50
TC’s entries
LC
LC
Internal loss (A)
20
Internal contract (A)
20
Internal contract (B)
50
Internal gain (B)
50
Foreign exchange loss
30
External forward contract 30
IAS 39 (and IFRS 9) requires that, in the consolidated financial statements, the accounting effects of the
internal derivative transactions must be eliminated.
If there were no hedge designation for the consolidated financial statements, the gains and losses recognised
in other comprehensive income and profit or loss on the internal derivatives would be reversed. Consequently,
a loss of LC30 would be recognised in profit or loss in respect of the external forward contract held by TC.
However, for the consolidated financial statements, TC’s external forward contract on FC300 can be
designated, at the beginning of month 1, as a hedging instrument of the first FC300 of B’s highly probable
future expenses. Therefore, LC30 of the gain recognised in other comprehensive income by B may remain in
other comprehensive income on consolidation, because it involves an external derivative. Accordingly, the
net balances, before and after elimination of the accounting entries relating to the internal derivatives, are as
set out below and there is no need to make any further accounting entries.
LC
LC
External forward contract
–
30
Other comprehensive income
30
–
Gains and losses
–
–
Internal contracts
–
–
4040 Chapter 49
Case 3: Offset of fair value and cash flow hedges
The example is extended further and it is assumed that the exposures and the internal derivative transactions
are the same as in Cases 1 and 2. In other words, Subsidiary A has trade receivables of FC100, due in 60 days,
and highly probable future revenues of FC200 on which it expects to receive cash in 90 days. Subsidiary B
has payables of FC50, due in 60 days, and highly probable future expenses of FC500 to be paid for in 90 days.
Each of these exposures is hedged using forward contacts with TC. However, in this case, instead of entering
into two external derivatives to hedge separately the fair value and cash flow exposures, TC enters into a
single net external derivative to receive FC250 in exchange for LC in 90 days.
Consequently, TC has four internal derivatives, two maturing in 60 days and two maturing in 90 days. These
are offset by a net external derivative maturing in 90 days. The interest rate differential (and hence forward
points) between FC and LC is minimal, and therefore the ineffectiveness resulting from the mismatch in
maturities is expected to have a minimal effect on profit or loss in TC, and so has been ignored for the
purposes of this example.
As in Cases 1 and 2, A and B apply hedge accounting for their cash flow hedges and TC measures its
derivatives at fair value. A recognises a gain of LC20 on its internal derivative transaction in other
comprehensive income and B does the same with its loss of LC50.
Accordingly, the following entries are made in the individual or separate financial statements of A, B and TC
at the end of month 1. Entries reflecting intra-group transactions or events are shown in italics.
A’s entries
LC
LC
Foreign exchange loss
10
Receivables 10
Internal contract (TC)
10
Internal gain (TC)
10
Internal contract (TC)
20
Other comprehensive income
20
B’s entries
LC
LC
Payables 5
Foreign exchange gain
5
Internal loss (TC)
5
Internal contract (TC)
5
Other comprehensive income
50
Internal contract (TC)
50
TC’s entries
LC
LC
Internal loss (A)
10
Internal contract (A)
10
Internal loss (A)
20
Internal contract (A)
20
Internal contract (B)
5
Internal gain (B)
5
Internal contract (B)
50
Internal gain (B)
50
Foreign exchange loss
25
External forward contract 25
The gains and losses recognised on the internal contracts in A and B can be summarised as follows:
Financial instruments: Hedge accounting 4041
A
B
Total
LC
LC
LC
Profit or loss (fair value hedges)
10
(5)
5
Other comprehensive income (cash flow hedges)
20
(50)
(30)
Total 30
(55)
(25)
In the consolidated financial statements, IAS 39 (and IFRS 9) requires the accounting effects of the internal
derivative transactions to be eliminated.
If there were no hedge designation for the consolidated financial statements, the gains and losses recognised
in other comprehensive income and profit or loss on the internal derivatives would be reversed. Consequently,
a loss of LC30 would be recognised in profit or loss in respect of the external receivable and payable held
by A (loss LC10) and B (gain LC5) respectively and the external forward contract held by TC (loss LC25).
However, for the consolidated financial statements, the following designations can be made at the beginning
of month 1:
• the payable of FC50 in B is designated as a hedge of the first FC50 of the highly probable future revenues
in A.
Therefore, at the end of month 1, the following entries are made in the consolidated financial statements:
Dr Payable LC5; Cr Other comprehensive income LC5;
• the receivable of FC100 in A is designated as a hedge of the first FC100 of the highly probable future
expenses in B.
Therefore, at the end of month 1, the following entries are made in the consolidated financial statements:
Dr Other comprehensive income LC10, Cr Receivable LC10; and
• the external forward contract on FC250 in TC is designated as a hedge of the next FC250 of highly
probable future expenses in B.
Therefore, at the end of month 1, the following entries are made in the consolidated financial statements:
Dr Other comprehensive income LC25; Cr External forward contract LC25.
Combining these entries produces the total net balances as follows:
LC
LC
Receivables
–
10
Payables 5
–
External forward contract
–
25
Other comprehensive income
30
–
Gains and losses
–
–
Internal contracts
–
–
Based on this desig
nation, the total net balances achieved in the consolidated financial statements at the end
of month 1 are the same as those that would be recognised if the hedge accounting effect of the internal
derivatives were not eliminated. However, it should be noted this is a simplified example and any difference
in timing between the hedged item and hedging instrument is assumed to have a minimal effect on profit or
loss, and so no effect has been reflected here. This will not necessarily be the case in reality, therefore some
additional ineffectiveness is likely to occur in the consolidated financial statements. This would arise, for
example, if the FC50 payable in B due in 60 days is designated as a hedge of the first FC50 of the highly
probable future revenues in A expected to occur in 90 days.
Case 4: Offset of fair value and cash flow hedges with adjustment to carrying amount of inventory
Similar transactions to those in Case 3 are assumed except that the anticipated cash outflow of FC500 in B
relates to the purchase of inventory that is delivered after 60 days. The entity applies a basis adjustment to
the hedged forecast non-financial items (see 7.2.1 below).
To recap, Subsidiary A has trade receivables of FC100, due in 60 days, and highly probable future revenues
of FC200 on which it expects to receive cash in 90 days. Subsidiary B has payables of FC50, due in 60 days,
4042 Chapter 49
and a highly probable future purchase of inventory for FC500, to be delivered in 60 days and paid for
in 90 days. Each of these exposures is hedged using forward contracts with TC, and TC enters into a single
net external derivative to receive FC250 in exchange for LC in 90 days.
At the end of month 2, there are no further changes in exchange rates or fair values. At that date, the inventory
is delivered and the loss of LC50 on B’s internal derivative, recognised in other comprehensive income in
month 1, is removed from equity and adjusts the carrying amount of inventory in B. The gain of LC20 on A’s
internal derivative is recognised in other comprehensive income as before.
In the consolidated financial statements, there is now a mismatch compared with the result that would have
been achieved by unwinding and redesignating the hedges. The external derivative (FC250) and the
proportion of receivable (FC50) in A offset FC300 of the anticipated inventory purchase in B. Offset will
occur between the FC50 payable in B and a FC50 proportion of the receivable in A. There is a natural hedge
between the remaining FC200 of anticipated cash outflow in B (inventory) and the anticipated cash inflow of
FC200 in A (revenue). This last relationship does not qualify for hedge accounting under IAS 39 (or IFRS 9)
as no valid hedging instrument exists, hence this time there is only a partial offset between gains and losses
on the internal derivatives that hedge these amounts.
Accordingly, the following entries are made in the individual or separate financial statements of A, B and TC
at the end of month 1. Entries reflecting intra-group transactions or events are shown in italics.
A’s entries (all at the end of month 1)
LC
LC
Foreign exchange loss
10
Receivables 10
Internal contract (TC)
10
Internal gain (TC)
10
Internal contract (TC)
20
Other comprehensive income
20
B’s entries (at the end of month 1)
LC
LC
Payables 5
Foreign exchange gain
5
Internal loss (TC)
5
Internal contract (TC)
5
Other comprehensive income
50
Internal contract (TC)
50
B’s entries (at the end of month 2)
LC
LC
Inventory 50
Other comprehensive income
50
TC’s entries (all at the end of month 1)
LC
LC
Internal loss (A)
10
Internal contract (A)
10
Internal loss (A)
20
Internal contract (A)
20
Internal contract (B)
5
Internal gain (B)
5
Internal contract (B)
50
Internal gain (B)
50
Foreign exchange loss
25
External forward contract 25
Financial instruments: Hedge accounting 4043
The gains and losses recognised on the internal contracts in A and B can be summarised as follows:
A
B
Total
LC
LC
LC
Profit or loss (fair value hedges)
10
(5)
5
Other comprehensive income (cash flow hedges)
20
–
20
Basis adjustment (inventory)
–
(50)
(50)
Total 30
(55)
(25)
Combining these amounts with the external transactions (i.e. those not marked in italics above) produces the
total net balances before elimination of the internal derivatives as follows:
LC
LC
Receivables
–
10
Payables 5
–
External forward contract
–
25
Other comprehensive income
–
20
Basis adjustment (inventory)
50
–
Gains and losses
–
–
Internal contracts
–
–
For the consolidated financial statements, the following designations can be made at the beginning of
month 1:
• The payable of FC50 in B is designated as a hedge of the first FC50 of the highly probable future
revenues in A.
Therefore, at the end of month 1, the following entry is made in the consolidated financial statements:
Dr Payables LC5; Cr Other comprehensive income LC5.
• The receivable of FC100 in A is designated as a hedge of the first FC100 of the highly probable future
inventory purchase in B.
Therefore, at the end of month 1, the following entries are made in the consolidated financial statements:
Dr Other comprehensive income LC10; Cr Receivable LC10; and at the end of month 2, Dr Inventory
LC10; Cr Other comprehensive income LC10.
• The external forward contract on FC250 in TC is designated as a hedge of the next FC250 of highly
probable future inventory purchase in B.
Therefore, at the end of month 1, the following entry is made in the consolidated financial statements:
Dr Other comprehensive income LC25; Cr External forward contract LC25; and at the end of month 2,
Dr Inventory LC25; Cr Other comprehensive income LC25.
This leaves FC150 of the future revenue in A and FC150 of future inventory purchase in B not designated in
a hedge accounting relationship in the consolidated financial statements.
The total net balances after elimination of the accounting entries relating to the internal derivatives are as follows:
LC
LC
Receivables
/>
–
10
Payables 5
–
External forward contract
–
25
Other comprehensive income
–
5
Basis adjustment (inventory)
35
–
Gains and losses
–
–
Internal contracts
–
–
4044 Chapter 49
These total net balances are different from those that would be recognised if the internal derivatives were not
eliminated, and it is these net balances that IAS 39 (and IFRS 9) requires to be included in the consolidated
financial statements. The accounting entries required to adjust the total net balances before elimination of the
internal derivatives are as follows:
• to reclassify LC15 of the loss on B’s internal derivative that is included in inventory to reflect that FC150
of the forecast purchase of inventory is not hedged by an external instrument (neither the external
forward contract of FC250 in TC nor the external payable of FC100 in A); and
• to reclassify the gain of LC15 on A’s internal derivative to reflect that the forecast revenues of FC150
to which it relates is not hedged by an external instrument.
The net effect of these two adjustments is as follows:
LC
LC
Other comprehensive income
15
Inventory 15
It is apparent that extending the principles set out in this relatively simple example to
the more complex and higher volume situations that are likely to be encountered in
practice is not going to be straightforward.
4.3
Internal hedged items
Only assets, liabilities, firm commitments or highly probable forecast transactions that
involve a party external to the entity can be designated as hedged items. It follows that
hedge accounting can be applied to transactions between entities in the same group only
in the individual or separate financial statements of those entities and not in the
consolidated financial statements of the group. [IFRS 9.6.3.5]. However, there are two
exceptions – intragroup monetary items and forecast intragroup transactions, discussed
International GAAP® 2019: Generally Accepted Accounting Practice under International Financial Reporting Standards Page 800
