafele’s terrier is never far from his side, even at the height of the attack on the Stockade. (GREGORY BLAKE)
Father Smyth’s Catholic chapel, Bakery Hill, Ballarat. (EUGENE VON GUERARD/LA TROBE PICTURE LIBRARY/STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA)
Purportedly one of the three women who sewed the Southern Cross flag, the redoubtable Anastasia Hayes. (PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE VICTORIA, (c) STATE OF VICTORIA)
Concerned citizens of Melbourne organise a public meeting on 5 December 1854, ostensibly to discuss the protection of the city following the rebellion. (JOHN FERRES/STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA)
The crowd celebrates the acquittal of a Ballarat rioter accused of High Treason. (STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA)
Prominent Melburnian Judge Redmond Barry, who presided over the Scobie murder trial and the Eureka Stockade treason trials. (LA TROBE PICTURE COLLECTION/STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA)
One of the ‘Tipperary Mob’, Irishman Peter Lalor, Eureka Stockade leader and later long-serving Victorian State politician. (LA TROBE PICTURE COLLECTION/STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA)
The Eureka Stockade Monument (erected in 1884), located within the Eureka Stockade Gardens, Ballarat. The inscription tablet (added in 1923) reads: ‘Sacred to the Memory of Those who fell on the memorable 3rd Dec, 1854, In resisting The Unconstitutional Proceedings of the Victorian Government.’ (STATE LIBRARY OF VICTORIA)
The original Southern Cross flag (also known as ‘The Eureka flag’) on display at the Ballarat Art Gallery. (BALLARAT ART GALLERY)
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Eureka
ePub 9781742755267
Copyright (c) Peter FitzSimons, 2012
The moral right of the author has been asserted.
A William Heinemann book
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First published by William Heinemann in 2012
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Cataloguing-in-Publication entry
FitzSimons, Peter.
Eureka [electronic resource]: the unfinished revolution/
Peter FitzSimons.
ISBN 978 1 74275 526 7 (ebook)
Eureka Stockade (Ballarat, Vic.)
Gold miners - Victoria - Ballarat - History.
Riots - Victoria - Ballarat - History.
Ballarat (Vic.) - History - 1851-1901.
994.57031
Jacket design by Adam Yazxhi/MAXCO
Front cover: Eureka flag photo by Kate Morris; ‘Swearing Allegiance to the “Southern Cross”’ by Charles Doudiet, courtesy Art Gallery Ballarat
Back cover: ‘Eureka Slaughter, 3rd December 1854’ by Charles Doudiet, courtesy Art Gallery Ballarat
Internal maps by Jane Macaulay
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