13 Quoted in de Verteuil Trinidad, 212.
14 The population at the 1851 census was 69,600; immigration in 1852 and 1853 totalled 4,775; 1851 population by place of birth: Trinidad 58%, British (presumably West Indian) Colonies 15%, Africa 12%, ‘Foreign’ 7%, India 6%, UK 1%, quoted in Daniel Hart Trinidad and the Other West India Islands and Colonies (Trinidad, The ‘Chronicle’ Publishing Office, 1866), 66–70 (Reprinted USA, Scholar’s Choice, 2015).
15 Announced in The London Gazette, 8 May 1855.
16 Minto papers, ms 13136, f4, Charles to Emma, 27 June 1855.
17 Ibid.
18 Ibid., f28, Charles to Emma, 10 October 1855.
19 Ibid., ff50-52, Charles to Emma, 25 November 1855.
20 Ibid.
21 See Mary Cumpston Radicalism in Trinidad and Colonial Office Reactions 1855–6 in Historical Research Vol. 36 Issue 94, 12 October 2007, 153-167 at onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ (accessed 23.10.2015).
22 Ibid.
23 CO 295/186, ff192-193, Trevelyan to Merivale, 20 January 1854.
24 Ibid.
25 See Radicalism in Trinidad, 157.
26 CO 295/188, ff199–201, Elliot to Russell, 1 June 1855.
27 CO 295/190, ff298–303, Cumming to Labouchere, 24 November 1855. See also Radicalism in Trinidad, 159.
28 CO 295/189, ff316–324, Elliot to Grey, 6 December 1855.
29 Ibid., ff345–349, 8 December 1855.
30 CO295/191, f76, Elliot to Labouchere, 22 January 1856.
31 See Radicalism in Trinidad, 162.
32 CO 295/191, ff172–173, Colonial Office minute, 27 March 1856.
33 Minto papers, ms 13136, f57, Charles to Emma, 9 April 1856.
34 Ibid., ms 13137, f243, Clara to Emma, 24 December 1855.
35 CO 295/189, ff345–349, Elliot to Grey, 8 December 1855.
36 Spaccapietra’s three predecessors since the British took control had been appointed Vicars Apostolic; Port of Spain became an archdiocese in 1850, Rome taking the view that its new status obviated the need for reference to the British government concerning archiepiscopal appointments.
37 See Gertrude Carmichael The History of the West Indian Islands of Trinidad and Tobago, 1498–1900 (London, Alvin Redman, 1961), 245, quoted in Hoe and Roebuck The Taking of Hong Kong, 220.
38 CO 295/189, Elliot to Grey, 6 December 1855
39 Ibid.
40 For a detailed explanatory account of the Spaccapietra affair see Wood Trinidad in Transition…,199–205
41 CO 295/191, ff458–460, Labouchere to Elliot, 15 April 1856.
42 Quoted in Radicalism in Trinidad, 164.
43 Minto papers, ms 13136, ff59–61, Charles to Emma, 10 May 1856.
44 Ibid., ff17–72, Charles to Emma, 27 June 1856.
45 CO 295/192, ff20–21, Elliot to Labouchere, 12 June 1856.
46 See Radicalism in Trinidad, 164.
47 See Hart Trinidad and the Other West India Islands and Colonies, 153. Revenue in 1856 increased by 29% on 1855; expenditure fell slightly by 0.4%. Imports increased by 20%, exports by 48%.
48 CO295/192, ff261–263, Elliot to Labouchere, 7 October 1856.
49 White Creole i.e. those of European descent.
50 The provisions of the Ordinance were nevertheless repressive, extending the minimum period of qualification for a free return passage from five to ten years; see Bridget Brereton A History of Modern Trinidad 1783–1962 (London, Heinemann, 1981), 102.
51 Trinidad: Its Geography, Natural Resources, Administration, Present Condition and Prospects, 403.
Chapter Seventeen: Intermission
1 See Minto papers, ms 21217, ff83–84, Elliot to Labouchere, 1 February 1857.
2 Minto papers, ms 13137, f259, Clara to Emma, 15 April 1857.
3 The hotel had opened in 1834 and appears to have been one of the most prestigious in Europe at the time.
4 Minto papers, ms 13136, f100, Charles to Emma, 7 June 1857.
5 Ibid., f110, Charles to Emma, 10 July 1857.
6 Minto papers, ms 13136, ff125–127, Charles to Emma, 7 September 1857. Having relocated to Wilton Crescent, Belgravia, London from Charlton following her husband’s death, Emma Hislop had moved again, to 56 Chester Square, also in Belgravia. A letter from Wilton Crescent by Gibby to his Aunt Emma, who was temporarily elsewhere, before the Elliots left for Bermuda in 1846 records that ‘the old house at Charlton is being pulled down and the old bricks are being used for building houses opposite Mrs. Collinses.’ (Minto papers, ms 13138, ff197-198, Gibby to Emma, 2 July 1846).
7 See Minto papers, ms 13137, f266, Clara to Emma, 30 December 1857.
8 Ibid., f135, Charles to Emma, 19 November 1857.
9 Deo volente, God willing.
10 Minto papers, ms 13136, f139, Charles to Emma, 4 December 1857.
11 See The Morning Post, 20 March 1858 (British Newspaper Archive at www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk (accessed 1.8.2014)).
12 Harriet and Edward Southwell Russell (later Baron de Clifford), who had married in 1853, had at this time three children – Maud Clara, Edward Southwell and Charles Somerset.
13 Minto papers, ms 13138, ff205–206, Emma Clara to Emma, 8 March 1858.
14 See Minto papers, ms 13136, ff146–147, Charles to Emma, 28 July 1858.
15 Ibid., ff153–155, Charles to Emma, 10 September 1858.
16 Ibid., f114, Charles to Emma, 1 March 1859.
17 31 Kensington Park Gardens was later the home of the Llewellyn Davies family, and with the five children who lived there was the inspiration for J.M. Barrie’s story Peter Pan.
18 In March 1860, for example, he attended a diplomatic dinner given by the Swedish and Norwegian Minister and his wife (see The Morning Post, 29 March 1860 (British Newspaper Archive (accessed 17.12.2013)).
19 Minto papers, ms 13136, ff223–224, Clara to Harriet. It is not clear to whom Clara’s mention of her sister (whose name is not easily discernible in the letter) refers. She is known to have had at least three sisters, one of whom, Bonne Marie Jeanne Josephine, married a Charles Brown, born in London (see Hoe and Roebuck The Taking of Hong Kong, 258); but perhaps the word ‘sister’ is used here in the sense of a close female friend, rather than a blood relative.
20 Ibid., ff187–189, Gibby to Birch, 30 July 1860.
21 Ibid., Charles to Gibby, 19 September 1860.
22 See Grey papers, ms GRE/B84/10/62, Elliot to Grey, 12 June 1861.
23 See http://www.pbenyon.plus.com/RN/Pay_and_Condns/Half_Pay.htm (accessed 17.12.2015). In 2015 terms, £50,012 (illustrative – Bank of England inflation calculator (accessed 11.4.2016).
24 Minto papers, ms13138, ff164–165, Charles to Fred, 31 March 1863.
25 Ibid.
Chapter Eighteen: Last Posting
1 St Helena Guardian, 9 July 1863.
2 Ibid.
3 For elaboration of this theme see Hoe and Roebuck The Taking of Hong Kong, 226 and passim.
4 See CO 250/4, f16, Council minutes 3 July 1863.
5 Minto papers, ms 13136, ff239–240, Clara to Emma, 28 August 1863.
6 See Philip Gosse St Helena 1502–1938 (Oswestry, Anthony Nelson Ltd., 1990), 324.
7 CO 247/100, f47, office minute (by T.F. Elliot), 27 August 1864.
8 Minute to Ordinance for the Better Prevention of Offences by Juvenile Persons in St Helena (No.2, 1865), para.4, quoted in Trevor W. Hearl St Helena Britannica, studies in South Atlantic island history, A.H. Schulenburg (ed.) (London, Society of Friends of St Helena, 2013), Ch.28, 4.
9 CO 247/99, Layard to Rogers, August 1863.
10 Ibid., James Mundy to Rogers, 14 September 1863.
11 CO 252/32, 144, quoted in Blake Charles Elliot RN, 123.
12 CO 250/4, f18, Council minutes 21 September 1863.
13 CO 249/99, St Helena Guardian 5 March 1863.
14 Gray’s appointment noted in Crockford’s Clerical Directory for 1865, 768.
15 CO 247/104, f91, Elliot to Cardwell, 20 February 1866.
16 CO 24
7/104, f158, Gray to Pennell, 10 November 1866.
17 CO 247/100, Elliot to Newcastle, 14 January 1864.
18 Ibid.
19 Minto papers, ms 13138, ff282-285, Emma Clara to Emma, 27 April 1864.
20 Ibid.
21 Ibid., ms 13137, ff272-276, Clara to Emma (undated); the last sentence is presumably a reference to Charles’ senior status as a Vice-Admiral.
22 Minto papers, ms 13136, ff256-261, Charles to Emma, 28 June 1864, quoted in Hoe and Roebuck The Taking of Hong Kong, 217–8.
23 Ibid., ms 13138, ff303–304, Emma Clara to Emma, 20 April 1865.
24 See Nigel Harris Footnotes to History: The Personal Realm of John Wilson Croker, Secretary to the Admiralty 1809–1830, a ‘Group Family’ (Eastbourne, Sussex Academic Press , 2015), 130.
25 Minto papers, ms 13136, ff324–327, Charles to Emma, 22 June 1865, quoted in Hoe and Roebuck The Taking of Hong Kong, 218.
26 Ibid., ff330–333, Charles to Emma, 3 August 1865, quoted in Hoe and Roebuck The Taking of Hong Kong, 219.
27 The third Earl was Elliot’s first cousin once removed and husband of Charles’s niece Nina.
28 Minto papers, ms 12256, f271, Charles to Minto, 16 February 1864.
29 See E. L. Jackson St Helena: The Historic Island from its Discovery to the Present Date (New York, Thomas Whittaker, 1905), 84, at https://archive.org/stream/sthelenahistoric00jackrich/sthelenahistoric00jackrich-djvu.txt (accessed 19.2.2016).
30 CO 247/111, Hooker to Sir Frederic Rogers, 31 March 1869.
31 See Gosse St Helena 1502–1938, 426.
32 In 2015 terms, £226,667 (illustrative – Bank of England inflation calculator at http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/Pages/resources/inflationtools/calculator/flash/default.aspx (accessed 21.02 2016)
33 Minto papers, ms 13136, ff256–261, Charles to Emma, 28 June 1864, quoted in Hoe and Roebuck The Taking of Hong Kong, 221.
34 See Hoe and Roebuck, The Taking of Hong Kong, 219.
35 Minto papers, ms 21209, Clara to son Freddy and daughter-in-law Marcia, 28 November 1867, quoted in Harris Footnotes to History…, 130.
36 Minto papers, ms 12257, f1, Charles to Nina, 28 December 1868.
37 Taylor to Elliot, 27 March 1869 in Edward Dowden Correspondence of Henry Taylor ( London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1888), 289, at https://archive.org/details/correspondenceof00tayl (accessed 26.2.2016). See also Chapter One above, Note 6.
38 Gosse St Helena 1502-1938, 324
39 Jackson St Helena: The Historic Island..., 84 (accessed 26.2.2016)
40 CO 247/110, f6, Elliot to Buckingham, 20 January 1869
41 Ibid.
42 Now Hudson R. Janisch, who would later (1873-1884) become one of St Helena’s longest serving and most respected Governors. His predecessor as Colonial Secretary, Hope’s other grandfather Richard Pennell, had retired in 1868.
43 CO 250/4, ff 86–87.
Chapter Nineteen: The Final Chapter
1 London Standard, 23 February 1870 (British Newspaper Archive at www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk (accessed 1.8.2014)).
2 Freeman’s Exmouth Journal, 7 January 1871.
3 Exeter & Plymouth Gazette, 11 February 1876, 6 and 20 July 1877 (British Newspaper Archive, accessed 12.2.2016).
4 Ibid.
5 1871 Census for England. The census record does not give the house any name, listing it simply as Schedule 40, Withycombe Village. Hoe and Roebuck (The Taking of Hong Kong, 222) make reference to Withycourt; Freeman’s Exmouth Journal records the Elliots as resident throughout at The Parsonage, along with others who lived there for shorter periods.
6 See Hoe and Roebuck The Taking of Hong Kong, 221. Freddy had married, in 1861, Marcia Ouseley. When they stayed with Charles and Clara Elliot all four grandchildren – Hugh, Ernest, Beatrice and Emily – were aged under 9.
7 Minto papers, ms 12257, ff 65-66, Fred to Nina, 19 September 1875.
8 Ibid., ff19-23, Fred to Nina, 21 September 1875.
9 1881 Census for England.
10 Exeter and Plymouth Gazette, 25 February 1876 (British Newspaper Archive, accessed 12.2.2016).
11 £8,000 in 2015 terms: £832,653 (illustrative – Bank of England inflation calculator at http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/Pages/resources/inflationtools/calculator/flash/default.aspx (accessed 9.3.2016)).
12 Illustrated London News quoted in Belfast Newsletter, 25 October 1875, (British Newspaper Archive, accessed 17.12.2013).
13 Minto papers, ms 12257, ff 65–66, Fred to Nina, 19 September 1875.
14 See Census for England of 1891, for example, where he is described as ‘Living on his own means’.
15 Ibid.
16 England, Andrews Newspaper Index Cards, 1790-1976 at http://interactive.ancestry.co.uk (accessed 11.3.2016).
17 India List and India Office List 1905 (London, HM Government, 1905) at https://books.google.co.uk (accessed 12.3.2016).
18 1911 Census for England.
19 Ned’s daughter Georgina Isabella married Henry Montagu Butler, Headmaster of Harrow School and future Master of Trinity College Cambridge, in 1861. One of the witnesses to the marriage was Emma Hislop.
20 St John in the Wilderness had been superseded as a place of regular worship by the new more conveniently located Church of St John the Evangelist, but the site continued to be used for burials.
21 Hertford Mercury and Reformer, 24 October 1885 (British Newspaper Archive, accessed 13.3.2016).
Epilogue
1 Peter Burroughs Imperial Institutions and the Government of Empire in The Oxford History of the British Empire, The Nineteenth Century (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999), 173.
2 W. Travis Hanes III and Frank Sanello The Opium Wars, The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another (Naperville, Sourcebooks, Inc., 2002), 47.
3 A Memoir – see Chapter One Note 6.
4 British Interests and Activities in Texas, 1838–1846, 150.
5 Ibid., 108.
6 FO 17/12, ff59–60, Stephen to Backhouse, 23 February 1835, quoted in Hoe and Roebuck The Taking of Hong Kong, 228.
7 See Hoe and Roebuck, The Taking of Hong Kong, 226–77.
8 Henry Taylor Autobiography, Vol. 1, 171–2.
9 Henry Taylor Edwin the Fair, quoted in Autobiography, 168–99.
10 Jail Journal, 159.
11 Ibid.
12 Henry Taylor Autiobiography, Vol. 1, 353.
13 Edward Belcher Narrative of a Voyage Round the World, Performed in Her Majesty’s Ship Sulphur, During the Years 1836 – 1842 (London, Henry Colburn, 1843), 213-214 (Reprinted London, Forgotten Books, 2015).
14 Macao and the British, 216.
15 The Opium War, 167.
16 W. C. Hunter An American in Canton (1825–1844) (Hong Kong, Derwent Communications, 1994), 182, quoted in Hoe and Roebuck, The Taking of Hong Kong, 225.
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Captain Elliot and the Founding of Hong Kong Page 37
