5 “Monday, December 8, 1941,” Henry Lewis Stimson Diaries (microfilm edition, reel 7), Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.
6 Ibid.
7 Weintraub, Long Day’s Journey into War, 180.
8 Ragsdale to David Hulburd, War Comes to the U.S.—Dec. 7, 1941: The First 30 Hours as Reported to the Time-Life-Fortune News Bureau from the U.S. and Abroad (New York, 1942); Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., document 244, appendix D, “The Last Hours,” 439–440; “Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
9 Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., document 244, appendix D, “The Last Hours,” 441.
10 Prange, December 7, 1941, 250; Archie Satterfield, The Day the War Began (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1992), 121.
11 “Mr. Early’s Press Conference,” December 6, 1941, Stephen Early Papers, Box 71, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (FDRL).
12 Prange, December 7, 1941, 251.
13 Linda Lotridge Levin, The Making of FDR: The Story of Stephen T. Early, America’s First Modern Press Secretary (New York: Prometheus Books, 2008), 251–252.
14 “Press release, December 7, 1941, 2:25 pm,” Early Papers, Box 71, FDRL.
15 Prange, December 7, 1941, 250–251; “December 7 in DC Chapter.”
Chapter 6
1 Gordon W. Prange, December 7, 1941: The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor (New York: Wings Books, 1991), 253; James Roosevelt, My Parents: A Differing View (New York: Playboy Press, 1976), 266.
2 Testimony of Rear Admiral John R. Beardall, United States Navy, Hearings Before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, 79th Cong., 2nd sess., pt. 2 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 5275–5276.
3 Stanley Weintraub, Long Day’s Journey into War: December 7, 1941 (New York: Dutton, 1991), 300–301.
4 “Memorandum: December 7, 1941,” Harry Hopkins Papers, Box 6, Folder 19, Georgetown University Library, Special Collections Research Center.
5 “Call to President, December 7, 1941,” microfilm copy of U.S. Adjutant General’s Office, Far Eastern Situation, November 27, 1941–January 1, 1942,” John Toland Papers, Series V, Infamy, “December 7, 1941,” Box 126, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; Larry I. Bland, ed., The Papers of George Catlett Marshall (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991), 3:7.
6 “Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
7 Grace Tully, FDR: My Boss (New York: Scribner’s, 1949), 255.
8 “Memorandum: December 7, 1941”; Tully, FDR: My Boss, 255.
9 Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants & Their War (New York: Harper and Row, 1987), 316–317.
10 Bland, Papers of George Catlett Marshall, 3:8.
11 “Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
12 George Herring, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 500–501.
13 Ibid., 528–529.
14 John F. Bratzel and Leslie B. Rout Jr., “FDR and the ‘Secret Map,’” Wilson Quarterly (New Year’s 1985): 167–173.
15 “Memorandum: December 7, 1941.”
16 Alice Goldfarb Marquis, “Written on the Wind: The Impact of Radio During the 1930s,” Journal of Contemporary History (July 1984): 385–415.
17 Betty Houchlin Winfield, FDR and the News Media (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 104–105.
18 Ibid., 105–106.
19 Tully, FDR: My Boss, 254.
20 Report of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack , 79th Cong., 2nd sess., document 244, appendix D, “The Last Hours” (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 441; Tully, FDR: My Boss, 254.
21 Ed Lockett to David Hulburd, War Comes to the U.S.—Dec. 7, 1941: The First 30 Hours as Reported to the Time-Life-Fortune News Bureau from the U.S. and Abroad (New York, 1942).
22 Winfield, FDR and the News Media, 172; Richard W. Steele, “The Great Debate: Roosevelt, the Media, and the Coming of the War, 1940–1941,” Journal of American History (June 1984): 69–92.
23 Lockett to Hulburd, War Comes to the U.S.
Chapter 7
1 Jonathan Alter, The Defining Moment: FDR’s Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007), 209–211.
2 Grace Tully, FDR: My Boss (New York: Scribner’s, 1949), 256.
3 “FDR’s ‘Day of Infamy’ Speech: Crafting a Call to Arms,” Prologue (Winter 2001); Tully, FDR: My Boss, 256.
4 “FDR’s ‘Day of Infamy’ Speech.”
5 There are conflicting reports of when this conversation took place. Tully said they made the connection in the afternoon, shortly after they received word of the attack. Another official with the governor in Hawaii said the call went through at 12:40 Pacific time, which would be after 6:00 p.m. in Washington. See “Diary of Charles M. Hite, the Secretary of Hawaii, December 7, 1941,” John Toland Papers, Series V, December 7, 1941, Box 126, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (FDRL).
6 Stanley Weintraub, Long Day’s Journey into War: December 7, 1941 (New York: Dutton, 1991), 395.
7 “5:55 Press Briefing,” Stephen Early Papers, Box 71, FDRL.
8 Steven Lomazow and Eric Fettmann, FDR’s Deadly Secret (New York: Public Affairs, 2010), 52.
9 Ross T. McIntire, White House Physician (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1946), 57; Lomazow and Fettmann, FDR’s Deadly Secret, 53; Kenneth R. Crispell and Carlos Gomez, Hidden Illness in the White House (Durham: Duke University Press, 1989), 96.
10 Leon Pearson, “Washington, April 1941,” Dr. Ross McIntire Papers, Box 2, FDRL.
11 George Creel, “The President’s Health,” Colliers, March 3, 1945, 15.
12 McIntire, White House Physician, 64.
13 Leon Pearson, “Washington, D.C., April 1941,” McIntire Papers, Box 2, FDRL.
14 Francis Biddle, In Brief Authority (New York: Doubleday, 1962), 207.
15 Dr. Murray Grossan, interview by the author, December 13, 2010.
16 Lester Grinspoon and James B. Bakalar, “Coca and Cocaine as Medicines: An Historical Review,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 3 (1981): 149–159; Robert D. Priest, M.D., “Nasal Allergy,” in Fundamentals of Otolaryngology: A Textbook of Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases, ed. Lawrence R. Boies, M.D., 3rd ed. (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1959), 208; Nicholas L. Schenck, M.D., “Cocaine: Its Use in Otolaryngology,” Western Journal of Medicine (September 1975): 187.
17 Grinspoon and Bakalar, “Coca and Cocaine as Medicines,” 149–159.
18 Dr. Jordon S. Josephson, interview by the author, December 16, 2010; Grossan interview; Dr. Robert Lofgren, interview by the author, March 27, 2010.
19 Josephson interview; Grossan interview; Lofgren interview.
20 Francis Lederer, Diseases of the Ear, Nose, and Throat: Principles and Practice of Otorhinolaryngology (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1939), 741; Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember (Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press Reprints, 1975), 232–233. Some medical historians have speculated that Dr. McIntire destroyed FDR’s medical records in 1945 to hide his possible misdiagnosis of the president’s deteriorating heart condition. This information suggests another possible motive: McIntire did not want the public to learn that he had been treating the President of the United States on a regular basis with cocaine—a treatment that was both legal and medically sound at the time—but would also have been politically controversial.
Chapter 8
1 Edward Bliss Jr., Now the News: The Story of Broadcast Journalism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1991), 135–136.
2 Ibid., 136.
3 Betty Houchin Winfield, FDR and the News Media (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 55–57.
4 Merriman Smith, Thank You, Mr. President: A White House Notebook (New York: Harpers, 1946), 118.
5 Wm. C. Murphy Jr., “Roosevelt to Give Message on War to Congress Today,” Philadelphia
Inquirer, December 8, 1941, 1.
6 M. Smith, Thank You, Mr. President, 118–119.
7 “Press Conference—4:30 pm,” Stephen Early Papers, Box 71, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (FDRL).
8 M. Smith, Thank You, Mr. President, 118–119.
9 Steven M. Gillon, The Kennedy Assassination—24 Hours After: Lyndon B. Johnson’s Pivotal First Day as President (New York: Basic Books, 2009), 98–99.
10 “December 7 in DC Chapter,” Gordon Prange Papers, Box 12, Special Collections, University of Maryland Library.
11 Shirley Povich, “War’s Outbreak Is Deep Secret to 27,102 Redskin Game Fans,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 24.
12 Calhoun to Hulburd, War Comes to the U.S.—Dec. 7, 1941: The First 30 Hours as Reported to the Time-Life-Fortune News Bureau from the U.S. and Abroad (New York, 1942).
13 James to Hulburd, ibid.
14 Howland to Hulburd, ibid.
15 James to Hulburd, ibid.
16 Archie Satterfield, The Day the War Began (New York: Praeger, 1992), 133.
17 James to Hulburd, War Comes to the U.S.
18 “Calm About News,” Kansas City Times, December 8, 1941, 4.
19 “Memorandum for General Watson,” 12-11-41, Official File, OF4661–OF4674, “World War II—1941,” Box 1, FDRL.
20 Calhoun to Hulburd, War Comes to the U.S.; “What Do Angelenos Think of War?” Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1941, E1.
21 “What Do Angelenos Think of War?”
22 Satterfield, Day the War Began, 129; “Public Believed First War Reports Only Gag,” Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1941, 2.
23 Stanley Weintraub, Long Day’s Journey into War: December 7, 1941 (New York: Dutton, 1991), 462.
24 “J-Day in Hawaii,” John Toland Papers, Series V, December 7, 1941, Box 126, FDRL; “Journal, 001 7 December to 2400 7 December, 1941,” Toland Papers, Series V, December 7, 1941, Box 126, FDRL.
25 “Rumors and Facts as Jotted Down by Mrs. Robert Thompson,” Toland Papers, Series V, December 7, 1941, Box 126, FDRL.
26 “Journal, 001 7 December to 2400 7 December, 1941,” Toland Papers, Series V, December 7, 1941, Box 126, FDRL.
27 Ibid.
28 T. H. Davies, “Intelligence Summary #1,” December 7, 1941, 2100, Toland Papers, Series V, December 7, 1941, Box 126, FDRL.
29 Weintraub, Long Day’s Journey into War, 534.
30 Ibid., 318–319, 542.
31 “La Guardia Acts to Guard Cities,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 3.
32 “War Brings White House a Tense Day,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 2; “Memorandum: December 7, 1941,” Harry Hopkins Papers, Box 6, Folder 19, Georgetown University Library, Special Collections Research Center; Murphy, “Roosevelt to Give Message on War to Congress Today.”
33 “Memorandum for General Miles: ‘Chronology,’ Sunday—December 7, 1941,” Toland Papers, Series V, Box 125, FDRL.
34 Satterfield, The Day the War Began, 166–167.
35 Robert Sherwood, The White House Papers of Harry L. Hopkins (London: Eyre and Spottiswoode), 1:440.
36 Ragsdale to Hulburd, War Comes to the U.S.; Edmund W. Starling, Duty Log, December 7–8, 1941, United States Secret Service Archive.
37 “Dingell Urges Court-Martial for Officers He Says Were ‘Napping at Pearl Harbor,’” New York Times, December 9, 1941, 7.
Chapter 9
1 Frank Wilson and Beth Day, Special Agent (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1965), 144.
2 Morgenthau Diaries, December 3, 1941, Box 515, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library (FDRL); Michael F. Reilly, Reilly of the White House (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1947), 4.
3 Wilson and Day, Special Agent, 141.
4 Ibid., 142.
5 Merriman Smith, Thank You, Mr. President: A White House Notebook (New York: Harpers, 1946), 117.
6 Frank Wilson, “Survey Regarding the Protection of the President,” September 6, 1940, Secret Service Records, Box 25, File 71, 7–10, FDRL.
7 Ibid.
8 Wilson and Day, Special Agent, 142.
9 M. F. Reilly to Frank J. Wilson, December 11, 1941, United States Secret Service Archive (USSSA), in author’s possession; Wilson and Day, Special Agent, 143.
10 Reilly, Reilly of the White House, 44; Wilson and Day, Special Agent, 143; Reilly to Wilson, December 11, 1941, USSSA.
11 Grace Tully, FDR: My Boss (New York: Scribner’s, 1949), 259; Jean Edward Smith, FDR (New York: Random House, 2008), 118; William Seale, The President’s House: A History (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 2:975–977; Ed Lockett to David Hulburd, War Comes to the U.S.—Dec. 7, 1941: The First 30 Hours as Reported to the Time-Life-Fortune News Bureau from the U.S. and Abroad (New York, 1942); “Blackout Ordered for Capitol Dome,” New York Times, December 10, 1941, 18; Wilson and Day, Special Agent, 145.
12 Wilson and Day, Special Agent, 150.
13 Wilson, “Survey Regarding the Protection of the President,” 7–10.
14 Reilly, Reilly of the White House, 18, 26–27, 54–55.
15 Seale, President’s House, 2:976.
16 Reilly to Wilson, December 11, 1941, USSSA.
17 “Heavy Guard Thrown Around Capital’s Most Vital Spots,” Washington Post, December 8, 1941, 3.
18 Morgenthau Diaries, December 7, 1941, 6:35 p.m., Box 515, FDRL.
19 Reilly, Reilly of the White House, 6; M. Smith, Thank You, Mr. President, 118.
20 Morgenthau Diaries, December 7, 1941.
21 Ibid.
22 Wilson and Day, Special Agent, 146.
23 Reilly to Wilson, December 11, 1941, USSSA.
24 Reilly, Reilly of the White House, 37.
25 Gaston to Morgenthau, December 15, 1941, Morgenthau Diaries, Box 515, FDRL; Seale, President’s House, 975–976.
26 Tully, FDR: My Boss, 259.
27 Wilson and Day, Special Agent, 147–148.
28 Reilly, Reilly of the White House, 39; Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember (Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press Reprints, 1975), 237.
29 Frank Wilson, “Protective Rostrum,” October 31, 1943, Secret Service Records, Box 13, File 103-A-1-5, FDRL.
30 Michael F. Reilly, “Movements of the President,” September 25, 1943, Secret Service Records, Box 25, File 7-1–File 7-10, FDRL.
31 Robert J. Lewis, “White House Architect Winslow to Visit Daughter Here,” Haiti Sun, February 5, 1961. For security reasons, the Winslow memoirs are now classified and housed with the office of the White House curator. William Seale had access to the memoirs before they became classified and quoted from them extensively for his book The President’s House.
32 Lockett to Hulburd, War Comes to the U.S.
33 Greg Robinson, By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 11–37.
34 Roger Daniels, “Incarceration of the Japanese Americans: A Sixty-Year Perspective,” History Teacher (May 2002): 299–300.
35 http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/learning_history/japanese_internment/munson_report.cfm.
36 Robinson, By Order of the President, 75.
37 James to Hulburd, War Comes to the U.S.; “Japanese Aliens’ Roundup Starts,” Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1941, 1.
38 “Entire City Put on War Footing,” New York Times, December 8, 1941, 1.
39 Robinson, By Order of the President, 75; “Begin Arresting Japs Classified as ‘Dangerous,’” Chicago Daily Tribune, December 8, 1941, 4; John Crider to Hulburd, War Comes to the U.S.
40 Eugene V. Rostow, “The Japanese American Cases: A Disaster,” Yale Law Journal (June 1945): 489–533; Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 321.
41 J. E. Smith, FDR, 551–553.
42 Roosevelt later regretted “the burdens of evacuation and detention which military necessity imposed on these people.” Quoted in Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 322; Francis Biddle, In Brief Authority (New York: Doubleday, 1962), 219.
Chapter 10
1 Pamela Harriman, “When Churchill Heard the News,” Washington Post, December 7, 1991; Max Hastings, Winston’s War: Churchill, 1940–1945 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010), 180.
2 Frank Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny (New York: Little, Brown, 1990), 333.
3 Jean Edward Smith, FDR (New York: Random House, 2008), 445.
4 Hastings, Winston’s War, 155–157.
5 Ibid., 153.
6 J. E. Smith, FDR, 498–501; Kenneth Davis, FDR: The War President (New York: Random House, 2000), 259.
7 Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 281–285.
8 Hastings, Winston’s War, 169.
9 Ibid., 170–171.
10 Ibid., 176–181.
11 Welsh to Hulburd, War Comes to the U.S.—Dec. 7, 1941: The First 30 Hours as Reported to the Time-Life-Fortune News Bureau from the U.S. and Abroad (New York, 1942).
12 Harriman, “When Churchill Heard the News.”
13 Stanley Weintraub, Long Day’s Journey into War: December 7, 1941 (New York: Dutton, 1991), 339; Richard Snow, A Measureless Peril: America in the Fight for the Atlantic, the Longest Battle of World War II (New York: Scribner’s, 2010), 146.
14 Weintraub, Long Day’s Journey into War, 340.
15 Freidel, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 410.
16 Jeffrey Mark to Hulburd, War Comes to the U.S.
17 Ibid.
18 H. L. Trefousse, “Germany and Pearl Harbor,” Far Eastern Quarterly (November 1951): 35–50.
19 Weintraub, Long Day’s Journey into War, 297–298; Snow, Measureless Peril, 148.
20 Weintraub, Long Day’s Journey into War, 298–299.
21 Snow, Measureless Peril, 148.
22 Denis Mack Smith, Mussolini (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1982), 273; R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 281; Weintraub, Long Day’s Journey into War, 596.
23 Wayne S. Cole, “The America First Committee,” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society (Winter 1951): 305–322.
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