by DAVID KAHN
Jefferson’s 1785 nomenclator: The Library of Congress, Jefferson Papers, 5th series, XI, f. 35.
Solution of letter to John Quincy Adams: Add. Ms. 32303, f. 20.
Chapter 6
M-94: U.S. Army, Signal Communications (field manual).
Wheatstone cipher device: Kerckhoffs, 62.
Wheatstone description of Play fair cipher: Add. Ms. 37205, f. 80.
Babbage uses mathematics: Add. Ms. 37205, f. 249.
Chapter 7
Confederate cipher telegram: NA, RG 109, War Department Collection of Confederate Records, Telegrams, 4161.
Confederate agents’ message: Plum, 41 (slightly different copy in Bates, 73).
Electoral telegram: Photolithic Copies of Dispatches, To Accompany the Presidential Election Investigation, in Edward L. Parris Papers, Rutherford B. Hayes Library, Fremont, Ohio.
Nast cartoon: Harper’s Weekly (November 2, 1878), 869.
Chapter 8
De Viaris cipher device: Léauté, 279.
Bazeries cylinder: Bazeries, 252.
Long to Dewey: NA, RG 45, Naval Records Collection of the Office of Naval Records Library, Area 10 File, 1798-1910, February 26, 1898; translation in “Ciphers Sent,” October 27, 1888, to May 31, 1898, at 524.
Baravelli code: Dizionario per corrispondenze in cifra (1895), 75.
Panizzardi telegram: France, Archives Nationales, BB1975, dossier 1.
Chapter 9
Zimmermann telegram: DSDF 862.20212/82A.
de Grey’s transcription: DSDF 862.20212/81½.
Kirby cartoon: The [New York] World (March 3, 1917), 8:4-8.
Chapter 11
Hudson Code and Emergency Code List: Collection of Secret Codes of U.S. Army, University of Pennsylvania Library, Rare Book Room.
G.2 A.6 solutions: Childs Cipher Papers, I, §11.
Chapter 12
Hindu book cipher: Tunney, opposite p. 90.
Chapter 13
Hagelin machine: Eyraud, 195.
Chapter 14
“Brown Sheet”: Wi VI/149, Records of Headquarters, O.K.W., Bundesarchiv, Koblenz.
R.S.H.A. encipherment table: T-175:477:7334402.
Luftwaffe code: T-321, Roll 75, frame unknown.
Syko card: Morgan, 59.
Chapter 15
Cartoons: Great Britain, Admiralty, Merchant Ships Signal Book, III, 27, 28.
“Dear Cordell” note: DSDF 740.0011 Pacific War/856.
Pers-Z solution: Microcopy T-120, Frame F1/568.
Churchill message: Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York.
Chapter 16
San Antonio River drawing: Colonel Shaw. The drawing, produced by the San Antonio postal censorship station, uses short blades of grass along riverbank for dots and long blades for dashes to spell out, in Morse code, Compliments of CPSA MA to our chief Col Harold R. Shaw on his visit to San Antonio May 11th 1945.
Invasion open code: Germany, Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Kriegestage-buch des Armeeoberkommandos 15/Ic vom 5.6.1944.
Scrambler diagrams: Brown-Boveri Review (December, 1941), 399, 402.
Churchill transcript: T-175:122:2647449.
Chapter 17
Tokumu Han organization and Japanese Navy intelligence: United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific), Japanese Military and Naval Intelligence Division, Japanese Intelligence (April, 1946), 30.
Japanese Navy code: supplied by Ikuhiko Hata from Japan, Defense Ministry Archives.
Evans’ decipherment: Supplied by Evans.
Chapter 18
Russian monalphabetic key: Add. Ms. 32292, f. 4.
Solution of nomenclator: Add. Ms. 32288, f. 102.
Russian military message: T-314, Roll 212, frame unknown.
Erickson cipher worksheets: Sweden, Nedre Justitie Revisionen, Case 13-1941 of Radhusrattan, photographed by Dr. Käärik.
One-time pad: Japanese police.
“Trigonometric” cipher: Supplied by Isaac Don Levine.
Chapter 21
Balzac’s fake cryptogram: in first edition, 207-210; “new” 1840 edition, Charpentier, 265; 1847 edition, Charpentier, 299; English 1901 edition, Dana Estes & Co., 266.
Dancing Men: The Strand Magazine, XXVI (December, 1903), 604.
Pepys: Magdalene College Library, Cambridge.
Chapter 22
Bootlegging code chart: NA, RG 26.
Fiber optic scramble: provided by R. J. Meltzner, Bausch & Lomb, Inc., Rochester, New York.
Chapter 23
Bergenroth: Great Britain, Public Record Office, P.R.O. 31/11/11.
Voynich manuscript: kindly supplied by Hans Kraus.
Chapter 24
Donnelly calculations: Minnesota Historical Society.
Bacon’s biliteral: Of the Advancement of Learning, trans. Gilbert Wats (Oxford: Leon Lichfield for the University, 1640), 268.
Chapter 25
Pseudo-hieroglyphic tablet: Syria (1929), 6.
Grid: Ventris and Chadwick, “Evidence,” 86.
Tripod tablet: Archeology (Spring, 1954), 18.
Chapter 26
Lincos: Freudenthal, 93.
Dot-and-dash picture: Warren Weilbacher, Newsday (April 20, 1962).
Photographic Inserts
Rembrandt painting: London, The National Gallery, Accession No. 6350.
Alberti medal: copyright, British Museum; George Francis Hill, A Corpus of Italian Medals of the Renaissance Before Cellini (London: British Museum, 1930), No. 161, says the medal, by Matteo de’ Pasti, dates from 1446-1450 while Alberti was in his middle forties in Rimini.
Porta: frontispiece from his Magiae Naturalis libri XX (Naples, 1589).
Cardano: frontispiece from his De Rerum Varietate (1557).
Vigenère: engraving by Thomas de Leu, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.
Trithemius: sculpture in Neumünster church in Wurzburg by Tilman Riemen-schneider, one of Germany’s greatest Renaissance sculptors.
Viète: Galérie Française, ou Collection des Portraits… (Didot, 1821), I, plate 24.
Marnix: engraving by Jacob de Gheyn, 1599; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Dick Fund, 1917.
Rossignol. anonymous engraving from Charles Perrault, Les Hommes Illustres Qui Ont Paru en France Pendant ce Siècle (Paris, 1696), opposite p. 57.
Willes: portrait by Thomas Hudson in Wells Palace, Wells, England.
Wallis: engraving by W. Faithorne, New York Public Library, Prints Division.
Gerry, engraving by J. B. Longacre from a drawing by Vanderlyn, New York Public Library, Manuscript Division, Emmet 2134.
M-94: author’s collection.
Jefferson: United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing.
Wheatstone, Playfair, Babbage: all The Illustrated London News (November 6, 1875), 461; (December 6, 1873), 528; (November 4, 1871), 424, respectively.
Cipher disk: NA, RG 92.
Holden: Harper’s Weekly, XXXVIII (1894), 1144.
Kerckhoffs: Eugen Drezen, Historio de la Mondo Lingvo (Leipzig, 1931), 102.
Bazeries: photo supplied by Mme. Jean Yon, his daughter.
de Grey: wearing uniform of Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, 1914 or 1915; photo supplied by his son.
Hay: wearing uniform of Gordon Highlanders, 1915; photo supplied by his widow.
Hitchings: during World War I; photo supplied by his widow.
Hitt: NA, photo 111-SC–23349.
Sacco: photo supplied by Sacco.
Painvin: photo supplied by Painvin.
Friedman: U.S. Army Photograph, P-2229 (this photograph is dated October, 1933, but Friedman’s clothes are identical with two photographs dated 1928; I therefore think that one or the other is in error and have struck the average for my date of 1930).
Childs and Yardley: NA, photo 111-SC–51371.
Yardley: Wide World Photos.
Powell: publicity still from “Rendezvous,” supplied by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
Sinkov, Rowlett, Kullback: U
.S. Army Photographs p-3599, P-4303, P-3946, respectively.
Friedmans: Cambridge University Press.
Vernam: picture taken for graduation with Class of 1914 of Worcester Polytechnic Institute, supplied by his daughter.
Mauborgne: NA, photo 111-SC-101413.
Hebern: photo (mid-1920s) supplied by his widow.
Hebern cipher machine: photo supplied by Mrs. Ellie Hebern.
Hagelin: Wide World Photos.
Paschke: photo supplied by Paschke.
Kunze and Gylden: author’s photographs.
Kramer-Safford, Rochefort: both Wide World Photos.
Dyer: photo supplied by Dyer.
Shaw: photo supplied by Shaw.
Koenig: Bell Telephone Laboratories photo, July, 1964.
Japanese cruiser: NA, 80-G-414422.
Spectrograms of speech: Bell Telephone Laboratories photos.
Traffic analysts: U.S. Army Photograph SC 223683.
U-505: NA, photo 80-G-49172.
Combat cryptography: U.S. Army Photograph SC 370625, showing message center of the 3rd Division, U.S. Infantry, Hyopchong, Korea, October 1, 1951.
NSA headquarters: U.S. Army Photograph SC 574898.
Kroger one-time pads: both Wide World Photos.
Abel pad: Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Electronic countermeasures: Sperry Gyroscope Company, Lake Success, New York.
Johnson and Rowlett: United Press International photo.
hot line: U.S. Army photograph SC 605685.
Hagelin hand machine: author’s collection.
O.M.I. machine: Ottico Meccanica Italiana, Rome.
Holmes: drawing from the first publication of Arthur Conan Doyle, “The Adventure of the Dancing Men,” The Strand Magazine, XXVI (December, 1903), at 604.
Shannon: Bell Telephone Laboratories.
Radio scrambler: photo of Model 106 from Delcon, Inc., Palo Alto, California.
Bentley: photo at about age 60, supplied by his son.
scrambled television: Zenith Radio Corporation, Chicago, Illinois.
Bacon: engraving by W. Hollar, New York Public Library, Prints Division.
Ignatius Donnelly: Minnesota Historical Society.
Voynich manuscript: Hans Kraus.
Radio telescope: National Science Foundation.
INDEX
THE INDEX covers only the cryptological aspects of this book. Thus, although there is a passage describing Japan’s war strategy, the index does not cite it because cryptology played no essential role in it. On the other hand, there is a reference to the Battle of Midway because cryptology was crucial to it. Subjects that are discussed in relation to cryptology are listed under their names; thus, music in cryptology is listed under “music” and not under “cryptology, music in.” The major subject headings, such as “cryptography,” deal only with that subject when it is considered as a whole in its various aspects. In general, they are cross-referenced to entries of coordinate value.
There are few chronological references because the book’s structure is largely chronological, but there are geographical and national entries.
To cite every occurrence, or even just major occurrences, of a common general system, such as polyalphabetic substitution, would make an entry so long as to be useless. But rarer systems, as polygraphic substitution, or specific named systems, as PA-K2, are listed in all essential occurrences. In such headings the term “code” or “cipher” is omitted.
0075 code, 282-97 passim
13040 code, 289, 290
A-1 (U.S. Navy), 387
A-1 (U.S. State Department), 491-92
A-3, 554, 555, 557
Abbasi, A., 666-67
ABC, 304-05, 306, 307
ABC Code, 516,838,845
ABCD, 307
Abel, R., 664, 665, 668
Abhorchdienst, 313-14
Abwehr, 453-55, 531, 533, 534, 535, 537
Academy of Lynxes, 138, 773
Accademia Secretorum Naturae, 138
Accidental repetitions, 208, 213
Acme Code, 516, 845, 846, 847, 851
Adams, J. Q., 187
Additive, 252, 440, 444
Adleman, L., 982
ADFGVX, 339, 340, 344-45, 388
ADFGX, 338, 340-43
Advertisements, personal, in newspapers, 775
A.E.F. See American Expeditionary Force
Aeneas the Tactician, 82, 83
Aerial telegraph, 836-37
African nations, 730
A.F.S.A. See Armed Forces Security Agency
Afu, 532
AGERs, 969-70
Agony columns, 775
AGTRs, 969-70
AIRCOM, 672
AIRCOMNET, 673
AIROPNET, 673
AK, 319
Äkerblad, J. D., 906
Akkadian, 898, 912, 913, 914, 925
Aktiebolaget Cryptograph, 424
Aktiebolaget Cryptoteknik, 432
ALACHI, 338
Albam, 78, 79
Albert, A. A., 410, 677, 737, 739
Alberti,L. B., 125-30, 903
Algebraic cryptography 405-08 see also mathematics
Al-Khalil, 97
Allison, H., 388
Alphabet
cipher, 103, 107
definition, xiii
normal profile, 210-11
primary, reconstruction from secondary alphabets, 374
symmetry of position, 237-38
Alphabetical Typewriter (cipher machine), 18, 19
Amadi, A., 109-10
Amateurs, 767-70 see also inventors
AMCOMNET, 673
Amè,C., 470, 613
American Black Chamber. See Black Chamber
American Black Chamber, The, 361-64, 367-68, 984
American Council on Education, 981
American Cryptogram Association, 769
American Expeditionary Force, 326-39
American Indian languages, 549-50
American Revolution, 174-85
American Telephone and Telegraph Company, 394-403, 554, 555, 558, 768, 825
American Trench Code, 327
Amjadi, M., 666
Amtorg Trading Corporation, 635
AN-103, 582
Anagramming, 103
multiple, 226, 303, 309
Anderson, W. S., 3, 613
André, J., 176
Andreyev, N. D., 953
Anglo-French code book, 264
Ango Kenku Han, 495
Annapolis, 672
Antoinette, M., 775
Arabs, 93-99
Arensberg,W.C., 880, 882
Argenti, G. B., 112-14, 130, 148-49, 151
Argenti, M., 112-14, 130, 151
Argot, 822, 823
Arisue, S., 584
Armed Forces Security Agency, 675
Armenia, 85
Army Security Agency, 13, 576, 577, 678-79, 681, 699
Arnold, B., 176-77, 178, 252, 859
Artha-śāstra, 74, 75
A.S.A. See Army Security Agency
ASSCOMS, 386
Assyria, 75-76, 912
Astraglossa, 956-58
Atbah, definition, 79
Atbash, 92
definition, 77-78, 79
Atlantic, Battle of, 468, 978
Atlantis, 465-66
Atlantis: The Antedeluvian World, 874
Atlas computer, 726
Atomic bomb project, 545-49
A. T. & T See American Telephone and Telegraph Company
Atterbury, F, 170-71
Augustus Caesar, 84
Augustus II, 154
Aulus Gellius, 780
Australia, 486
Austria
black chamber, 163-65
cryptanalytic organization in World War I, 316-18
cryptographic systems, 278, 319
Austria-Hungary
Dechiffrierdienst, 316-18, 320
Kriegschiffriergruppe, 318
pre-World War I,
263-64
World War I systems, 319
Authenticators, 571
Autokeys, 143, 144, 147, 206, 754
“Automatic cryptography,” 397
Ave Maria cipher, 135
Ayer, A.J., 890
Azarov, A. and M., 637-38
B-1,491-92
B-21, 425
B-211, 426, 691
B-69, 827
Babbage, C, 204-07, 240, 765, 776, 860
Babington, A., 122-23
Babou, P., 111
Babylonia, 75-76, 912
Bacon, Sir Francis, 349, 866
Bacon, R., 90, 865, 866, 868
Baker, L. C, 863
Balzac, H.de, 781
BAMS, 466,467, 582
Band-splitters, 554
Banks, 826
Banner, 971
Baravelli code, 256, 257, 839
Barber, R.T., 600
Barne, J., 770
Barne, W.,770
Barnes, H. R., 326, 327, 332
Bates, D. H., 216, 218
Baudot code, 395, 482
Baudot, J. M. E., 395
Bauer, H., 898-900
Bausch & Lomb, 829
Bazeries cylinder, 247
solution of, 247-49 see also multiplex system
Bazeries, E., 240, 244-50, 839, 860
Bazna, E., 451
B-Dienst. See Beobachtung-Dienst
Beale, T. J., 771
Beattie, A. J., 934
Beatty, Sir David, 271
Beaufort cipher, 202-03, 242, 324
Beaufort, F., 202
Bedicheck, R., 944
Befehlstafel, 315
Behistun, 912
Belaso, G. B., 137, 143, 144, 146
Belin, E., 830
Bell Telephone Laboratories, 558-60, 744
Bemer, R. W., 85
Bennett, E. L., Jr., 928
Bensinger, C, 845
Bentley, E. L., 799, 843-44
Bentley’s Complete Phrase Code, 516, 843
Beobachtung-Dienst, 465-68, 484
Bergenroth, G. A., 854-57
Bernstorff, J. H. A., von, 282-97 passim
“Berthas,” 540
Berthold, H. A., 333, 335
Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A., 617
Beurling, A., 482, 541, 644, 645
Biaudet, H., 860
Bible, 76-80, 896, 900
Bibo, Major, 452, 499
Bicknell, G. W., 51
Bien Bien Phu, 686
Bifid, 243
Bigram, definition, xiv
Bingen, H. von, 89
Bipartite substitution, 243
Bird, J. M., 868
Bischoff, B., 859
Bissell, C. L., 604, 605, 608
Biuro Szyfrów, 973
BLACK, 472-74
Black chambers, 162, 163-65, 171-72, 187-88, 617, 618
American, 5, 31, 355-60, 361-64, 367, 368, 758
