Zhou, Duke of (Dan): the brother of King Wu, founder of the Zhou Dynasty, who ruled as regent for his nephew following Wu’s death; the Duke of Zhou embodied many of the highest virtues according to Confucius.
Zhou dynasty:the period of Chinese history between the Shang and the Qin Dynasties; 1045–221 bce; divided into the Western and Eastern Zhou when invaders forced the move of the capital eastward.
Zhuangzi,c. 369–286 bce: The Daoist thinker most responsible for drawing out the mystical implications of the foundational Daoist principles. Unlike other philosophers of the Warring States period, Zhuangzi was decidedly disinterested in the political and social affairs.
Zoroaster:Iranian prophet and founder of the religion of Zoroastrianism, or Mazdaism. Some scholarly estimates suggest he lived as early as the fifteenth century bce and as late as the sixth century bce. Zoroaster is the Greek transliteration of Zarathustra.
Zoroastrianism: the religion based on Zoroaster’s reforms of ancient Iranian religion.
Bibliography
Works Cited
Aristotle. “On the Soul.” In The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. Richard McKeon. New York: Random House, 1941.
Augustine. Concerning the City of God against the Pagans. Translated by John O’Meara. London: Penguin, 1984.
———. Confessions. Translated by R. S. Pine-Coffin. London: Penguin, 1961.
Becker, Ernest. The Denial of Death. New York: Free Press, 1973.
Bodhi, Bhikkhu. The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of theSamyutta Nikāya. Boston: Wisdom, 2000.
———, and Nyanaponika Thera. Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: An Anthology of Suttas from theAnguttara Nikaya. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira, 1999.
Boyce, Mary. Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London: Routledge, 2001.
Brooks, E. Bruce, and A. Taeko Brooks. The OriginalAnalects: Sayings of Confucius and His Successors. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
Bryant, Edwin. The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Chin, Annping. The Authentic Confucius: A Life of Thought and Politics. New York: Scribner, 2007.
Cronin, Gloria L., and Ben Siegel, eds. Conversations with Robert Penn Warren. Oxford: University Press of Mississippi, 2005.
Dawson, Raymond, trans. The Analects.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
De Bary, Wm Theodore. Sources of Indian Tradition: Vol 1. New York: Columbia University Press, 1958.
Dhammika, Ven., trans. “Gemstones of the Good Dhamma.” http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dhammika/wheel342.html.
Doniger, Wendy, trans. TheRig Veda.New York: Penguin, 2005.
Dundas, Paul. The Jains.2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2002.
Eisenstadt, S. N., ed. The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1986.
Eliade, Mircea. The Sacred and the Profane: the Nature of Religion. Orlando, FL: Harcourt, Inc., 1987.
Eliot, T. S. Four Quartets. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971.
Erikson, Erik. Gandhi’s Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence. New York: W.W. Nortony, 1970.
Foster, Elon. Cyclopaedia of Poetry, 1st series. New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1872.
Frazer, James George. The Golden Bough. Sioux Falls, SD: NuVision, 2006.
Harvey, Peter. Introduction to Buddhism, 2nd. Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Hick, John. An Interpretation of Religion: Human Responses to the Transcendent. 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.
Ivanhoe, Philip J. Confucian Moral Self Cultivation. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Hackett, 2000.
———, trans. The Daodejing of Laozi. New York: Seven Bridges, 2002.
Jaspers, Karl. The Origin and Goal of History.Trans. Michael Bullock. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1953.
Jensen, Lionel. Manufacturing Confucianism: Chinese Traditions and Universal Civilization. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.
King, Martin Luther. Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? Boston: Beacon Press, 1967.
Kulke, Hermann, and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge, 2004.
Lau, D.C., trans. The Analects. London: Penguin, 1979.
______, trans. Mencius. London: Penguin, 1970.
———, trans. Tao Te Ching. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Classics, 1963.
Lax, Eric. Woody Allen: A Biography. Boston: Da Capo, 2000.
Legge, James. The Chinese Classics, Vol. 4. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1970.
Mair, Victor H., trans. Wandering on the Way: Early Taoist Tales and Parables of Chuang Tzu. New York: Bantam, 1994.
Malandra, William W., trans. and ed. An Introduction to Ancient Iranian Religion: Readings from the Avesta and Achaemenid Inscriptions. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983.
Mascaró, Juan, trans. The Upanishads. New York: Penguin, 1965.
Moeller, Hans-Georg. Daoism Explained. Chicago: Open Court, 2004.
Ñanamoli, Bhikkhu, and Bhikkhu Bodhi. The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of theMajjhima Nikaya. Rev. ed. Boston: Wisdom, 1995.
Niebuhr, Reinhold. Moral Man and Immoral Society: A Study in Ethics. 2nd ed. 1932. Reprint, Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2013.
Nietzsche, Friedrich. Thus Spoke Zarathustra. In The Portable Nietzsche, trans. Walter Kaufmann. New York: Penguin, 1982.
Obeyesekere, Gananath. Imagining Karma: Ethical Transformations in Amerindian, Buddhist, and Greek Rebirth.Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
Olivelle, Patrick, trans. Upaniśads. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Poo Mu-Chou. In Search of Personal Welfare: A View of Ancient Chinese Religion. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
Robertson, Connie. The Wordsworth Dictionary of Quotations, 3rd ed. Ware, UK: Wordsworth, 1998.
Ross, David A. A Critical Companion to William Butler Yeats: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work. New York: Facts on File, 2009.
Tolstoy, Leo. The Death of Ivan Ilyich. New York: Bantam, 1981.
Thoreau, Henry David, Owen Paul Thomas, and Henry David Thoreau. Walden and Civil Disobedience: Authoritative Texts, Background, Reviews, and Essays in Criticism. New York: W. W. Norton, 1966.
Tillich, Paul. The Shaking of the Foundations. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976.
Van Norden, Brian W., trans. Mengzi. Indianapolis/Cambridge: Hackett, 2008.
Wallis, Glenn, trans. Dhammapada: Verses on the Way. New York: The Modern Library, 2007.
Walshe, Maurice, trans. The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of theDīgha Nikāya. Boston: Wisdom, 1995.
Whitehead, Alfred N. Process and Reality. New York: Free Press, 1979.
Wilson, Edward O. On Human Nature. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1979.
For Further Study
The Axial Age
Armstrong, Karen. The Great Transformation: The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions. New York: Anchor, 2007.
Bellah, Robert N. Religion in Human Evolution:From the Paleolithic to the Axial Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011.
———, and Hans Joas. The Axial Age and Its Consequences. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013.
East Asia
General Works
Adler, Joseph A. Chinese Religious Traditions.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.
Fung Yu-Lan. A History of Chinese Philosophy. Vol. 1 of The Period of the Philosophers. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952.
Graham, A. C. Disputers of the Dao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China. Chicago: Open Court, 1989.
Ivanhoe, Philip J., and Bryan W. Van Norden. Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy. New York: Seven Bridges, 2001.
Waley, Arthur. Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1982.
Confuc
ius and Confucianism
Berthrong, John H., and Evelyn Nagai Berthrong. Confucianism: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Oneworld, 2000.
Fingarette, Herbert. Confucius: The Secular as Sacred.New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1972.
Tu Weiming, and Mary Evelyn Tucker, eds. Confucian Spirituality. Vol. 1. New York: Crossroad, 2003.
Van Norden, Bryan W., ed. Confucius and theAnalects: New Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Watson, Burton, trans. Xunzi: Basic Writings. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.
———, trans. Zhuangzi: Basic Writings. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.
Daoism
Kohn, Livia, and Michael LaFargue, eds. Lao Tzu and the Tao-te-ching.Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
Miller, James. Daoism: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Oneworld, 2003.
Oldstone-Moore, Jennifer. Taoism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
South Asia
General Works
Fairservis, Walter A., Jr. The Roots of Ancient India. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.
Feuerstein, Georg, Subhash Kak, and David Frawley. In Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India. Wheaton, IL: Quest, 2001.
“Harrapa.” http://www.harappa.com/.
Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark. “Mohenjo-daro!” http://www.mohenjodaro.net/.
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, and Charles A. Moore, eds. A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967.
Hinduism
Basham, A. L. The Origin and Development of Classical Hinduism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
———. The Wonder That Was India. New York: Grove, 1959.
Brereton, Joel. “The Upanishads.” In Approaches to the Asian Classics, ed. William Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
Eck, Diana L. Darśan: Seeing the Divine Image in India. 2nd ed. Chambersburg, PA: Anima, 1985.
Edgerton, Franklin. The Beginnings of Indian Philosophy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965.
Hopkins, Thomas J. The Hindu Religious Tradition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1971.
Hume, Robert Ernest, trans. The Thirteen Principal Upanishads. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Huyler, Stephen P. Meeting God: Elements of Hindu Devotion. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.
Klostermaier, Klaus. A Survey of Hinduism. Albany: State University Press of New York, 1991.
Mahony, William K. The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination.Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
Miller, Barbara Stoler, trans. The Bhagavad-Gita: Krishna’s Counsel in Time of War. New York: Bantam, 1986.
Muesse, Mark W. The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2011.
Sharma, Arvind. Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.
The Buddha and Buddhism
“Access to Insight: Readings in Theravāda Buddhism.” http://www.accesstoinsight.org/.
Bodhi, Bhikkhu. TheNoble Eightfold Path: Way to the End of Suffering. Seattle: BPS Pariyatti, 1994. Available free online at http://www.vipassana.com/resources/8fp0.php.
———, trans. In the Buddha’s Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon (Teachings of the Buddha).Boston: Wisdom, 2005.
Buddha Dharma Education Association. BuddhaNet. http://www.buddhanet.net/.
Carrithers, Michael. Buddha: A Very Short Introduction.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Collins, Stevens. Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Dhamma, Rewata. The First Discourse of the Buddha. Boston: Wisdom, 1997.
Gunaratana, Henepola. Mindfulness in Plain English.Rev. ed. Boston: Wisdom, 2002.
Harvey, Peter. An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History, and Practices. 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Mitchell, Robert Allen. The Buddha: His Life Retold. New York: Paragon, 1989.
Ñanamoli, Bhikkhu. The Life of the Buddha: According to the Pali Canon. Rev. ed. Seattle: Pariyatti, 2001.
Rahula, Walpola. What the Buddha Taught. New York: Grove, 1959.
The Jains
Jaini, Padmanabh S. The Jaina Path of Purification.Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1998.
Tatia, Nathmal, trans. That Which Is:Tattvārtha Sūtra. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1994.
West Asia
Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism
Avesta—Zoroastrian Archives. Published by Joseph H. Peterson. http://www.avesta.org/.
Foltz, Richard C. Spirituality in the Land of the Noble: How Iran Shaped the World’s Religions.Oxford: Oneworld, 2004.
Hultgård, Anders. “Persian Apocalypticism.” In The Continuum History of Apocalypticism, ed. Bernard J. McGinn, John J. Collins, and Stephen J. Stein, 30–63. New York: Continuum, 2003.
World of Traditional Zoroastrianism. http://www.zoroastrianism.com/.
Index
Achaemenid (Persian) Empire, 30
Afghanistan, 138
afterlife, 4; Buddhism and parinibbana, 125; classical Hinduism, 55–57, 60–61; Indus Valley Civilization, 42; Judaism, 34; Rig Veda, 45–47; Vedic Period, 45–47, 55–57, 60–61; Zoroastrian paradise, 30, 34; Zoroastrianism and bodily resurrection of the dead, 29; Zoroastrianism and individual destiny after death, 27–28. See also heaven; rebirth
Agam Sutras, 146
Agni, 45
ahimsa: the Buddha’s Five Precepts, 128–29, 143; Jainism, 143, 149–50; of the mind/of speech, 150
Ahriman, 24–25, 34
Ahura Mazda, 12, 13; and Zoroaster, 22, 23, 25, 31, 227
ahuras, 12, 24–25, 45
Alara Kalama, 104
Alexander the Great, 138
Analects(Lunyu) of Confucius, 171, 172–73, 175–77, 180, 182, 183, 186, 187–88, 193
Ananda, 136, 138
anatta (anatman), 119–22
ancestor reverence: contemporary Taiwan, 161; Shang dynasty, 160–61, 162, 168. See also family/filial piety
anekanta, 149
arahants, 125, 133; female, 135–36
Ardhanarishvara, 91
Aristotle, 89
Arjuna, 94–95
Aryans: the “Aryan question,” 43; the Buddha’s subversion of the word, 134; Hitler and symbols of, 43; “Noble Ones,” 10, 43–44. See also Indo-Aryans; Indo-Iranians
asceticism: and Confucian self-cultivation, 186; fasting to death (sallekhana), 150; of Gotama, 104–5, 107; Jain practices, 150; of Mahavira, 146; self-mortification, 86, 105, 107, 146; techniques for disciplining the lower self, 86. See also shramanas
asha, 12–13, 14, 17, 21, 27, 166
ashavans, 17
Ashoka, King, 139-140
asuras, 24, 45
atman: Brahman-atman, 80–82, 87–88; Indo-Aryan, 46, 76; as mind, 76–77; Upanishadic human essence/higher self, 76–77, 227
Augustine of Hippo, 34, 82
Avesta, 10; the Gathas of Zoroaster, 21–22, 24–25, 30
Avestan cosmogony, 13–14, 50
avijja, 118
Axial Age, 1–6, 223–32; attitudes about death, 3–4; compassion and mindful virtue, 228–29; defining, 1–6; human freedom and accountability, 226; individual selfhood, 3–4, 6, 225–28; insights for today, 225, 228–32; moral obligation, 25–26; and phenomenon of human religiousness, 223–25; political/social disorder and instability, 3; shift from cosmic maintenance to personal transformation, 5–6, 229–30; theology, 225–28; transcendental consciousness, 4–5, 231; urbanization and mobility, 2–3. See also preaxial period
bao, 162, 192
Becker, Ernest, 60
Bhagavad Gita, 89, 94–95, 212
bhikkhus/bhikkhunis, 111, 135–36
al-Bistami, Bayazid, 87
bodhi tree, 108, 137, 138
Bodhisattva, 141
/>
Book of Odes(Shi-jing), 162–63, 168–69, 187, 190
Boyce, Mary, 21
Brahman: Brahman-atman, 80–82, 87–88; nirguna Brahman, 79–80, 90, 93; saguna Brahman, 90; Vedantic school, 78–80, 89, 90, 93; Vedic word for power in ritual, 53–54, 78
Brahmin priests, 52–54, 78; mantras, 53; and the power brahman, 53–54, 78; Vedic shrauta rites, 52–53
Bryant, Edwin, 43n
Buddhism, 97–141; Ashoka and development in India, 140; concept of the self, 119–22, 227; contemporary practitioners, 143; death/individual destiny after death, 125; Dhamma, 109–11, 127, 133–35, 138–39, 140; and divine worship, 139; early divisions and separate schools, 141; early doctrinal disputes and Sangha councils, 138–39; Four Noble Truths, 109–32; images of the Buddha, 138, 224; institutionalization, 138–39, 141, 199, 221; and Jainism, 143; karma, 125, 128; Mahayana (Eastern Buddhism), 141, 199, 221; meditation practice, 108, 131, 135; ritual practice, 139; the Sangha (monastic community), 133–36; stupas, 137–38, 139, 140; Theravada, 141; Triple Refuge (creed), 139; Vajrayana, 141; the West’s early negative evaluation, 123; women/nuns, 135–36; Zen, 125–26, 224. See also Four Noble Truths; Gotama, Siddhattha
caste: Brahmin priests, 52–54, 78; and the Buddha’s message, 134; Indo-Iranian warrior caste, 17–18, 52; and myth of Purusha, 67; and rebirth, 67; shramanas, 69–70, 71
Celestial Masters, 221
change (impermanence): Four Noble Truths, 112, 118–19, 121; the Zhuangzi and Daoist acceptance of, 217–19
Charlie Chan movies, 193
China: Communist rule and Confucianism, 199; contemporary divination practices, 157–58; mythic prehistory and golden age, 156, 175; Period of Warring States, 3, 170, 191, 194, 196, 197, 201, 217; preaxial, 155–63; Shang dynasty religion, 156–63, 168; Spring and Autumn Age, 170, 171; transition to the Axial Age, 165–73; Zhou dynasty, 165–69, 170. See also Buddhism; Confucianism; Daoism; East Asia, preaxial (ancient China); East Asian transition to the Axial Age
The Age of the Sages Page 31
