Armezzani, Maria Gertrude, 246
arquebuses, 167, 194
artillery, 167, 194
artists, 155–6, 159, 170, 176, 190, 204, 235
ascetics, 64–6, 67, 77–8
Asclepius, 48, 50, 59, 135
Asia Minor, 31, 38, 97
Asinarian Gate, see Porta Asinaria
ass’s ears – Roman nickname for Pantheon’s bell towers, 284
Assumption of the Virgin Mary, feast of, 126
Asturias, Spain, 79
Ataulf, 36, 78
Athalaric, 85
Athens, 10, 13, 31, 34
Attalus, Western Roman emperor, 70, 72, 76
Attila, 79
Augustine of Hippo, 67, 77, 78, 79
Augustus, Roman emperor, 46, 125, 291, 295, 356, 357
Aurelian Wall, 37, 131, 357
construction of (c. 271–5), 37
Norman sacking (1084), 145
Spanish-Lutheran sacking (1527), 193, 195
French attack (1849), 231, 267, 268
Capture of Rome (1870), 275
Liberal era (1870–1915), 284, 287
Fascist era (1922–44), 283, 314
Auschwitz concentration camp, 335
Austen, Jane, 55
Austria
Austrian Empire (1804–67), 222, 223, 224, 227, 228, 229, 265, 266, 315
Charles V’s reign (1519–56), 161
Custoza, battle of (1848), 224, 228, 260
First World War (1914–18), 288, 316
Italian War of Independence, First (1848–9), 229, 265, 266, 269
Italian War of Independence, Second (1859), 272–3, 274
Nazi period (1938–45), 315
Revolution (1848), 223
Autarky campaign, 296, 314
Avanti, 288
Aventine Hill, 16, 38, 93, 116, 147, 293
Avezzana, Giuseppe, 261
Avicenna, 183
Avignon, France, 154, 169, 177, 178, 191
Axum, Ethiopia, 293
Badoglio, Pietro, 280, 282–3, 318–21, 345
Baedeker, Karl, 299, 300
Baglione, Gentile, 207
Balkans, 31, 34, 35, 81, 84, 87, 161, 170
ballistae, 97
Bambino of Santa Maria in Aracoeli, 239
Banda Koch, 337, 341, 347
Bangladesh, 355
Barbarigo Division, 350
Baroque, 232, 283, 290, 292, 300, 358
barruché, 305
Bartolomeo bank, 205
Basilica Aemilia, Forum, 75, 92
Basilica of Maxentius, 176
Basilica of Maximus, 291
Basques, 11
Baths of Alexander, 133
Baths of Caracalla, 92, 147, 151
Baths of Diocletian, 192, 284
Baths of Titus, 258
baths, 53–4, 58, 91, 108, 133, 189, 253
Battle of the Births, 296, 304, 306, 312
Battle of the Grain, 296, 312
Battle of the Lira, 296, 299, 312
Bavaria, 221
Bavarian Soviet Republic (1918–19), 333
Bazzi, Giovanni Antonio, 190
beagles, papal, see sbirri
Beatrice Cenci, 237
de Beauvoir, Simone, 295, 307–8
Becco Giallo, Il, 289
beggars, 248–9, 254, 300, 305
Belgium, 161, 317
Belisarius, 85–8, 91, 95–9, 103–7, 128, 137
bell towers, 171, 284
Belli, Giuseppe Gioachino, 245, 285
Belvedere Palace, 173
di Benedetto Cristiano, Leone, 126, 133, 135, 139
Benedict IX, Pope, 117, 126
Benedict VIII, Pope, 121
Benedict X, Pope, 126
Benso, Camillo, count of Cavour, 273, 287
Béraud, Henri, 296, 311
Bernini, Gian Lorenzo, 233, 234, 292
Bersaglieri, 266, 324
Bertha of Savoy, 118, 143
Bessas, 101–5
Bianello Castle, Reggio Emilia, 116
bishops of Rome, 51–3
Black Bands, 193, 197
Black Death, 99, 154, 181
‘Black Panther, The’, see de Porto, Celeste
Black Sea, 31, 227
Blackshirts, see MSVN
Boleyn, Anne, 212
Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, 164, 165, 214
Bolshevism, 281, 289, 302, 333
Bolzano, South Tyrol, 343
Boniface VIII, Pope, 153–4
borgate, 305, 340, 346
Borgia, Cesare, 179, 183
Borgia, Lucrezia, 179
Borgia, Rodrigo, see Alexander VI
Borgo, 169, 232, 233, 260
pilgrim stampede (1450), 173
Colonna’s raid (1526), 163
Spanish-Lutheran sacking (1527), 193–9, 206, 208
French attack on (1849), 262
Capture of Rome (1870), 275
Mussolini’s demolition (1936), 291
Borromini, Francesco, 233
Botticelli, Sandro, 176
Bourbon, duke of, see Charles III
Bracci, Bernardo, 205
Bracciolini, Poggio, 189
Bramante, 173, 176
Brazil, 227–8, 262, 316
Brenner Pass, 120
Brennus, 9, 20, 21, 23, 67
bribery, 126, 127, 135, 137
Bridge of Cestius, 357
bridges, 38, 193, 283, 292
Ponte Magliana, 322
Ponte Mazzini, 337
Ponte Milvio, 125, 203, 293
Ponte Sant’Angelo, 173, 174, 276
Ponte Sisto, 174, 191, 199, 205
Britain, 25, 53, 65, 66, 67, 78
Brunetti, Angelo, see Ciceruacchio
Bruno, Giordano, 285
Brutus (nephew of Tarquin), 12
bubonic plague, 99–100, 104, 154, 181, 183, 190, 207, 215
Budapest, Hungary, 302
Buenos Aires, Argentina, 228
del Bufalo, Bernardino, 213
buffaloes, 136, 170, 188
Bugatti, Giovanni, 247, 274
Buildings (Procopius of Caesarea), 85
Bulgaria, 83
bulls, 184–5
Busento river, 29, 30
Byron, George Gordon, 235, 236
Byzantine Empire, see under Eastern Roman Empire
Cadalo, bishop of Parma, 127
Caelian Hill, 65, 76, 77, 93, 147, 148
Caere, 19, 23, 25
Caesar, Julius, 1, 7, 27, 39, 41, 47, 110, 128
Calabria, 29, 122, 318
de Caligariis, Paolo, 207
Camillus, Marcus Furius, 20, 22
Camp Dux, 293
Campania, 106
campanili, 171
Campeggio, Lorenzo, 188
Campitelli, Convento della Madre di Dio, 210
Campo de’ Fiori, 199, 285
Campo Marzio, 125, 233
Campo Santo, 195
Campo Vaccino, 168
Campus Martius, 46, 92
candles, 257–8
Cannae, battle of (216 BC), 25
Canossa Castle, Emilia-Romagna, 113–16, 115, 120, 259
Capella Paolina, Vatican, 237
Capitoline Hill
Gaulish sacking (387 BC), 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24
Henry IV’s siege (1084), 143
Italian Republic era (1946–), 357
Kingdom of Italy era (1870–1946), 285, 286
Ostrogothic Kingdom era (493–553), 90
Papal States era (754–1870), 130, 133, 143, 151, 168, 180, 188, 192, 193, 226, 232, 233
Revolution (1848), 226, 226
Roman Kingdom era (753–509 BC), 13
Roman Republic era (509–27 BC), 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24
Spanish-Lutheran sacking (1527), 192, 193
Tarpeian Rock, 168, 185
Temple to Jupiter, 13, 17, 26, 39, 48, 90, 357
Visigothic sacking (410), 69
Western Roman Empire er
a (285–476), 38, 69
Caporetto, battle of (1917), 282
Capuchins, 255
carabinieri, 257, 261, 279, 280, 323
Caracalla, Roman emperor, 357
Carafa, Gian Pietro, see Paul IV
Carboni, Giacomo, 320
Carceri di Tor di Nona, 185
Carlo Alberto, king of Sardinia-Piedmont, 223, 224
Carlo Nichi, 324
Carnival, 170, 187, 246, 256–8, 274, 296
Carpathian mountains, 31
Carrara marble, 294
Carthage (814–146 BC), 23, 25
Caruso, Pietro, 350
Casa di Dante, 357
Casa Littoria, 294
Case Popolari, 304, 308
Cassabile, Sicily, 319
Cassiodorus, 91
Castel dei Crescentii, 133
Castel Sant’Angelo, 133, 172, 231, 272, 358
Henry IV’s siege (1083–4), 142, 143
Norman sacking (1084), 144
Colonna’s raid (1526), 163
Spanish-Lutheran sacking (1527), 193, 194, 197, 198–9, 207, 208, 208, 210, 212
French attack (1849), 262
Castile, 161
Castor and Pollux, temple of, 135
castration, 204
Castro Pretorio, 349
Catalaunian Fields, battle of (452), 79
catapults, 97
Catherine of Aragon, 211
Catholicism, 32
cats, 241, 256–7
Cavallini, Pietro, 174
Cavour, count of, see Benso, Camillo
Cellini, Benvenuto, 190, 195, 198, 209–10, 358
Celts, 5–9, 17–27
Cenci, Beatrice, 236
censorship, 221, 222, 224, 255, 271, 301–2
Centocelle, 340
Cephalonia, 149
Cervia, Emilia-Romagna, 208
de Cesare, Nicola, 279
Cestius, Gaius, 189
chariot racing, 16, 38
Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor, 118, 130
Charles II ‘the Bald’, Holy Roman emperor, 153
Charles V, Holy Roman emperor, 157–65, 180, 181, 191, 206, 211, 214–16, 235, 239
Charles III, duke of Bourbon, 162, 164, 165, 166–7, 192–5, 196, 197, 201
Chartres, France, 128
chastity, 62, 74, 77, 187
Chetwynd-Talbot, Henry John, 235
Chiavica di San Silvestro, 182
Chigi, Agostino, 187
Chigi, Fabio, see Alexander VII
China, 54
Chios, 38
cholera, 252, 253
Christianity
American Episcopal, 285
Anglicanism, 236, 285, 299
Arianism, 95
ascetics, 64–6, 67, 77–8
bishops of Rome, 51–3
Carnival, 170, 187, 246, 256–8, 274, 296
chastity, 62, 74, 77, 187
Christmas, 126, 130, 139, 154, 169, 255, 256, 298, 338
Constantine’s conversion, 48, 49, 51
Council of Trent, 233, 245
and disease, 134–5
Dyophysites, 94, 95, 100
Easter, 119, 126, 143, 169, 170, 229, 237, 254, 298
feasts, 177, 126, 256, 298
gladiator fights, 43
guardian angels, 50
Henotoikon, 94
Homoean, 32, 79, 95
Index of prohibited books, 217, 271
indulgences, selling of, 177
Jesus, 51, 53, 94, 152, 239
Lent, 137, 160, 170, 251, 254, 298
Lutheranism, 161, 162, 163, 177–8, 180, 212, 215
marriage, 117, 118–19, 244–7
martyrs, 49–51, 52, 111, 130
Monophysites, 94, 95, 100
paganism, 48–9, 63–4, 69, 94, 109
papacy, see papacy
passion plays, 170
Pentecost, 140
persecution of, 43, 49
pilgrimage, 50–51, 93, 98, 108, 111, 121, 127–9, 152–4
positions, selling of, 117, 160, 178–9
processions, 125–6, 153, 177, 191, 255
Protestantism, 180, 216, 234, 235, 237, 239, 241, 272
purgatory, 177
reform movement, 116–22, 126–7, 128, 129, 132, 178, 216
Reformation, 180, 234
relics, 128, 152, 169, 203, 239
and sex, 62, 74, 77, 117, 134, 244–7, 306–7
Theopaschism, 95
Three Chapters, The, 100, 101
Visigoths, 32, 49, 74–5, 79
Whitsuntide, 141
women, 61, 250, 306
Christina, queen of Sweden, 234
Christmas, 126, 130, 139, 154, 169, 255, 256, 298, 338
Christus Rex, feast of 298
churches, 93–4, 109–10, 132, 146–7, 174, 203, 232, 285
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 1, 357
Ciceruacchio, 229, 258, 269
Circus Agonalis, 188
Circus Maximus, 16, 38, 107, 108, 147, 271, 292, 293, 355
cicisbei, 245
City of God (Augustine of Hippo), 77
Civita Castellana, 250
Civitate, battle of (1053), 122
Civitavecchia, Lazio, 230, 231, 260, 261, 266, 321
Clark, Mark, 348
Clement III, Antipope, 120, 140–41, 142, 149, 150, 151, 358
Clement V, Pope, 154
Clement VII, Pope, 157–67, 170, 172, 179–80, 181, 186–7, 191, 213–17
Rome sacking of (1527), 192–3, 197–8, 203, 207–8, 210–12
Clement VIII, Pope, 285
Clivio, Giulio, 204
CLN (Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale), 337, 341
Clusium, 6
coffee, 227, 245, 314, 315, 335
Collegio Militare, 334
Colonna family, 304
Colonna, Pompeo, 157, 158, 160, 191
papal conclave (1523), 157, 158, 172
Rome, raid on (1526), 163–4, 192, 197
Rome, sacking of (1527), 167, 193, 194, 203, 206, 210, 213
Colonna, Vespasiano, 163
Colosseum, 1
Western Roman Empire era (285–476), 42–4, 75
Ostrogothic Kingdom era (493–553), 91, 93
Papal States era (754–1870), 124, 128, 130, 144, 147, 170, 189, 191, 238, 258
Kingdom of Italy era (1870–1946), 284, 291, 293, 295, 307, 315, 324
Italian Republic era (1946–), 355
comfits, 257
Communism, 324, 337
concrete, 45
Constantine, Roman emperor, 31, 44, 48, 49, 51, 52, 66, 125, 189
Constantine III, Western Roman emperor, 67, 80
Constantinople, 38, 40, 85, 86
Constantius II, Roman emperor, 63
Continentale Hotel, 323
Cooper, James Fenimore, 236
Corazziere, 219
Corinth, 31
Cornu, Hortense, 230
Corpus Christi, feast of, 177
Corpus Domini, feast of, 256
corruption, 311–12, 336
Corsi family, 133, 139, 143, 149
Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 285
Corso, see Via del Corso
Cosenza, Calabria, 29–31, 78
Cosma e Damiano church, 135
Costanza, Santa, 52
Council of Trent, 233, 245
courtesans, 187
Crati river, 29
Cremonesi family, 304
crime, 55, 184–5, 241, 244–8, 308–11
Crimea, 31
Croatia, 36, 317
Crypt of Balbus, 91
cryptae, 124
Cuirassier guards, 327
currency, 296, 299, 312
Custoza, battle of (1848), 224, 228, 260
Dacia, 45
Damasus, bishop of Rome, 51, 53, 65
Dandolo, Emilio, 285
Dannecker, Theodor, 330, 334, 351
Danube river, 31–2, 83
daub and wattle, 10, 14
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De Locis Sanctis Martyrum, 111
Debenedetti, Giacomo, 328–9, 330
DELASEM (Delegation for the Assistance of Jewish Emigrants), 327, 328
Denmark, 121
Depretis, Agostino, 275
Desiderius, abbot of Montecassino, 141
Diario Romano, 239
Dickens, Charles, 236, 237, 239, 252
Diocletian, Roman emperor, 53–4, 357
Diodorus Siculus, 23
Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, 7
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 41
disabitato, 168, 231, 234, 283
disease
cholera, 252, 253
hospitals, 134–5, 153, 197, 213, 253
leprosy, 134
malaria, see malaria
measles, 58, 134, 183
medicine, 59, 183, 245, 253
mumps, 58
plague, 99–100, 104, 154, 181, 183, 190, 207, 215
smallpox, 58, 59, 253
syphilis, 173, 174, 175, 183, 253
trachoma, 300
tuberculosis, 58, 183, 236, 300
typhoid, 236, 253
typhus, 183, 300
vaccination, 245, 253
Dobbick, Hellmuth, 345
dole rations, 59, 60, 92, 108
Dollmann, Eugene, 30, 344
domes, 232
Domitian, Roman emperor, 92, 187, 357
Domus Gaudentius, 76
Don Pirlone, 267
Donovan, William, 342
Dopolavoro, 295, 301, 307
Dorsuo, Gaius Fabius, 19, 21
Drausus, 23
drinking water, 96, 133, 182, 187, 214, 233
druids, 7
Drusii family, 23
Dunkirk evacuation (1940), 24
Dying Gladiator, 237
Dyophysites, 94, 95, 100
E-42 district (see also EUR), 295, 317, 322, 356
earthquakes, 91, 109, 130
Easter, 119, 126, 143, 169, 170, 229, 237, 254, 298
Eastern Roman Empire (c. 330–1453), 31–5, 40, 83–111
Adrianople, battle of (378), 32, 48
army, 97
buffaloes, 136
Civitate, battle of (1053), 122
Frigidus, battle of (394), 34
Gothic War (376–82), 31–2
Gothic War (535–54), 87–9, 96–108
language, 90
Lazic War (541–62), 98, 100, 107
Norman invasion (1081–5), 123, 141, 142, 145
Ostrogothic conquest of Italy (488–93), 83–4
Ostrogothic sacking of Rome (546), 101–6, 145
papal schism (498–506), 94
plague pandemic (541–2), 99
Pragmatic Sanction (554), 108
Ravenna, siege of (409), 70
religion, 32, 94–6, 99–100, 108, 110–11
and Senate, 110
Taginae, battle of (552), 107
Vandal kingdom, conquest of (533), 85
Edinburgh, Scotland, 240
Egypt, 46, 47, 232, 277, 317
Eisenhower, Dwight David, 319, 320
electricity, 304, 305
Elena, queen consort of Italy, 282, 321
Elizabeth I, queen of England and Ireland, 235
Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd duke of Aosta, 281
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 236
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