by Philip Dray
Gompers, Samuel. “What Does Labor Want?” AFL pamphlet (1893), reprinted in Pamphlets in American History series, Microfilming Corp. of America, Sanford, N.C., 1979.
Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd, Robert Korstad, and James Leloudis. “Cotton Mill People: Work, Community, and Protest in the Textile South, 1880–1940.” American Historical Review, vol. 91, no. 2 (April 1986).
Hamill, Pete. “The Revolt of the White Lower Middle Class.” New York Magazine, April 1969.
Harmon, M. Judd. “The New Deal: A Revolution Consummated.” Utah State Agriculture College Monograph Series, vol. 4, no. 1 (April 1956).
Hartz, Louis. “Seth Luther: The Story of a Working-Class Rebel.” New England Quarterly, vol. 13, no. 3 (Sept. 1940).
Hill, Herbert. “The Real Practices of Organized Labor—The Age of Gompers and After.” In Employment, Race, and Poverty, edited by Arthur M. Ross and Herbert Hill. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1967.
Horowitz, Morris A. “The Diesel Firemen Issue on the Railroads.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 13, no. 4 (July 1960).
Hurd, Richard W. “How PATCO Was Led into a Trap.” The Nation, Dec. 26, 1981.
Hurd, Richard W., and Jill K. Kriesky. “ ‘The Rise and Demise of PATCO’ Reconstructed.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 40, no. 1 (Oct. 1986).
Hynd, Alan. “With the Pinkertons, Through the Labyrinth of Death.” True Detective Mysteries Magazine, Nov. 1940.
Industrial Workers of the World. “Ettor and Giovannitti Before the Jury at Salem MA, Nov. 23, 1912” (booklet). Chicago: IWW Publishing, 1913.
Jacobs, Paul. “Extracurricular Activities of the McClellan Committee.” California Law Review, vol. 51, no. 2 (May 1963).
James, Henry. “A Defense of Richard Olney.” In The Pullman Boycott of 1894: The Problem of Federal Intervention, edited by Colston E. Warne. Boston: D. C. Heath, 1955.
King, Willard. “The Debs Case.” In The Pullman Boycott of 1894: The Problem of Federal Intervention, edited by Colston E. Warne. Boston: D. C. Heath, 1955.
Kugler, Israel. “The Trade Union Career of Susan B. Anthony.” Labor History, vol. 2, no. 1 (Winter 1961).
Lannon, Albert V., and Martin Rogoff. “We Shall Not Remain Silent: Building the Anti-Vietnam War Movement in the House of Labor.” Science and Society, vol. 66, no. 4 (Winter 2002–2003).
Larcom, Lucy. “Among Lowell Mill Girls: A Reminiscence.” Atlantic Monthly, Nov. 1881.
Larned, J. N. “Prepare for Socialism.” Atlantic Monthly, May 1911.
Levinson, Edward. “Labor on the March.” Harper’s Magazine, May 1937.
MacDonald, Allan. “Lowell: A Commercial Utopia.” New England Quarterly, vol. 10, no. 1 (March 1937).
MacLaury, Judson. “The Job Safety Law of 1970: Its Passage Was Perilous.” U.S. Department of Labor website, http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/osha.htm.
Mantsios, Gregory. “What Does Labor Stand For?” In A New Labor Movement for the New Century, edited by Gregory Mantsios. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998.
Mazur, Jay. “Labor’s New Internationalism.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 79, no. 1 (Jan.–Feb. 2000).
Merrill, Louis Taylor. “Mill Town on the Merrimack.” New England Quarterly, vol. 19, no. 1 (March 1946).
Montgomery, David. “The Pullman Strike and the Making of Modern America.” In The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s, edited by Richard Schneirov. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999.
Newman, Katherine S. “PATCO Lives! Stigma, Heroism, and Symbolic Transformations.” Cultural Anthropology, vol. 2, no. 3 (Aug. 1987).
Northrup, Herbert R. “Reply to ‘The Rise and Demise of PATCO’ Reconstructed.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 40, no. 1 (Oct. 1986).
Northrup, Herbert R. “The Rise and Demise of PATCO.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 37, no. 2 (Jan. 1984).
Quam, Lois, and Peter J. Rachleff. “Keeping Minneapolis an Open-Shop Town: The Citizens’ Alliance in the 1930’s.” Minnesota History, vol. 50, no. 3 (Fall 1986).
Raskin, A. H. “The Moral Issue That Confronts Labor.” New York Times Magazine, March 31, 1957.
Raskin, A. H. “New Issue: Labor as Big Business.” New York Times Magazine, Feb. 22, 1959.
Reagan, Ronald. “A Time for Choosing.” In Reagan Talks to America, by Ronald Reagan. Old Greenwich, Conn.: Devon Adair Co., 1983.
Reed, John. “The Colorado War.” Metropolitan, July 1914.
Reed, John. “War in Paterson, June 1913.” The Masses, June 1913.
Reuther, Walter. “500 Planes a Day—A Program for the Utilization of the Automobile Industry for Mass Production of Defense Planes.” In Reuther, Selected Papers, edited by Henry M. Christman. New York: Pyramid, 1964; originally published 1961.
Reuther, Walter. “How to Beat the Communists.” Collier’s, Feb. 28, 1948.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. “Sources of the New Deal.” In The New Deal: The Critical Issues, edited by Otis Graham Jr. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1971.
Schofield, Ann. “The Uprising of the 20,000: The Making of a Labor Legend.” In A Needle, a Bobbin, a Strike: Women Needleworkers in America, edited by Joan M. Jensen and Sue Davidson. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984.
Shailor, Barbara, and George Kourpias. “Developing and Enforcing International Labor Standards.” In A New Labor Movement for the New Century, edited by Gregory Mantsios. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998.
Shannon, Fred A. “The Homestead Act and the Labor Surplus.” American Historical Review, vol. 14, no. 4 (July 1936).
Sherrill, Robert. “What’s Behind the Failure to Protect the Health of American Workers.” Today’s Health, Aug. 1972.
Stender, John. “Enforcing the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970: The Federal Government as Catalyst.” Law and Contemporary Problems, vol. 38, no. 4 (Summer–Autumn 1974).
Stone, I. F. “Robert F. Wagner.” The Nation, Oct. 28, 1944.
Unger, Frederic W. “George F. Baer: Master-Spirit of the Anthracite Industry.” American Monthly Review of Reviews, vol. 33 (1906).
Vogel, Lise. “Hearts to Feel and Tongues to Speak: New England Mill Women in the Early Nineteenth Century.” In Class, Sex, and the Woman Worker, edited by M. Cantor. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977.
Washington, Booker T. “The Negro and the Labor Unions.” Atlantic Monthly, June 1913.
Wiebe, Robert H. “The Anthracite Strike of 1902: A Record of Confusion.” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 48, no. 2 (Sept. 1961).
Zaroulis, Nancy. “Daughters of Freemen: The Female Operatives and the Beginning of the Labor Movement.” In Cotton Was King: History of Lowell, Massachusetts, edited by Arthur L. Eno Jr. Lowell, Mass.: Lowell Historical Society, 1976.
Zinn, Howard. “The Conservative New Deal.” In The New Deal: The Critical Issues, edited by Otis Graham Jr. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1971.
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
Pennsylvania General Assembly. Report of the Committee Appointed to Investigate the Railroad Riots in July 1877. Harrisburg, Pa., 1878.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Investigation of the Labor Troubles at Homestead. 52nd Cong., 2nd sess., 1893, #128.
U.S. Congress. Senate. U.S. Strike Commission. Report on the Chicago Strike of June–July 1894. Senate Executive Document No. 7. 53rd Cong., 3rd sess. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1895.
U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Final Report of the Industrial Commission. 57th Cong., 1st sess., 1902. House Document 380.
U.S. Congress. House Committee on Rules. Report on the Lawrence Strike, U.S. House—The Strike at Lawrence, Massachusetts: Hearings before the Committee. 62nd Cong., 2nd sess., March 1912.
U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Report on the Colorado Strike Investigation. 63rd Cong, 3rd sess., 1915. House document 1630.
U.S. House of Representatives, Commission on Industrial Relations, 1912–1915; Final Report of the Commission, 64th Congress, 1st sess
., Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1916.
U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer on Charges Made Against the Department of Justice by Louis F. Post and Others: Hearings Before the Committee on Rules. 66th Cong., 2nd sess., 1920.
U.S. Congress. Senate. La Follette Committee, Subcommittee of the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. Violations of Free Speech and Assembly and Interference with the Rights of Labor: Hearings. 74th Cong., 2nd sess., 1936.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Third Interim Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce. Washington, D.C.: General Printing Office, 1951.
U.S. Senate, 82nd Congress, 2nd sess., Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor and Management Field (McClellan Committee Hearings, 1957). Washington D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs, 1958.
Corson, John J. The Corson Committee Report: The Career of the Air Traffic Controller, a/k/a Senate Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, Air Traffic Controllers, 91st Cong., 2nd sess., Calendar No. 1016, Report No. 91–1012. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, July 9, 1970.
Harter Equipment Inc and Local 825, International Union of Operating Engineers; Case 22-CA-11527; Decisions and Orders of the National Labor Relations Board, vol. 280, 1986.
COURT CASES
Commonwealth v. Hunt, 45 Mass. 111, 4 Met. (1842).
Farwell v. Boston and Worcester Railroad Corporation, 45 Mass. 49 (Mass. 1842).
Scott v. Sandford, 19 How. (60 U.S.) 393 (1857).
Slaughterhouse Cases, 16 Wall (83 U.S.) 36 (1873).
Munn v. Illinois, 94 U.S. 113 (1877).
Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883).
United States v. Workingmen’s Amalgamated Council of New Orleans, Eastern District Court of Louisiana, 54 Fed. 994, 996 (1893).
United States v. Patterson, 55 Fed. 605, 641 (1893).
United States v. Debs, 64 Fed. 724, 744–745 (1894).
United States v. E. C. Knight Co., 156 U.S. 1 (1895).
In re Debs, 158 U.S. 564 (1895).
Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905).
Loewe v. Lawlor, 208 U.S. 274 (1908).
Adair v. United States, 208 U.S. 161 (1908).
Muller v. Oregon, 208 U.S. 412 (1908).
Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States, 221 U.S. (1911).
United States v. American Tobacco Co., 221 U.S. 189–93 (1911).
Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919).
Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919).
Colyer v. Skeffington, 265 Fed. 17 (D. Mass. 1920).
Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering, 254 U.S. 443 (1921).
Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935).
National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1 (1937).
United States v. United Mine Workers, 330 U.S. 258 (1947).
Inland Steel Co. v. National Labor Relations Board, 170 F. 2d 247 (7th Cir. 1948).
W. W. Cross & Co. v. National Labor Relations Board, 174 F. 2d 875 (1st Cir. 1949).
Reapportionment Cases, 377 U.S. 633 (1964).
ILLUSTRATION CREDITS
INSERT 1
i1.1 Courtesy of the author
i1.2 Courtesy of the author
i1.3 Library of Congress
i1.4 Library of Congress
i1.5 Library of Congress
i1.6 Library of Congress
i1.7 Courtesy of the author
i1.8 Library of Congress
i1.9 Courtesy of the author
i1.10 Courtesy of the author
i1.11 Library of Congress
i1.12 Courtesy of the author
i1.13 Courtesy of the author
i1.14 Courtesy of the author
i1.15 Courtesy of the author
i1.16 Courtesy of the author
i1.17 Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan
i1.18 Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan
i1.19 Library of Congress
i1.20 Library of Congress
i1.21 Library of Congress
i1.22 Library of Congress
i1.23 Library of Congress
i1.24 Library of Congress
i1.25 Library of Congress
i1.26 Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh
i1.27 Library of Congress
i1.28 Library of Congress
i1.29 Library of Congress
i1.30 Library of Congress
i1.31 Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan
i1.32 Library of Congress
i1.33 Library of Congress
i1.34 Library of Congress
INSERT 2
i2.1 Library of Congress
i2.2 Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan
i2.3 Library of Congress
i2.4 Library of Congress
i2.5 Library of Congress
i2.6 Library of Congress
i2.7 Library of Congress
i2.8 Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan
i2.9 Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan
i2.10 Denver Public Library
i2.11 Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan
i2.12 Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan
i2.13 Courtesy of the author
i2.14 Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University
i2.15 Library of Congress
i2.16 Library of Congress
i2.17 Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan
i2.18 Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan
i2.19 Library of Congress
i2.20 Library of Congress
i2.21 Library of Congress
i2.22 Native Land (still)
i2.23 Library of Congress
i2.24 Library of Congress
i2.25 Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University
i2.26 Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University
i2.27 Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University
i2.28 Library of Congress
i2.29 Courtesy of the author
i2.30 Library of Congress
i2.31 Library of Congress
i2.32 Getty TIME/LIFE
i2.33 Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University
i2.34 Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University
i2.35 Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University
i2.36 © Jim West
Published by female textile mill operatives, the Lowell Offering was hailed internationally as an example of the superior virtues of American industry; but the journal soon expressed concerns about the harshness of workers’ lives. (i1.1)
Power-loom weaving on a factory scale as practiced in Lowell and elsewhere in the Northeast in the mid-nineteenth century. (i1.2)
AMERICAN LADIES WILL NOT BE SLAVES: GIVE US A FAIR COMPENSATION AND WE WILL LABOUR CHEERFULLY, read one prominent banner as eight hundred women marched through falling snow in the Lynn shoemakers strike of 1860, at the time the largest organized work stoppage in the country’s history. (i1.3)
“It is Here!” declared a Chicago newspaper of the 1877 railroad upheaval. Vicious street fighting characterized encounters between authorities and strike supporters. (i1.4)
Scene at the Martinsburg, West Virginia, roundhouse, where angry Baltimore & Ohio employees began halting trains on July 16, 1877, precipitating a nationwide strike. (i1.5)
The Maryland militia’s Sixth Regiment came under mob assault as it marched to the Baltimore depot in the rail strike of 1877; cursed and spat upon, bombarded with stones and bricks, its troops opened fire, killing ten people. (i1.6)
William H. Sylvis believed that if workers understood the vast power of capital arrayed against them, they would surely join a union. America’s first national labor leader, he worked tirelessly to build the Iron Molders
International as well as the country’s first workers’ federation, the National Labor Union. (i1.7)
Terence Powderly found his calling at the Avondale mine disaster of 1869, and went on to become the controversial Grand Master Workman of the Knights of Labor. (i1.8)
“To arms, we call you, to arms!” The fateful anarchist notices of a meeting to be held in Chicago’s Haymarket Square on May 4, 1886, to protest police shootings of workers at the McCormick Reaper plant. (i1.9)
“To arms, we call you, to arms!” The fateful anarchist notices of a meeting to be held in Chicago’s Haymarket Square on May 4, 1886, to protest police shootings of workers at the McCormick Reaper plant. (i1.10)
The seven police fatalities of the Haymarket bombing and a sketch of the tragedy’s immediate aftermath appeared in Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper. (i1.11)
“We are peaceable,” Samuel Fielden, the last speaker in the Haymarket, tried to assure the police. (i1.12)
“We are called Communists, or Socialists, or Anarchists,” said Haymarket defendant Albert Parsons. “We accept all three of the terms.” (i1.13)
His death on the gallows moments away, August Spies cried out, “The time will come when our silence will be more powerful than the voices you strangle today.” (i1.14)
Lucy Parsons was an effective radical in her own right, and a tireless advocate for her husband’s innocence. (i1.15)
Hostile anarchist defendant Louis Lingg defied the Haymarket court’s verdict of execution by conspiring to take his own life in his jail cell. (i1.16)
Johann Most’s urging of revolutionary violence and the use of dynamite led the press to use him for what became the standard illustrated caricature of the bomb-hurling anarchist—full-bearded, crazed, and dangerous. (i1.17)
Daughter of a prominent Chicago family, Nina van Zandt grew convinced of the defendants’ innocence, and of her love for August Spies. (i1.18)
