25. William F. Buckley et al., The China Lobby Man: The Story of Alfred Kohlberg (New Rochelle, NY: Arlington House, 1969), 406.
26. James A. Henretta, Documents for America’s History, vol. 2, Since 1865 (New York: Macmillan, 2011), 307. (Note: There are tiny variations in different versions of McCarthy’s unrecorded and later reconstructed speech.)
27. Cabell Phillips, “Is There a China Lobby? Inquiry Raises Questions,” New York Times, April 30, 1950.
28. James Cross Giblin, The Rise and Fall of Senator Joe McCarthy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2009), 104.
29. Halberstam, The Powers That Be, 87.
30. Halberstam, The Coldest Winter, 185.
31. Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986), 543.
32. In January 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall scribbled a note to Dean Acheson: “Please have plan drafted of policy to organize a definite government of So. Korea and connect up its economy with that of Japan ”; quoted in Bruce Cumings, Korea’s Place in the Sun: A Modern History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1997), 210.
33. Bruce Cumings, The Korean War (New York: Modern Library, 2010), 402.
34. Ibid., 208.
35. Robert J. Donovan, Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman, 1949–1953 (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1996), 205.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Isaacson and Thomas, The Wise Men, 506.
39. Ibid., 512.
40. Ibid., 506.
41. Halberstam, The Coldest Winter, 99.
42. Ibid., 98.
43. Much of the military action was ordered by the UN; technically, the U.S. only supported the action, but at that point, the UN was a small entity controlled by the U.S.
44. Cumings, The Korean War, 205.
45. Martin Walker, The Cold War: A History (New York: Macmillan, 1995), 77.
46. Cumings, The Korean War, 208.
47. Ibid., 210.
48. Matthew Ridgway, The Korean War (New York: Doubleday, 1967), 37.
49. Halberstam, The Coldest Winter, 335–36.
50. Isaacson and Thomas, The Wise Men, 533.
51. Walker, The Cold War, 77.
52. Cumings, The Korean War, 216–17.
53. Ibid., 207.
54. Isaacson and Thomas, The Wise Men, 550.
55. Speech delivered by Senator Joseph McCarthy before the Senate on June 14, 1951; http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1951mccarthy-marshall.html.
56. On July 27, 1953, an armistice called for a 2.5-mile-wide buffer zone across the middle of Korea. Today this heavily fortified “demilitarized zone” still holds the peace in Korea.
57. Transcript of Dwight D. Eisenhower press conference, April 7, 1954, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=10202.
58. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Mandate for Change 1953–56: The White House Years (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1963), 337–38.
59. Seth Jacobs, America’s Miracle Man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem, Religion, Race, and U.S. Intervention in Southeast Asia (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005), 221.
60. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1957, General Services Administration, National Archives and Records Service, Office of the Federal Register, United States Government Printing Office, June 1, 1999; available at the American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=11031.
61. Mark Moyar, Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 77.
62. Ibid.
63. “The Press: Ban Broken,” Time, January 7, 1957; http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808926,00.html.
64. A citizen without a passport, Worthy was then incautious enough to travel to Cuba. When he returned home, President Kennedy’s administration arrested him for entering the U.S. without proper documents.
65. David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (New York: Random House, 2002), xviii.
66. Ibid., 202.
67. Halberstam, The Coldest Winter, 243.
68. Transcript is available on the Bill Moyers website: http://www.pbs.org/moyers/journal/11202009/transcript1.html.
69. Memorandum from Senator Mike Mansfield to the president, January 6, 1964, FRUS, 1: document 2; http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d2.
70. Memorandum from the president’s special assistant for National Security Affairs (Bundy) to the president, January 9, 1964, FRUS, 1: document 8; https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v01/d8.
71. Marvin Kalb, The Road to War: Presidential Commitments Honored and Betrayed (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2013), 53.
72. John Hollitz, Contending Voices (Boston: Wadsworth, 2010), 2: 232.
73. Robert McNamara, “Draft Memorandum from Secretary of Defense McNamara to President Johnson,” November 3, 1965, State Department Office of the Historian; http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v03/d189.
74. Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest, 530.
75. Interview with Archimedes L. A. Patti, 1981, http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-bf3262-interview-with-archimedes-l-a-patti-1981.
76. Robert S. McNamara with Brian VanDeMark, In Retrospect: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam (New York: Crown, 1995), 32–33.
77. John Morton Blum, The National Experience: A History of the United States Since 1865 (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989), 777.
78. Robert McNamara, “The Post-Cold War World: Implications for Military Expenditures in Developing Countries,” in Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics 1991 (Washington, DC: International Bank of Reconstruction and Development, 1991), 111.
79. Garry Emmons, “One-on-One with Robert McNamara,” Harvard Business School Alumni Magazine (September 2004); https://www.alumni.hbs.edu/stories/Pages/story-bulletin.aspx?num=2355.
CHAPTER 13: THE CHINA MIRAGE
1. Service, The Amerasia Papers, 191–92.
2. Daniel Ellsberg, Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers (New York: Viking, 2002), 383. And the beat goes on. The man who wrote the legal opinion for President Obama to justify the first drone killing of an American citizen in 2012 was Harvard Law School professor David J. Barron. In 2014 Obama rewarded Professor Barron by appointing him to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston.
3. Joiner, Honorable Survivor, 332.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 333.
7. Ibid., 334–35.
8. Mao’s imperial overreach in the Great Famine of the 1950s and the Cultural Revolution in the 1960s are well documented elsewhere and had no bearing on FDR’s decision to support Chiang, on Truman’s decision to anoint Taiwan as China, or on Nixon’s rapprochement with Mao.
9. Joiner, Honorable Survivor, xvi.
10. John Service Papers, January 23, 1973, as cited in Joiner, Honorable Survivor, xvi–xvii.
11. Hubert Van Es, “Thirty Years at 300 Millimeters,” New York Times, April 29, 2005; http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/29/opinion/29van_es.html.
12. I stood on its roof in 2011.
13. In Theodore Rex, by Pulitzer Prize winner Edmund Morris, Homer Hulbert’s name is absent and Prince Ito gets one passing mention. You finish the book with no understanding that Emperor Meiji and Prince Ito rolled Teddy regarding Korea during the secret, nineteen-month Roosevelt-Kaneko discussions.
Likewise, if you read all 858 pages of FDR, by Jean Edward Smith (winner of the Francis Parkman Prize), you won’t find T. V. Soong mentioned once, and you won’t see any hint that China Lobbyists covertly cut Japan’s supply of oil in August 1941 and that FDR was unaware of their action for one long month.
14. Slightly loosened in 1943 and then ended in 1965.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
1. From a Winston Churchill speech about autho
rship, National Book Exhibition at Grosvenor House, London, November 2, 1949.
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CONTENTS
Cover
Title Page
Welcome
Dedication
Epigraph
Introduction
1 Old China, New China
2 Win the Leaders; Win China
3 The Japanese Monroe Doctrine for Asia
4 The Noble Chinese Peasant
5 The China Lobby
6 The First Wise Man’s New China
7 Washington Warriors
8 Secret Executive Air War in Asia
9 A War Over Oil
10 Asleep at the Wheel
11 The Mandate of Heaven
12 Who Lost China?
13 The China Mirage
Copyright Acknowledgments
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Also by James Bradley
Notes
Newsletters
Copyright
Copyright
Copyright © 2015 by James Bradley
Cover design by Allison J. Warner
Cover art by Tattered and Lost Photographs / David Robertson
Cover copyright © 2015 by Hachette Book Group, Inc.
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ISBN 978-0-316-19666-6
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