Persuasion (Barnes & Noble Classics Series)

by Jane Austen

  Endnotes

  1 . (p. 3) Baronetage: The reference is to John Debrett’s two-volume Baronetage of England (1808). A baronet is just above the rank of knight and below that of baron.

  2 (p. 4) Dugdale: Sir William Dugdale’s catalogue of the seventeenth-century nobility was published in 1675 and 1676.

  3 (p. 9) There was only a small part ... alienable: Sir Walter’s estate is entailed, meaning that he is legally obliged to pass most of the estate to an heir, and thus may sell only a small part of it, that which is alienable, or separate from the entailed portion.

  4 (p. 17) This peace: The reference is to the Treaty of Paris (1814), the seeming defeat of the forces of Napoleon, until his escape from Elba in 1815.

  5 (p. 17) greatest prize of all: When British naval officers captured an enemy ship, they were legally entitled to seize and sell all its contents as “prizes.” Since the British navy was powerful and successful in the Napoleonic Wars, many officers enriched themselves this way, as Wentworth is said to have done.

  6 (p. 19) Lord St. Ives: Austen may have been thinking of the British naval hero Lord Horatio Nelson (1758-1805), victor over Napoleon at Trafalgar, whose father was a country clergyman (as was Jane Austen’s own father).

  7 (p. 21) rear admiral of the white: Rear-admirals were ranked below vice-admirals, the rank just below admiral; the three squadrons of the British Navy were ranked, in downward order, red, white, and blue.

  8 (p. 21) Trafalgar action: Trafalgar was the site of an important battle of 1805 that established Britain’s naval power as supreme over Napoleon’s.

  9 (p. 25) St. Domingo: The reference is to an 1806 victory for the British against the French Navy in Santo Domingo.

  10 (p. 62) privateers: Privateers were armed vessels owned and commanded by private persons who held government commissions to use arms against hostile nations, especially for the purpose of profiteering in merchandise seized.

  11 (p. 72) new creations: The reference is to bestowings of the title of baronet. Mary echoes her father’s contempt for recent “creations” (see p. 3).

  12 (p. go) as the nature of the country required, for going and returning: Lyme and the countryside around it are very hilly, and the journey would have been slow. Jane Austen visited Lyme in 1804 and here drew on that experience.

  13 (p.91) romantic rocks: Austen may have been thinking of the poem “Kubla Khan” (1798), by the Romantic poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834), with its “deep romantic chasm” (1. 12) and “dancing rocks” (1.23).

  14 (p. 96) Marmion or The Lady of the Lake: Sir Walter Scott (1771- 1832) is the author of these two popular long poems, Marmion: A Tale of Flooden Field (1808) and The Lady of the Lake: A Poem (1810).

  15 (p. 96) Giaour and The Bride of Abydos: George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824) wrote The Giaour, A Fragment of a Turkish Tale (1813) and The Bride of Abydos: A Turkish Tale (1813). These publications would have been recent at the time the novel takes place, and much talked about.

  16 (p. 104) “dark blue seas”: The reference is Byron’s long poem of 1812, Childe Harold’s Pilgrzmage, canto 2, stanza 17.

  17 (p. 111) Henry: The reference is to Matthew Prior’s poem “Henry and Emma” (1709). Based on the old ballad “The Nut-Brown Maid,” it tells the story of Emma, who proves her selfless love for her lover, Henry, in part by willingness to extend her devotion for his sake to the woman she thinks is her rival.

  18 (p. 116) Camden-place: Jane Austen drew here and elsewhere on her knowledge of Bath’s addresses and establishments, with their varying indications of social status and fashionability; she resided there from 1801 until 1806.

  19 (p. 135) silver sounds: The “silver sound” of the timepiece that awakens the heroine is found in The Rape of the Lock (1714), canto 1, line 18, by Alexander Pope (1688-1744).

  20 (p. 179) Miss Larolles: A character in Cecilia (1782), a novel by Fanny Burney (1752-1840); the heroine seats herself when attending performances so as to talk to those she wants to cultivate.

  21 (p. 205) youth ... many years: Charles will temporarily fill the position for a clergyman who has been promised to the parish by a patron but is not yet old enough to be ordained.

  22 (p. 216) head: This is a reference to the collection of tales called The Arabian Nights or The Thousand and One Nights. The conceit is that a legendary king of Samarkand killed each of his wives the morning following their wedding night until he married Scheherazade, who remained alive by promising to tell him a new tale every night.

  Inspired by Persuasion

  FILM

  In 1995 four of Jane Austen’s novels were made into films: Clueless, a modernization of Emma; Ang Lee’s Sense and Sensibility; Simon Langton’s four-and-a-half-hour miniseries Pride and Prejudice; and the BBC’s lavish production of Persuasion.

  Persuasion, Austen’s final and probably most autobiographical novel, is perhaps the most challenging to adapt into film, as it deals primarily with an unspoken psychology of love, courting, and courting again. Screenwriter Nick Dear (The Gambler) and director Roger Michell (Notting Hill), both veterans of the Royal Shakespeare Company, proved up to the task. Michell’s debut film, Persuasion is a faithful parade of Austen’s world—darkened drawing rooms, the absurdity of rigid, scripted social conventions, the comedy of fatuous relations, and the romance of patience. Like the novel, Michell’s film is set in England in 1814, following war with France. While Persuasion boasts glossy production values, and beautiful costumes and sets, it is not merely a period piece. The production’s crown jewel is Amanda Root, who turns in a brilliant performance, playing the fiercely intelligent, regretful, and frustrated Anne Elliot with subtlety and nuance. The life of Anne, on the brink of spinsterhood, is thrown into tumult when Frederick Wentworth (Ciaran Hinds), a suitor she had been persuaded eight years earlier to reject on financial grounds, reemerges as a valiant and wealthy navy officer.

  Root and Hinds are skilled at portraying the emotions of the central pair with little more than facial expressions, as numerous siblings and cousins chatter idly and prevent Anne and Frederick from talking about their future. Indeed, everything is implied, and almost nothing said. The typical Austen social milieu, including a full complement of fops and twits, including a silly Sir Walter Elliot played by Corin Redgrave, intensifies sympathies for the honest and straightforward pair of would-be soul mates. The pace is slow and measured, and the tension created by the many frustrated attempts at communication between its principal players is remarkable.

  LITERATURE

  Rudyard Kipling’s short story “The Janeites,” published in its final form in 1926, describes the experiences of the shell-shocked veteran Humberstall, who recalls his induction into a secret Jane Austen society while in the trenches in France during World War I. The world of card games and dances described by Austen represents to these soldiers—who are scarcely aware of the tone or even the plot of the novels—the imperiled English civilization for which they are fighting. Real-life Janeites have populated the world of letters since the publication of Austen’s novels. The brilliant novelist Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) is preeminent among later writers who explored nuances of personality as their characters played out their roles in society.

  Comments & Questions

  In this section, we aim to provide the reader with an array of perspectives on the text, as well as questions that challenge those perspectives. The commentary has been culled from sources as diverse as reviews contemporaneous with the work, letters written by the author, literary criticism of later generations, and appreciations written throughout history. Following the commentary, a series of questions seeks to filter Jane Austen’s Persuasion through a variety of points of view and bring about a richer understanding of this enduring work.

  COMMENTS

  SIR FRANCIS HASTINGS DOYLE

  A friend of mine, Miss Ursula Mayow, being on a visit at a country house in the Austen district, was taken to an afternoon party by her friends. Whilst there, some of t
he guests began to talk of Mrs. Gaskell’s ‘Cranford,’ then just published, and a voice was heard in the distance saying this: ‘Yes, I like it very much; it reminds me of my Aunt Jane.’ To Miss Mayow, a devoted Austenite, there could be no doubt who was meant by ‘my Aunt Jane,’ and accordingly she went as soon as she could and introduced herself to the speaker. This was the story told her, and if it be true, why Mr. Austen Leigh and Lord Brabourne say nothing, and apparently knew nothing about it, I cannot explain. Mr. Austen, accompanied by his two daughters, Cassandra and Jane, took advantage of the long delayed peace to undertake a foreign tour. Whilst in Switzerland they fell in with a young naval officer, the Captain Wentworth we may assume, afterwards delineated with such tenderness and skill in the novel of ‘Persuasion,’ a novel not given to the world till after her death. This course of true love ran perfectly smooth, and but for the cruelty of fate, Jane Austen’s career would probably have been altogether a different one, happier perhaps for herself, if less important to the world. But before the arrangements for this marriage were taken in hand, so at least in their blindness Jane and her lover imagined, a momentary separation was agreed upon between them. Mr. Austen and his daughters settled for themselves, that whilst their friend enjoyed himself in climbing mountains, and threading difficult passes, they would jog on to Chamouni, and wait quietly there till he rejoined them. This was done, but they did not find him on their arrival, nor did any tidings of his whereabouts reach them. Anxiety passed into alarm, and alarm into sickening terror; then at last, just as the Austens were about to return home, full of the gloomiest apprehensions, the fatal message they had been expecting came to them from a remote mountain village. Jane’s lover had over-walked and over-tasked himself. After a short illness he died of brain fever, but he had just managed, before his senses left him, to prepare a message for the Austens to tell them of his coming end. They returned to England, and according to the narrator, ‘Aunt Jane’ resumed her ordinary life as the rector’s daughter, never recurring to her adventures abroad. She seems as it were to have turned a key on the incidents of that year, and shut them away from her for ever. She had a desk which her niece promised to show to Miss Mayow, if she would come over to their house, and to this desk ‘Aunt Jane’ retired whenever the work of the parish left her any leisure, and wrote a letter or a chapter in a novel as the case might be. This story lends a great charm to ‘Persuasion.’ When we think of this woman of genius, at once delicate and strong, who had determined to live a life of duty and patient submission to the inevitable, unlocking her heart once more as she felt the approach of death, and calling back to cheer her last moments those recollections which she had thought it her duty to put aside, whilst there was yet work to do on earth, we are drawn to her by a new impulse, which heightens our admiration, and warms it into a real personal affection.

  —from Reminiscences and Opinions (1886)

  W. B. SHUBRICK CLYMER

  The qualities that appear in [Austen’s other novels] are in “Persuasion” perhaps more successfully fused than before. Through it runs a strain of pathos unheard in its predecessors, which in the chapter before the last combines in harmony with the other motives in a way not suggested in the previous novels. That chapter is as well composed as Thackeray’s chapters about Waterloo. As Shelley, toward the end of his life, with more complete control of his material, gave promise of more satisfying work than any he had done, so Jane Austen, always master of her material, gave evidence, in her last book, of wider scope. “Persuasion” does not, of course, like “Vanity Fair,” echo the distant hum of the whole of human life; it is, however, a “mirror of bright constancy.” Jane Austen’s observation, unusually keen always—and that is no mean qualification, for has not humor its source in observation?—here unites with the wisdom of forty to make a picture softer in tone, more delicate in modeling, more mellow, than its companions of her girlhood, or than its immediate predecessors in her later period. The book marks the beginning of a third period, beyond the entrance to which she did not live to go. It is not pretended that she would, with any length of life, have produced heroic paintings of extensive and complicated scenes, for that was not her field; it may reasonably be supposed that, had she lived, her miniatures might, in succeeding years, have shown predominantly the sympathetic quality which in “Persuasion” begins to assert itself.

  —from Scribner’s Magazine (March 1891)

  THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY

  From the girlish jeu d‘esprit The Mystery, a satire on the prevailing school of comedy, to Persuasion, with its quiet undertones and atmosphere of afterglow, Jane Austen was essentially a comic writer. We have but to compare her Emma with Gwendolen in Daniel Deronda to know the difference between the affectionately comic and the tragic treatment of similar characters. Miss Austen could never have solved the problem of modern art, which has been to portray the human will rising superior to a new “necessity” more terrible than the “fate” the ancients knew,—a necessity which, as Walter Pater wrote, “is a magic web woven through and through us, like that magnetic system of which modern science speaks, penetrating us with a network subtler than our subtlest nerves, yet bearing in it the central forces of the world.” Such devious coverts of dismay were not for the feet of Jane Austen.... She is always the novelist of manners, but of such manners as spring most directly from character and temperament, and tend to exhibit these with the most lively reality.

  —April 1902

  HENRY JAMES

  The key to Jane Austen’s fortune with posterity has been in part the extraordinary grace of her facility, in fact of her unconsciousness: as if, at the most, for difficulty, for embarrassment, she sometimes, over her work basket, her tapestry flowers, in the spare, cool drawing-room of other days, fell a-musing, lapsed too metaphorically, as one may say, into wool gathering, and her dropped stitches, of these pardonable, of these precious moments, were afterwards picked up as little touches of human truth, little glimpses of steady vision, little master-strokes of imagination.

  —from The Question of Our Speech (1905)

  QUESTIONS

  1. Jane Austen is often described as “a novelist of manners.” What happens when the manners depicted in her novels no longer prevail? Given her continuous popularity, there must be something else. What would that be?

  2. Does Jane Austen ridicule a particular set of people with her wit? Or is she witty at the expense of everybody? Is it possible to derive a system of values from her wit?

  3. Do we have any equivalent to the markers of social rank depicted in Austen’s novels?

  4. Would you describe Jane Austen as reactionary, conservative, middle-of-the-road, liberal, or radical—or eclectic?

  For Further Reading

  BIOGRAPHIES

  Austen-Leigh, James Edward. A Memoir of Jane Austen. 1870. Edited and with an introduction and notes by R. W. Chapman. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1926. The first book-length biography of Jane Austen, written by her nephew, a clergyman.

  Honan, Park. Jane Austen: Her Life. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987. A careful, painstakingly researched biography, balanced and reliable.

  Tomalin, Claire. Jane Austen: A Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. This biography is much more readable than Honan‘s, but contains far more speculative material.

  CRITICISM

  Brown, Julia Prewitt. Jane Austen’s Novels: Social Change and Literary Form. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979. A feminist critic here considers Austen’s novels in the light of changing ideas of marriage.

  Butler, Marilyn. Jane Austen and the War of Ideas. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975. Butler’s critical study which examines Austen’s conservative politics has been important to the historicist school of criticism of Austen’s work.

  Copeland, Edward, and Juliet McMaster, eds. The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. A very useful guide to understanding the social, historical and literary contexts of Austen’s fiction.
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  Copeland, Edward. Women Writing about Money: Women’s Fiction in England, 1790-1820. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. An informative study of Austen’s relation to the economic situation of her time.

  Duckworth, Alistair M. The Improvement of the Estate: A Study of Jane Austen’s Novels. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971. A groundbreaking study of the social structure of Austen’s novels.

  Johnson, Claudia L. Jane Austen: Women, Politics and the Novel. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. An important feminist study of Austen’s work as radical in its political implications.

  Mudrick, Marvin. Jane Austen: Irony as Defense and Discovery. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1952. An early and highly influential study of Jane Austen’s style.

  Poovey, Mary. “Persuasion and the Promises of Love.” In The Representation of Women in Fiction, edited and with an introduction by Carolyn Heilbrun and Margaret Higonnet. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983, pp. 171- 177.

  Southam, B. C., ed. Jane Austen: The Critical Heritage. Vol. 1: 1811-1870; Vol. 2: 1870-1940. London: Routledge and K. Paul, 1968. An indispensable collection of contemporary critical reactions to Austen’s novels, from the earliest publication.

  . “Persuasion: The Cancelled Chapters.” In The Jane Austen Companion, edited by J. D. Grey. New York: Macmillan, 1986. This essay offers a fascinating look at the way Jane Austen revised the final chapters of Persuasion.