15 Interview with Sheikh Ahmed Jaballah, Paris, June 2006.
16 Ternisien, La France des mosquees, p. 157
17 Quoted in ‘The True Face of the UOIF’, Simon Wiesenthal Centre.
18 Interview with Lhaj Thami Breeze, Paris, June 2006.
19 Quoted in Darif, Bricolages identitaires des Musulmans dans l’espace politique français: cas de UOIF.
20 Interview with Mohsen N’Gazou, Marseille, July 2006.
21 Interview with Moulay Abderrahmane Ghoul, Marseille, July 2006.
22 Interview with Soheib Bensheikh, Marseille, July 2006.
23 Interview with Lhaj Thami Breeze, Paris, June 2006.
24 Ibid.
25 ‘Qu’est ce que l’UOIF?’, in Paris, 2006, p. 19
26 Interview with Sheikh Ahmed Jaballah, Paris, June 2006.
27 Helle Merete Brix, ‘Among the Believers’, in Sappho, 1 June 2007. Available on http://www.sappho.dk/Den%20loebende/bourgetengelsk.html
28 Interview with Mohsen N’Gazou, Marseille, July 2006.
29 Ibid.
30 Xavier Ternisien, ‘Enquête sur ces Musulmans qui inquiètent l’Islam de France’, in Le Monde, 13 December 2002.
31 Interview with Sheikh Abdelhadi, Marseille, July 2006.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid.
34 Interview with former UOIF member who preferred to remain anonymous, Paris, December 2006.
35 Interview with former French Interior Ministry Official, Paris, June 2006.
36 Interview with Mohsen N’Gazou, Marseille, July 2006.
37 ‘Balancing Reactions’, in Al-Ahram, 26 February–3 March 2004, No. 679.
38 Ibid.
39 ‘France hijab ban takes effect‘, on Al-Jazeera.net. 4 September 2004. Available on: http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=6217
40 Ibid.
41 Dominic McGoldrick, Human Rights and Religion: The Islamic Headscarf Debate in Europe, Oxford, 2006, p. 96.
42 ‘Muslimo Fransa Yatasdoun li Fernasat Al-Islam’ (‘French Muslims Challenge Francophised Islam’), on Al-Motamar, 18 August 2006. Available on http://www.almotamar.net/news/33926.htm
43 Interview with Lhaj Thami Breeze, Paris, June 2006.
44 Interview with Dr Kamal Helbawy, London, January 2008.
45 Ibid.
46 Ibid.
47 Ziauddin Sardar, ‘Searching for secular Islam’, in The New Humanist, Vol. 119 No. 5, September/October 2004. Available on http://newhumanist.org.uk/798 (Accessed January 2008).
48 Interview with Dr Kamal Helbawy, London, January 2008.
49 Interview with imam at the Muslim Welfare House, London, 2004.
50 Interview with Dr Kamal Helbawy, London, January 2008.
51 Ibid.
52 See http://mssuk.net/pastactivities/pre2001.htm
53 Ziauddin Sardar, Desperately Seeking Paradise. Journeys of a Sceptical Muslim, London, 2004, p. 35.
54 Ibid.
55 E-mail correspondence with Ashur Shamis, January 2008.
56 Interview with Dr Kamal Helbawy, London, January 2008.
57 Ibid.
58 Ibid.
59 Ibid.
60 Al-Tandeem al-Dawli lil ikhwan: al-wahd messira wal ma’al? [The International Organisation of the Ikhwan: The Promise, the History and the Outcome?], 20 September 2004. Available on http://www.rezgar.com/debat/show.art.asp?aid=23729
61 Quoted in ‘Who Speaks for the Ikhwan’, in Crescent International, 1–15 January 1982.
62 Quoted in Ibid.
63 Kamal El-Helbawy, ‘A Message from Muslim Brotherhood Information Centre London, and the Spokesman for Muslim Brotherhood in the West’, 19 February 1996. Available on http://lists.asu.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind9602d&L=muslims&T=0&O=D&P=65
64 Interview with Dr Kamal Helbawy, London, January 2008.
65 British Muslims Monthly Survey, Vol. 6, No. 3, March 1998.
66 See MAB website: http://www.mabonline.net
67 British Muslims Monthly Survey, Vol. 6, No. 3, March 1998.
68 Interview with Ahmed Sheikh, London, 2006.
69 Ibid.
70 ‘MAB Responds to Vile Attack’: statement by the MAB, 13 August 2004.
71 http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/ vo031218/debtext/31218-18.htm
72 ‘The Federation of Student Islamic Societies and the Muslim Association of Britain. An Alliance for Workers’ Liberty Briefing’, April 2005, Appendix B. Available on http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:7yjVpiroxDkJ:www.free-education.org.uk/Appendix_B_PDF.pdf+muslim+association+of+britain+ja mal&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=uk&ie=UTF-8 (Accessed January 2008).
73 ‘Open up a Dialogue,’ The Weekly Worker. No. 463. 16 January 2003. Available on http://www.cpgb.org.uk/worker/463/dialogue.html
74 Interview with Ahmed Sheikh, London, 2006.
75 ‘The Muslim Association of Britain. The Centre for Social Cohesion’, undated. Available on http://www.socialcohesion.co.uk/pubs/mab.php
76 Ian Johnson, ‘A Mosque for ex-Nazis became Center of Radical Islam’, The Wall Street Journal, 12 July 2005.
77 Ibid.
78 Lorenzo Vidino, ‘The Muslim Brotherhood’s Conquest of Europe’, in Middle East Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1, Winter 2005.
79 Interview with Dr Rifat Said, Cairo, May 2007.
80 Interview with Mehdi Akef, Cairo, May 2007.
81 Johnson, ‘A Mosque for ex-Nazis became Center of Radical Islam’.
82 Interview with Mehdi Akef, Cairo, May 2007.
83 See http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_El-Zayat
84 See http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40&Itemid=34
85 See http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_El-Zayat
86 Interview with Ibrahim El-Zayat, Cologne, December 2006.
87 ‘Islam and Identity in Germany’, Europe Report No 181, 14 March 2007. Available on http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:A_otya3lJgMJ:www.flwi.ugent.be/cie/documenten/ islam_in_germany.pdf+milli+gorus+Cem+germany+igd&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=uk&ie=UTF-8
88 Interview with Oguz Ücüncü, General Secretary Millî Görüş. Cologne. December 2006.
89 Interview with Ibrahim El-Zayat, Cologne, December 2006.
90 Ibid.
91 Johnson, ‘A Mosque for ex-Nazis became Center of Radical Islam’.
92 See http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Article.asp?ID=752&SectionID=121
93 Interview with Ibrahim El-Zayat, Cologne, December 2006.
94 Ibid.
95 Ibid.
96 Ibid.
97 Ibid.
98 Ian Johnson, ‘Islamic Justice Finds a Foothold in Heart of Europe’, The Wall Street Journal, 4 August 2005.
99 Ibid.
100 Interview with Ibrahim el-Zayat, Cologne, December 2006.
101 Quoted in Kent Olsen, ‘Quran reported to the Police in Germany’, Jyllands-Posten, 18 April 2006. Available on http://www.islam-watch.org/SpecialEvents/KoranReported.htm
102 Deutsche Welle, 27 Sep 2006, Available in Arabic on http://www.dw-world.de/popups/popup_printcontent/0,,2186411,00.html
103 Ibid.
104 ‘Verfassungsschutz Informationen. Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Innern’, 2007. Available in German on http://www.verfassungsschutz.bayern.de/imperia/md/content/ lfv_internet/service/halbjahresbericht_2007.pdf
105 Testimony of Matthew Levitt, ‘Islamic Extremism in Europe. Beyond al-Qaeda: Hamas and Hezbollah in Europe’, Joint Hearing of the Committee on International Relations and Subcommittee on Europe and Emerging Threats, US House of Representatives, 27 April 2005.
106 Ian Johnson, ‘How Islamic Group’s Ties Reveal Europe’s Challenge’, The Wall Street Journal, 29 December 2005.
107 Ibid.
108 ‘In Germany, Harder Line Looms; Bavarian Probes into Muslim Groups May Foretell Deeper Scrutiny’, The Wall Street Journal, 16 September 2005.
109 Ibid.
110 Ibid.
111 Interview with Ibrahim El-Zayat, Cologne, December 2006.<
br />
112 Ibid.
113 Interview with Dhaou Meskine, Paris, December 2007.
114 Ibid.
115 Interview with Ahmed al-Rawi, Mufakarat al-Islam (Islam Memo), 21 June 2006. Available in Arabic on http://www.islammemo.cc/article1.aspx?id=5172
116 Interview with Libyan Ikhwani, Manchester, October 2004.
117 Interview with Mohsen N’Gazou, Marseille, July 2006.
118 Quoted in Ternisien, Les Frères Musulmans, pp. 110–11.
119 Besson, La conquête de l’Occident: le projet secret des Islamistes, p. 100.
120 ‘A Rare Look at Secretive Brotherhood in America’, in The Chicago Tribune, 19 September 2004.
121 Interview with Mohsen N’Gazou, Marseille, July 2006.
Chapter 5
1 Dr Rachel Ehrenfeld and Alyssa A. Lappen, ‘The Truth about the Muslim Brotherhood’, Front Page Magazine, 16 June 2006.
2 Evan Kholmann, quoted in Mary Crane, Does the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood have Ties to Terrorism?, Council on Foreign Relations, 5 April 2005.
3 Interview with Rifat Said, Cairo, May 2007.
4 Martin Bright, ‘Talking to Terrorists’, New Statesman, 20 February 2006.
5 Al-Gomhuriya, 23 June 2007. Quoted in ‘Warnings in the Egyptian Press: The Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt is Going the Way of Hamas in Gaza’, Memri Special Dispatch, No. 1638, 28 June 2007.
6 Al-Gumhuriya, 13 December 2006. Quoted in L. Azuri, ‘Relations Worsen Between the Egyptian Regime and the Muslim Brotherhood’, Memri Special Dispatch, No. 321, 2 February 2007.
7 Interview with Mustafa Mashour, ‘Soldiers of the Sharia’, in Al-Ahram Weekly, No. 247, 16–22 November 1995. Available on http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/archives/parties/muslimb/sharia.htm
8 Interview with Mehdi Akef, Cairo, May 2007.
9 Brynjar Lia, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, Reading, 1998, p. 83.
10 ‘Jordan Says Legal Action to be Taken against Four IAF MPs on Incitement’, The Middle East Reporter, 13 June 2006.
11 Muhammad Hafiz Diyab, Sayyid Qutb: Discourse and Ideology, Cairo, 1988.
12 Nazih Ayubi, Political Islam, London, 1991, p. 137.
13 Mohamed Jamal Barout, Yathrab al-Jadida (The New Medina), 1994.
14 Quoted in Ayubi, Political Islam, p. 140.
15 Interview with Ibrahim Ghuraibya, Amman, February 2007.
16 Ayubi, Political Islam, p. 142.
17 Interview with Ashur Shamis, London, March 2007.
18 Gilles Kepel, Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and the Pharaoh, Berkeley, 1993, p. 30.
19 Some, such as Rifat Said, have claimed that al-Hodeibi wrote the book under duress, asserting that he was insufficiently versed in Sharia to have been able to write it. According to Said, the book was produced under the instructions of General Fouad Allam, who had a draft written by al-Azhar that he gave to al-Hodeibi to pass off as his own. (Interview with Rifat Said, Cairo, March 2007.)
20 Gilles Kepel, The Roots of Radical Islam, London, 1985, p. 64.
21 Ibid., p. 36.
22 Interview with Farid Abdul Khaliq, Cairo, March 2007.
23 Abdul Moneim Aboul Fotouh, Shehadat Abul Futuh (Abul Futuah’s Testimony). Islam Online, 15 July 2009. Available in Arabic on http://islamyoon.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=ArticleA_C&cid=1248187300655&pagename=Islamyoun%2FIYALayout. For a more detailed discussion of this issue see Chapter One.
24 Rudolph Peters, Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam, Princeton, 1996.
25 Abdelaziz Ramadan Al-Haya Al-Maseria Al’Ama Lilkitab, Jama’at al-Takfir fi Misr. Al-Oosoul Tarikhia wa Fikeria (Takifiri Groups in Egypt: Intellectual and Historical Origins), Cairo 1995, p. 77.
26 Dr Nashat Hamid Abdel al-Majid, Asbab nashat al-Afghan al-Arab (The Reasons Behind the Creation of the Afghan Arabs), on Islam Online, 7 October 2001. Available on www.islamoneline.net
27 W. Laqueur, No End to War, New York, 2003, p. 52.
28 Interview with members of the Parti Algérien pour la Démocratie et le Socialisme (PADS). Ellen Ray and Lenora Foerstal, ‘Algeria: Theocracy by Terror?’, on Covert Action, October 1998. Available on http://www.covertaction.org/content/view/109/75/
29 ‘The Muslim Brotherhood in Afghanistan’, in Islamism Digest, Vol. 2 No. 10, October 2007.
30 Ayman al-Zawahiri, Knights under the Prophet’s Banner, 2001.
31 Biography of Sheikh Abdullah Azzam (Shaheed), undated. Available on http://www.religioscope.com/info/doc/jihad/azzam_defence_2_intro.htm
32 Interview with Dr Kamal Helbawy, London, May 2007.
33 Interview with Hudaifa Azzam, Amman, February 2007.
34 Ibid.
35 Interview with Noman Bin Othman, London, April 2007.
36 Ibid.
37 Interview with Dr Kemal Helbawy, London, May 2007.
38 Ibid.
39 Ibid.
40 ‘The Muslim Brotherhood in Afghanistan’, in Islamism Digest, Vol. 2, No 10, October 2007.
41 Interview with Hudaifa Azzam, Amman, February 2007.
42 Muslim Brotherhood Movement Homepage, http://www.ummah.net
43 Olivier Roy, Afghanistan, from Holy War to Civil War, Princeton 1995.
44 ‘The Muslim Brotherhood in Afghanistan’.
45 Mustafa Mashour obituary, Impact International, Vol. 32, No. 12, 2002.
46 ‘The Muslim Brotherhood in Afghanistan’.
47 Interview with Dr Kemal Helbawy, London, May 2007.
48 Ibid.
49 Al-Arabi (Egypt), 18 January 2004. Quoted in ‘New Muslim Brotherhood Leader: Resistance in Iraq and Palestine is Legitimate; America is Satan; Islam Will Invade America and Europe’, Memri Special Dispatch Series No. 655, 4 February 2004. Available on http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Area=egypt&ID=SP65504#_edn1
50 Al-Jazeera, 10 January 2005. http://www.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/18673EC8-1EB6-4844-BFAF-7331D5A6CD34.htm
51 ‘British Muslim says Troops are Fair Target’, The Sunday Times, 31 October 2004.
52 Interview with imam, London, 2005.
53 ‘Jordan: Muslim Brotherhood Leader On ‘Martyrdom’ Attacks, Iraq, Local Issues’, on BBC Monitoring. 6 October 2002.
54 Quoted in ‘Dr Abdelmonem Abu Futuah, an Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Leader, Volunteers to Carry Out Attacks Against American Forces in Iraq’, (Al-Jazeera TV) Memri, Clip 44. 25 April 2004.
55 ‘Muslim Brotherhood Initiative on the General Principles of Reform in Egypt’, Cairo, 2004. Obtained from the Brotherhood’s headquarters in Cairo.
56 Zawal Isra’il Hatmiyya Qur’aniya (The Destruction of Israel is a Qur’anic Imperative), no publisher or place of publication, 1988. Quoted in Ziad Abu Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza, Indiana, 1994, p. 2.
57 Abu Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza, p. 2.
58 ‘Jordan: Muslim Brotherhood Leader On “Martyrdom” Attacks, Iraq, Local Issues’, BBC Monitoring. 6 October 2002.
59 Deputy Leader of Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt: ‘A Nation that does not Excel at the Industry of Death does not Deserve Life’, Memri, 8 April 2004.
60 Quoted in Nachman Tal, Radical Islam in Egypt and Jordan, Brighton, 2005, p. 199.
61 ‘Firebrand Islamic academic: “Dying for your Beliefs is Just”’, in The Daily Mail, 21 August 2006.
62 ‘Leading Saudi Sheik Pronounces Fatwa against Hezbollah’, in The New York Sun, 20 July 2006.
63 Abu Amr, Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza, p. 23.
64 Robert S. Leiken and Steven Brooke ‘The Moderate Muslim Brotherhood’, in Foreign Affairs, March/April 2007.
65 Ibid.
66 Helena Cobban, interview with Dr Abul Moneim Aboul Fotouh, Just World News, 23 February 2007. Available on http://justworldnews.org/archives/002404.html (accessed February 2008).
67 Ibid.
68 Quoted in ‘Dr Abdelmonem Abu Futuah, an Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Leader, Volunteers to Carry out Attacks against American Forces in Iraq’.
&nbs
p; 69 Mahad Abedin, ‘The Battle within Syria: An Interview with Muslim Brotherhood Leader Ali Bayanouni’, in Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 3, No. 16, 11 August 2005.
70 Richard P. Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, Oxford, 1993, p. 211.
71 From Al-Ghazali, Al-Islam wa’l-istibdad al-siyasi 1950-51. Quoted in Mitchell, The Society of the Muslim Brothers, p. 211.
72 Interview with Haj Abu Sen, London, September 2007.
73 Sayyid Qutb, Milestones, New Delhi, 1964, p. 116.
74 Ibid., p. 139.
75 Quoted in ‘New Muslim Brotherhood Leader: Resistance in Iraq and Palestine is Legitimate; America is Satan; Islam Will Invade America and Europe’, in Al-Arabi, 18 January 2004.
76 ‘Abdul Moneim Abul Fotouh. The Muslim Brotherhood Comments on “Gray Zones”, Carnegie Paper,’ on Ikhwanweb, 16 July 2006.
77 Hossam Tammam, Tahawilat Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimoun (The Transformation of the Muslim Brotherhood), Cairo, 2006, pp. 146–7.
78 ‘Interview with Muslim Brotherhood’s Supreme Guide, Mehdi Akef’, Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, 16 December 2005.
79 Fadi Fahem, ‘World in Need of Islamic Principles and Morals: Akef’, Khaleej Times, 2 September 2005.
80 Michael Emerson and Richard Youngs (eds.), Political Islam and European Foreign Policy Perspectives from Muslim Democrats of The Mediterranean, Brussels, 2007.
81 Ibid.
82 ‘Habib: Muslim Brotherhood is Not Anti-American’, on Ikhwanweb, 14 January 2008. Available on http://www.ikhwanweb.com/Article.asp?ID=15359&LevelID=1&SectionID=146
83 ‘Former Kuwaiti Education Minister: All of al-Qa‘ida’s Terrorism Started from the Ideology of the Muslim Brotherhood‘, in Memri Special Dispatch Series 941, 26 July 2005.
84 Ana Belén Soage, ‘Faraj Fawda, or the Cost of Freedom of Expression’, in Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 11, No. 2, June 2007.
85 Mohammed Al-Shafey, ‘Have the Muslim Brotherhood Gone Global?’, in Al-Sharq al-Awsat, 12 May 2007.
Chapter 6
1 Statement on Ikhwanonline website, 19 January 2011.
2 The five demands in full were as follows: to revoke the state of emergency; to dissolve the People’s Assembly and to hold free and fair elections; to amend the ‘defective constitutional articles [Articles 76, 77 and 88] which led to the rigging of the last elections and which will affect the upcoming presidential elections’; to hold the presidential elections according to the above amendments; to fire the government and to form a new government of national unity that is responsive to the demands of the Egyptian people.
The Muslim Brotherhood Page 29
