43. Quoted by H. Kingsmill-Moore, Reminiscences and Reflections, London 1930, 45.
44. Nandy, 32–5.
45. Almy, "New Views of Mr. O. W.", Theatre, London 1894, 124.
46. Wilde, Plays, 268.
47. Ibid., 268.
48. Quoted Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 20.
49. Quoted by Hyde, 71.
50. Wilde, Selected Letters, 29.
51. Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 186.
52. Quoted by Tom Nairn, The Enchanted Glass: Britain and its Monarchy, London 1988, 328.
53. Quoted ibid., 332.
54. Ibid., 340.
55. Wilde, Selected Letters, 112.
56. Wilde, The Artist as Critic, 396.
57. Ibid., 373.
58. Wilde, The Artist as Critic 405.
59. Jorge Luis Borges, Labyrinths, Harmondsworth 1970, 216.
60. George Russell, Letters from AE, ed. Alan Denson, London 1961, 20.
61. Quoted by Wilde, The Artist as Critic, 130.
62. Quoted by Ellmann, 186.
63. Wilde, The Artist as Critic, 386.
THREE: JOHN BULL'S OTHER ISLANDER – BERNARD SHAW
1. G. B. Shaw, John Bull's Other Island, in The Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing, Vol. 2, Deny 1991, 438.
2. G. B. Shaw, The Matter with Ireland, ed. David H. Greene and Dan H. Laurence, London 1962, 33.
3. Shaw, John Bull's Other Island, 432.
4. Ibid., 429.
5. Ibid., 427.
6. Ibid., 426.
7. Ibid., 459.
8. Ibid., 440.
9. Ibid., 436.
10. Ibid., 433.
11. Shaw, Matter, 16.
12. On this see Alfred J. Turco Jnr., Shaw's Moral Vision: The Self and Salvation, Ithaca 1976, 178 ff.
13. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, tr. by Constance Farrington, Harmondsworth 1967, 124.
14. Shaw, John Bull's Other Island, 439.
15. Ibid., 470–1.
16. Ibid., 460.
17. Ibid., 431.
18. Ibid., 425.
19. Ibid., 467.
20. Ibid., 467.
21. Ibid., 469.
22. Ibid., 436.
23. Ibid., 467.
24. Shaw, Matter, 99.
25. Shaw, John Bull's Other Island, 461.
26. Ibid., 471.
27. Shaw, Matter, 35.
28. Ibid.. 149.
29. Ibid., 252.
FOUR: TRAGEDIES OF MANNERS – SOMERVILLE AND ROSS
1. Quoted by Gifford Lewis, Somerville and Ross: The World of the Irish RM, Harmondsworth 1987, 165.
2. Lewis, ibid., 9.
3. E. Oe. Somerville and Martin Ross, The Real Charlotte, London 1977, 11.
4. Quoted by Gifford Lewis, 104.
5. Gifford Lewis ed., Selected Letters of Somerville and Ross, London 1989, 252.
6. E. Oe. Somerville, Irish Memories, Chapter 8.
7. Quoted by Gifford Lewis, Somerville and Ross, 127.
8. Charles Lever, Tom Burke of Ours. Dublin 1844, 71.
9. Somerville and Ross, The Real Charlotte, 67.
10. Ibid., 117.
11. Ibid., 45.
12. Ibid., 79.
13. Ibid., 124.
14. Somerville, Irish Memories, Chapter 20.
15. Quoted by Hilary Robinson, Somerville and Ross: A Critical Appreciation, Dublin 1980, 87.
16. Lewis, Somerville and Ross, 196.
17. Quoted by Lewis, ibid., 134.
18. The phrase is D. W. Harding's from the essay of that tide in Scrutiny VIII (1940), 346–62.
19. Quoted by Robinson, 88.
20. Quoted ibid., 88.
21. John Cronin, "The Real Charlotte", The Anglo-Irish Novel, Belfast 1980, 146.
22. Somerville and Ross, The Real Charlotte, 327.
23. Ibid., 42.
24. C. S. Lewis, "A Note on Jane Austen", Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Ian Wan, New Jersey 1963, 33.
25. Somerville and Ross, The Real Charlotte, 223.
26. Ibid., 344.
27. Ibid., 198.
28. Ibid., 338.
29. Ibid., 198.
30. Ibid., 338.
31. Ibid., 80.
32. Ibid., 178.
33. Ibid., 24.
34. Lewis, Somerville and Ross, 44.
35. Quoted ibid., 195.
36. Somerville and Ross, The Real Charlotte, 50–1.
37. Ibid., 245.
FIVE: LADY GREGORY AND THE EMPIRE BOYS
1. Augusta Gregory, Seventy Years 1852–1922, ed. Colin Smythe, Gerrards Cross 1974, 1.
2. Gregory, Holograph Diary, Vol. 12, 11 April 1896, Berg Collection, New York.
3. Mary Lou Kohfeldt Stevenson, "The Cloud of Witnesses", Lady Gregory: Fifty Years After, eds. Ann Saddlemyer and Colin Smythe, Gerrards Cross 1987, 60.
4. Holograph Diary, Vol. 2, Berg.
5. George Moore, Vale, New York 1920, 184.
6. See Lady Gregory: Fifty Years After, 197 and 195.
7. Brian Jenkins, "The Marriage", ibid., 79.
8. Gregory, Seventy Years, 34.
9. Ibid., 35.
10. Ibid., 36.
11. Ibid., 38.
12. Ibid., 59, 35.
13. Mary Lou Kohfeldt, Lady Gregory: The Woman Behind the Irish Renaissance, London 1985, 62–3.
14. Seventy Years, 44.
15. Ibid., 49.
16. Ibid., 54.
17. Kohfeldt, Lady Gregory, 65.
18. Augusta Gregory, "A Woman's Sonnets", Lady Gregory: Fifty Years After, 105.
19. Kohfeldt, Lady Gregory, 74–5.
20. Quoted ibid., 75, 80.
21. Quoted ibid., 79.
22. Quoted ibid., 82–3.
23. Seventy Years, 95–6.
24. "A Woman's Sonnets", 106.
25. Augusta Gregory, "Dervorgilla", Selected Plays, Gerrards Cross 1983, 155.
26. Ibid., 156.
27. Ibid., 158–9.
28. Ibid., 161.
29. The lines are by Aogán Ó Rathaille, from "Bhailintín Brún".
30. Selected Plays, 165.
31. Ibid., 166.
32. Ibid., 168.
33. Ibid., 169.
34. W. B. Yeats, Memoirs, ed. D. Donoghue, London 1972, 190.
35. Quoted by Kohfeldt, Lady Gregory, 213.
36. Augusta Gregory, "Grania", Selected Plays, 189.
37. Seventy Years, 91.
38. Selected Plays, 190.
39. Ibid., 197.
40. Ibid., 187.
41. Ibid., 205.
42. Ibid., 210.
43. Ibid., 212.
44. Ibid., 214.
45. Ibid., 213.
YEATS: INTERCHAPTER
1. Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Selected Correspondence 1846–95, London 1934, 92, 94.
2. John Mitchel, Jail Journal, Dublin 1913, 357.
SIX: CHILDHOOD AND IRELAND
1. G. K. Chesterton, The Autobiography of G. K. Chesterton, New York 1936, 139.
2. W. M. Murphy, Prodigal Father: The Life of John Butler Yeats, Ithaca 1978, 161.
3. W. B. Yeats, Autobiographies, London 1955, 31.
4. Ibid., 49.
5. Ibid., 27.
6. W. B. Yeats. Collected Poems, London 1950, 332.
7. W. B. Yeats, Collected Plays, London 1952, 55.
8. Peter Coveney, The Image of Childhood, Harmondsworth 1967, 193.
9. F. Marryat, Masterman Ready, London 1878, 140.
10. Yeats, Autobiographies, 11.
11. Quoted Prodigal Father, 87.
12. Yeats, Collected Poems, 266.
13. Ibid., 340.
14. Yeats, Autobiographies, 5.
15. Letter to J. R Fitzgerald, April 1947; quoted by Michael Holroyd, "GBS and Ireland", Sewanee Review LXXXIV, No. 1, Winter 1976, 46.
16. Yeats, Autobiographies, 35.
17. Ibid., 3.
18. Yeats, Collected Poems, 136–7.
19. Yeats
, Autobiographies, 280.
20. Yeats, Collected Poems, 199.
21. Ibid., 347.
22. Ibid., 381.
23. Yeats, Autobiographies, 47.
24. Ibid., 461.
25. Yeats, Collected Poems, 392.
26. Yeats, Autobiographies, 106.
27. Yeats, Collected Poems, 113.
28. Quoted in Prodigal Father, 446.
29. Allan Wade ed., Letters of W. B. Yeats, London 1954, 63.
30. Yeats, Autobiographies, 305.
31. Yeats, Collected Poems, 21.
32. Ibid., 204.
33. Ibid., 205.
SEVEN: THE NATIONAL LONGING FOR FORM
1. William Henry Curran, The Life of John Philpott Curran, ed. R. Shelton Mackenzie, Chicago 1882, 523.
2. Patrick O'Farrell, Ireland's English Question: Anglo-Irish Relations 1534– 1970, New York 1971, 14.
3. W. B. Yeats, Collected Poems,
4. Ibid., 241.
5. Matthew Arnold, The Study of Celtic Literature, 144.
6. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature, Minneapolis 1986, 28.
7. Chinua Achebe, Hopes and Impediments, London 1988, 56.
8. Oscar Wilde, The Artist as Critic, 300.
9. Yeats, Collected Poems, 57.
10. Achebe, Hopes, 43.
11. Yeats, Autobiographies, 515.
12. Ibid., 515.
13. Ibid., 531.
14. Ibid., 244.
15. Ibid., 473.
16. Ibid., 438.
17. Ibid., 437.
18. Ibid., 93.
19. Ibid., 485.
20. W. B. Yeats, Anima Mundi, 347–8.
21. Yeats, Autobiographies, 457.
22. Ibid., 58.
23. Ibid., 166.
24. Ibid., 166.
25. Ibid., 273.
26. Ibid., 194, 254.
27. Deleuze and Guattari, Kafka, 17.
28. Yeats, Autobiographies, 263.
29. Ibid., 321.
30. Ibid., 461.
31. Ibid., 476.
32. Ibid., 463.
33. Ibid., 493.
34. W. B. Yeats, "First Principles", Samhain, December 1904, 20.
35. Walt Whitman, preface to Leaves of Grass, The Portable Walt Whitman, ed. Mark van Doren, New York 1969, 56.
36. W. B. Yeats, Samhain, December 1904, 20.
37. On this see Louis MacNeice, The Poetry of W. B. Yeats, London 1967, 41 ff. Biographical sources for Whitman here include Justin Kaplan, Walt Whitman: A Life, New York 1980; and Paul Zweig, Walt Whitman: The Making of the Poet, New York 1984.
RETURN TO THE SOURCE? INTERCHAPER
1. P. H. Pearse, "About Literature", An Claidheamh Soluis, 26 May 1906, 6.
2. J. M. Synge, Manuscripts, Trinity College Dublin, Ms 4387, 14ff.
EIGHT: DEANGLICIZATION
1. W. B. Yeats, Ideas of Good and Evil, London 1903, 337.
2. W. J. O'Neill Daunt, Personal Recollection of the late Daniel O'Connell, London 1848, 14–15.
3. Maureen Wall, "The Decline of the Irish Language", A View of the Irish Language, ed. Brian Ó Cuív, Dublin 1969, 86.
4. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, London 1983, 122.
5. W. B. Yeats, Samhain, October 1901, 9.
6. Harold Bloom, Yeats, New York 1970, 87.
7. W. B. Yeats, Uncollected Prose 1, ed. J. P. Frayne, London 1970, 361.
8. J. M. Synge, "National Drama: A Farce", Plays 1, ed. Ann Saddlemyer, Oxford 1968, 221–2.
9. Quoted by Diarmuid Coffey, Douglas Hyde: President of Ireland, Dublin 1938, 18.
10. On ascendancy attitudes to Irish, see Janet Egleson Dunleavy and Gareth W. Dunleavy, Douglas Hyde: A Maker of Modern Ireland, Berkeley 1991, 1–136.
11. George Moore, Hail and Farewell, ed. R. Cave, Gerrards Cross 1976, 238.
12. W. B. Yeats, Samhain, 1905, 5–6.
13. W. B. Yeats, postscript, Ideals in Ireland, ed. Lady Gregory, London 1901. See also Essays and Controversies, 10.
14. Ibid., 38.
15. Eric Hobsbawn and Terence Ranger eds., The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge 1983, 263–81.
16. Douglas Hyde, "The Necessity for Deanglicizing Ireland", The Revival of Irish Literature, London 1894, 120.
17. W. B. Yeats, Essays and Introductions, London 1961, 248.
18. James Joyce, Stephen Hero, London 1977, 52.
19. Hyde, "Necessity", 119.
20. D. P. Moran, "The Battle of Two Civilizations", Ideals in Ireland, 28, 30.
21. Ibid., 36.
22. Hyde, "Necessity", 123, 129.
23. Quoted by David Greene, "The Founding of the Gaelic League", The Gaelic League Idea, ed. Seán Ó Tuama, Cork 1972, 10.
24. Hyde, "Necessity", 129, 128.
25. Ideals in Ireland, 55.
26. John Berger, About Looking, London 1980, 35.
27. Hyde, "Necessity", 138, 159.
28. W. B. Yeats, "The Literary Movement in Ireland", Ideals in Ireland, 85– 90.
29. Quoted by Tomás Ó Fiaich, "The Great Controversy", The Gaelic League Idea, 67. This is the best account and I rely on it accordingly.
30. Ibid., 68.
31. Augusta Gregory, Seventy Years, 359.
32. Edward Martyn, Beltaine, No. 2, February 1900.
33. See Declan Kiberd, Synge and the Irish Language, London 1993, 224–5.
34. Thomas Babington Macaulay, "Indian Education", 2 February 1835 minute: in Prose and Poetry, ed. G. M. Young, Cambridge, Mass. 1967, 729.
35. Stephen Gwynn, Today and Tomorrow in Ireland, Dublin and London 1903, 59.
36. Kevin B. Nowlan, "The Gaelic League and Other National Movements", The Gaelic League Idea, 45.
37. Letter from J. O. Hannay to Hyde, 15 April 1907; Tadhg McGlinchey papers.
38. Nowlan quotes this, The Gaelic League Idea, 47.
39. Sean O'Casey,Drums Under the Windows, London 1945, 73.
40. Caoimhghín Ó Góilidhe ed., Dánta árdteastais, Dublin 1967, 8.
41. Seán de Fréine, The Great Silence, Dublin 1965, 108.
42. Eric Hobsbawm, "Inventing Traditions", The Invention of Tradition, 15-22.
43. Quoted in The United Irishman, 22 June 1901.
44. Robert Kee, The Green Flag, London 1972, 432.
45. James Joyce, Dubliners, Harmondsworth 1992, 135.
46. Ruth Dudley Edwards, Patrick Pearse: The Triumph of Failure, London 1979, 178 (The Coming Revolution), 229 (From a Hermitage).
47. Quoted by Myles Dillon, "Douglas Hyde", The Shaping of Modern Ireland, ed. Conor Cruise O'Brien, London 1960, 59.
48. Quoted by Lady Gregory, Seventy Years, 417.
49. George Moore, Hail and Farewell, 587.
50. Michael Collins, The Path to Freedom, Dublin 1922. For a finely detailed study of the links between language revival and creative expression see Philip O'Leary, The Prose Literature of the Gaelic Revival 1881–1921, Pennsylvania 1994. Similar studies of poetry, sport, political discourse, and philosophy would in all likelihood yield equally rich results to researchers possessed of O'Leary's imaginative daring and scholarly scruple.
NINE: NATIONALITY OR COSMOPOLITANISM?
1. W. B. Yeats, Uncollected Prose 1, 255.
2. George Moore, "Literature and the Irish Language", Ideals in Ireland 47.
3. D. P. Moran, The Philosophy of Irish Ireland, Dublin 1905, 37 ff.
4. Stopford A. Brooke, The Need and Use of Getting Irish Literature into the English Tongue, London 1893, 65.
5. John Eglinton, in Literary Ideals in Ireland (Eglinton et al.), London 1899, 11.
6. George Russell, ibid., 81–2.
7. George Russell, Thoughts for a Convention, Dublin and London 1917, 7.
8. Literary Ideals in Ireland, 86.
9. John Eglinton, Bards and Saints, Dublin 1906, 11.
10. John Eglinton, "A Word for Anglo-Irish Literature", United Irishman, 22 March 1902.
11. Quoted by Moore, Hail a
nd Farewell, 166; Eglinton, Bards and Saints, 12,7.
12. United Irishman, 31 March 1902.
13. John Eglinton, Irish Literary Portraits, 26.
14. United Irishman, 8 February 1902.
15. A. P. Thornton, The Imperial Idea and Its Enemies, London 1959, 210-11.
16. E. A. Boyd, Appreciations and Depreciations, Dublin 1918, 152.
17. Ibid., 157.
18. George Eliot, Middlemarch, Harmondsworth 1965, 110.
19. D. H. Lawrence, Women in Love, Harmondsworth 1960, 444.
20. Quoted by Hyde, Oscar Wilde, 506.
21. W. B. Yeats, Plays and Controversies, 197–8.
22. J. M. Synge, Prose, ed. Alan Price, Oxford 1968, 400.
23. D. P. Moran, The Leader, 2 November 1901.
24. W. B. Yeats, Samhain, October 1902, 8.
25. Thomas MacDonagh, Literature in Ireland, Dublin 1916, 47–8.
26. W. B. Yeats, Samhain, October 1902, 9.
27. W. B. Yeats, Samhain, October 1903, 8.
28. Frantz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, Harmondsworth 1970, 73.
29. Salman Rushdie, Imaginary Homelands, London 1992, 124.
30. Quoted in Samhain, 1903, 35.
31. W. B. Yeats, Samhain, 1904, 20.
32. Rushdie, Imaginary Homelands, 124–5, 210, 149.
33. W. B. Yeats, Samhain, 1908, 7.
TEN: J. M. SYNGE – REMEMBERING THE FUTURE
1. All phrases from J. M. Synge, "The Playboy of the Western World", Plays 2, ed. Ann Saddlemyer, Oxford 1968.
2. Ibid., 75.
3. Ibid., 161.
4. René Girard, Violence and the Sacred translated by Patrick Gregory, Baltimore 1977, 77–80.
5. P. H. Pearse, Political Writings and Speeches, Dublin 1924, 145–6.
6. Synge, Plays 2, 173.
7. Ibid., 73.
8. W. B. Yeats, Collected Poems, 226.
9. J. M. Synge, preface to Poems, ed. R. Skelton, London 1962, xxxvi.
10. Yeats, Autobiographies, 531.
11. Kay Dick ed., "Ernest Hemingway", Writers at Work: The Paris Review Interviews, Harmondsworth 1972, 188.
12. J. M. Synge, Collected Letters 1: 1871–1907, ed. Ann Saddlemyer, Oxford 1983, 297.
13. Synge, Plays 2, 59.
14. Ibid., 81.
15. Ibid., 81.
16. Ibid., 149.
17. Ibid., 153.
18. Ibid., 173.
19. Ibid., 169.
20. See Michael J. Sidnell, "Synge's Playboy and the Champion of Ulster", Dalhousie Review, XLV, Spring 1965, 51–9; and Diane E. Bessai, "Little Hound in Mayo", ibid., XLV1II, Autumn 1968, 372–83.
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