A People's Art History of the United States: 250 Years of Activist Art and Artists Working in Social Justice

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A People's Art History of the United States: 250 Years of Activist Art and Artists Working in Social Justice Page 45

by Nicolas Lampert


  Native American resistance, 52–53, 55

  Native Americans, 48, 49–59, 50–53, 55–58, 66, 269–70, 278, 279–85

  wars, 306n13, 306n19

  navy homeports. See U.S. Navy homeports

  NAWSA. See National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

  Nesline, Michael, 255, 258

  New Deal, 144, 146–55, 157–61

  The New Masses, 100, 109, 174

  New School for Social Research, 167, 170, 172, 329n13

  news media, 14, 240–41, 250, 254, 261, 264, 266, 267

  government/corporate manipulation, 299

  hacks and hoaxes, 296–99

  photography sources, 138

  as publicists, 302

  See also newsreels; New York Times

  newspaper and magazine distribution. See distribution of newspapers and magazines

  newsreels, 138, 140, 141, 142, 143

  Newton, Huey P., 199, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 208, 209

  New York Artists’ Union, 154, 157, 158–66, 328n4, 329n18

  New York Art Strike Against War, Racism, and Repression. See Art Strike, 1970

  New York City

  AIDS activism, 253–60

  American Artists’ Congress in, 167–71

  antinuclear movement, 263–68

  film and photography activism, 138–39, 141

  galleries, 149

  KKK in, 323N25

  liberty poles, 19–20

  NAACP in, 123, 123, 130

  Okubo move to, 186

  political trials, 106–8

  protests, demonstrations, etc., 136, 138–39, 142, 158, 159–60, 159, 219, 254, 255, 257, 264

  public interventions, 211–23, 291–92, 301–3

  in Riis’s photography, 60–69

  See also Grand Central Station, New York City; Greenwich Village, New York City; New School for Social Research; Paterson Silk Strike pageant; police: New York City

  New York City Art Project, 160, 161

  New York Times, 257, 264, 340n17

  night work, 18, 30, 248, 257, 265, 309n21

  of Riis, 62, 63, 68

  Nineteenth Amendment, 118–19, 119

  Nochlin, Linda, 319n22

  No Movies (Asco), 339n21

  non-blacks, lynching of, 122, 124

  nonviolence, 282–83

  nonviolent direct action, 189, 253, 254, 261, 264. See also boycotts; civil disobedience; sit-ins, office occupations, etc.

  Noriega, Chon A., 250, 339n16

  The North American Indian (Curtis), 50, 50, 51, 55

  Northern Cheyenne people, 54–55, 55

  NRA. See National Recovery Administration (NRA)

  nuclear ship homeports, resistance to, 263–68

  Nykino, 143

  Oakland, California, 199–200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209

  Occoquan Workhouse, 116–18, 118

  occupation of space (tactic), 19, 202, 247. See also sit-ins, office occupations, etc.

  O’Connor, Francis V.: Art for the Millions, 326n10

  O’Donnell, Edward T., 68

  The Offering—San Ildefonso (Curtis), 50

  Office of War Information (OWI), 154–55, 331n25

  Okamoto, Kiyoshi, 183

  Okubo, Miné, 176, 177–87, 330n9, 331n14, 331n24

  Olds, Elizabeth, 167, 173, 173, 174

  Oliver, Andrew, 18

  Onondaga people, 7

  Operation First Casualty (IVAW), 286, 287–92, 288, 289, 290, 292

  “Operation Raw,” 343–44n6

  Orear, Les, 80

  Organization of Solidarity with the People of Asia, Africa, and Latin America (OSPAAAL), 205

  Orgel, Sandy, 227, 227, 235, 236

  Orozco, José Clement, 147, 167–68, 170–71

  Ortiz, Ralph, 214

  “outside agitators” (label), 91, 97

  Pacanowski, Jennifer, 294

  Padua, Mary, 274–75, 277

  pageants, 113. See also mock beauty pageants; Paterson Silk Strike pageant, New York City, 1913

  painting and paintings, 28, 28, 146, 162, 231, 335n1

  in moving panoramas, 33, 35

  of Native Americans, 53

  removed during Art Strike, 217

  slashing of, 112

  WPA and, 150, 151, 155

  See also Guernica (Picasso); murals; Supremacist Composition (Malevich)

  Paley, William S., 222

  Pankhurst, Emmeline, 112

  panoramas, moving. See moving panoramas

  papermaking, 293–95

  parades. See marches, parades, and rallies

  park design, 273–76

  parody, 297, 299, 300. See also murals: parodies, etc.

  Parsons, Albert, 72, 73, 74

  Parsons, Lucy, 75, 89, 317n15, 318n29

  PASTA (Professional and Staff Association, MoMA), 219

  Paterson Silk Strike, 1913, 87–88, 90–92, 94, 96–98

  Paterson Silk Strike pageant, New York City, 1913, 86, 87–88, 92–97, 95, 98, 318–19n20, 319n22

  Paul, Alice, 111, 112, 112, 114, 115, 116–18, 119

  Pearl Harbor Attack, 177, 330n1

  Pelham, Henry

  The Fruits of Arbitrary Power, 12, 14, 14

  The Fruits of Arbitrary Power (Revere copy), 13

  Pepper, Claude, 154

  Pequot people, 306n13

  Perdue, Donna, 293

  performance art, feminist, 227–28, 231, 232, 235–36, 236

  performance art spaces, 258

  performers and performances, 34–38, 86, 270, 271–73. See also public interventions; theater

  Petlin, Irving, 216, 221, 221

  Petruniak, Roman, 216, 217

  pharmaceutical industry, 254, 257, 262

  Phillips, Wendell, 24, 37, 46

  Photo and Film League. See Workers Film and Photo League

  photography

  of African Americans, 43, 65, 132, 136, 189, 191, 192, 196

  Du Bois exhibit, 132

  Gamboa turn to, 244

  labor movement, 144

  of Native Americans, 48, 49–59, 50–53, 55–58, 66

  Riis’s, 60–69

  war propaganda use, 154–55

  See also daguerrotypes; documentary photography; retouching of photographs

  photojournalism, 138, 139–40, 188–98, 244

  Photo League, 144

  Piazza, Michael, 77, 78–79, 83

  Picasso, Pablo, 174

  Guernica, 174, 222, 223, 223, 329n19, 336n30

  pickets, vigils, etc., 110, 111, 115–16, 120, 140, 159, 163

  anti-immigrant, 281

  at military recruiting stations, 242

  Pieh, Sengbe, 27–28, 28

  pin-backed buttons, 100, 219

  pink triangle (icon), 252, 253, 253

  plagiarism, 12–14, 18, 55

  Platt, David, 324n2

  Plenty Coups—Crow (Throssel), 57, 58

  plutonium contamination, 264–65

  police, 60, 68, 140–41, 200

  Baldwin Park, California, 281, 284

  Black Panther Party relations, 199, 200, 201, 202, 206, 207, 207, 208

  Chicago, 72–73, 83, 84, 206, 214

  Los Angeles, 244, 247

  New York City, 93–94, 114, 139, 159, 160, 214–15, 302

  Washington, DC, 289–90

  pig iconography, 202, 203

  See also arrests

  police brutality, 139, 159, 160, 195, 199, 200, 201, 208, 214

  Police Monument, Chicago, 70, 71, 74–77, 75, 76, 78, 79

  “political art” and “activist art” distinguished. See “activist art” and “political art” distinguished (Lippard)

  Political Art Documentation and Distribution (PAD/D), 263

  political cartoons, 18, 97, 103, 105–6, 106, 107, 154

  political organization, Native American. See Native American political organization

  political prisoners, 20, 99–100, 100, 105, 117–18

  political trials
, 106–8, 174

  pollution, 269, 270

  poor people, photography of, 60–69

  Popular Front, 144, 169

  portraits, 15, 28, 28, 43, 102, 122

  postal service, 29–30, 34–38, 103, 105, 106. See also hate mail

  posters

  AIDS-related, 254, 256, 258, 258, 261

  Black Panther Party, 200, 203, 204, 205, 207, 209

  civil rights movement, 188–89, 189, 195, 198

  depicting My Lai massacre, 220–23

  IWW, 86, 100

  OSPAAAL, 205

  suffragist, 114

  union printing of, 218, 222

  WPA-FAP, 150

  Potamkin, Harry Brown, 138

  poverty, 60–69

  Powless, Irving, Jr., 9–10, 9

  pranks. See hoaxes, pranks, etc.

  press, 95, 96, 97

  abolitionist, 29, 30

  anti-Japanese hysteria of, 178

  blackouts, 116

  Communist/labor, 138

  concentration camp, 178, 180

  feminist art coverage, 228

  hoaxes, pranks, etc., 257, 257

  New York City demonstration coverage, 139

  suffragist coverage, 120

  See also African American press; magazines

  printers and printing trade, 201, 202, 230, 308n2, 309n23

  prints and printmaking, 27, 28, 171–74, 230. See also lithographs

  prison camps, Japanese American. See Japanese American internment

  prisoners, political. See political prisoners

  Projansky, Bob, 336n24

  projection, lantern slide. See lantern slides

  propaganda, 137

  accusations of, 154

  AIDS activists’, 259

  art establishment as, 211

  of Black Panther Party, 205

  Du Bois on all art as, 132, 133

  Henry “Box” Brown’s, 35

  of IWW, 97

  Paul Revere’s, 12, 18

  World War II, 154–55, 330n8, 331n25

  protests and demonstrations, 17, 141, 217, 300

  Baldwin Park, California, 279–85

  counterdemonstrations, 281, 283–84

  New York City, 136, 138–39, 142, 158, 159–60, 219, 254, 257, 264

  Metropolitan Museum of Art, 217–18, 218

  MoMA, 212–13, 213, 214–15, 215, 223

  Washington, DC, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118

  See also destruction of artwork, monuments, etc. (as protest); marches, parades, and rallies; pickets, vigils, etc.

  public art

  Baldwin Park, California, 278, 279–85

  Chicago, 70–85

  China, 269–77

  publicly funded, 147, 148, 150

  New York City, 155

  Washington, DC, 147

  See also Art Caravan

  public health, 56, 57, 61–62

  public interventions

  by Art Workers’ Coalition, 215–23

  by Asco, 242–51

  by feminist artists, 236–41

  by Guerrilla Art Action Group, 211–15

  by Gran Fury, 256–57

  Haymarket monument–related, 77–80

  by IVAW, 286–92

  by VVAW, 343–44n6

  by Yes Men, 296–303

  See also hoaxes, pranks, etc.; street theater

  publicity and public relations, 95, 96, 126, 297, 299, 302–3, 319n23

  publicly funded art. See government-funded art

  public parks, 273–77

  Public Works of Art Project (PWAP), 147, 157–58, 159, 326n2

  Pudovkin, Vsevolod, 137, 141

  Puerto Rican art and artists, 214, 216

  purges, leftist, 143, 208

  Purvis, Robert, 28

  PWAP. See Public Works of Art Project (PWAP)

  Q: And Babies? A: And Babies, 220–23

  Quick-to-See Smith, Jaune, 53

  Quincy, Josiah, 16

  Quinlan, Pat, 91

  race relations, 121–22, 200, 322n4. See also lynching; race riots

  race riots, 122, 129, 193, 200

  racism, 42, 322n3

  in Left press, 320

  in police, 200

  in Riis’s work, 60, 67, 68

  in women’s suffrage movement, 112, 321n5

  See also African Americans: lynching crisis; civil rights movement

  Radulovich, Mary Lou Fox, xii

  Raiford, Leigh, 198

  rallies, marches, and parades. See marches, parades, and rallies

  Ramani, Aviva, 235, 236

  rape, 235–38

  Raphael, Ray, 15

  Rather, Dan, 254

  Raven, Arlene, 229, 229, 233

  Rayson, Anthony, 84

  Reagan, Ronald, 218, 233, 252, 254, 255

  reclamation projects, 269–77

  Reconstruction, 42–43

  Rediker, Marcus, 14, 20, 26

  “Red Scare” (first), 99–100, 108

  “Red Scare” (second), 144–45, 175, 216

  Reed, John, 87, 93, 95, 96, 105, 107, 108. See also John Reed Clubs

  reenactments, 37, 78, 79, 87, 92, 95, 287–92

  Regeneración, 244

  Reicher, Hedwig, 113

  Reilly, Bernard F., Jr., 28–29

  relief, humanitarian. See humanitarian relief

  Remember the Haymarket Anarchists (Grifter), 78, 78

  rent strikes, 142

  Reppenhagen, Garret, 287–88, 289, 290

  resistance to Japanese American internment, 182–83, 186

  resistance to photography, 52–53, 53

  The Resurrection of Henry Box Brown at Philadelphia, 34, 34, 35, 311n1

  retouching of photographs, 51–52, 58

  Revere, Paul, 15–16, 15

  The Bloody Massacre, 12, 13, 14

  A View of the Year 1765, 17, 18, 309n19

  Revolutionary War. See American Revolution

  rich people, 50–51, 64, 92, 96, 105

  as audience, 61, 69, 339n29

  targeted by SAAG, 213

  Richter, Daniel K., 7, 8

  Richter, Mischa, 154

  rights. See artists’ rights; civil rights movement; voting rights; women’s rights

  Riis, Jacob A., 60–69

  Riley, Blithe, 79, 79

  riots, 15, 139–40, 244, 247. See also Haymarket Riot, Chicago, 1886; race riots

  Rivera, Diego, 147, 161

  rivers, 269–77

  Robbins, David, 146

  Robinson, Boardman, 101, 103

  Robinson, Greg, 187, 331n25

  Rockefeller, David, 213

  Rockefeller, Nelson, 213

  Rockefeller Center, New York City, 161

  Rockefeller family, 212, 213, 213

  Rogers, Merrill, 105, 106, 107, 108

  Rolston, Adam, 340n21

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 147, 155, 157, 160, 178, 182, 323n20

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 68–69

  Rosemont, Franklin, 100

  Rosenberg, Harold, 175

  Rothschild, Lincoln, 324n2

  Rothstein, Arthur, 155

  Rowse, Samuel W., 34, 34

  RTMark, 344n2

  Ruddick, Margie, 274

  Ruggles, Jeffrey, 36, 38

  Rush, Christine, 227, 228, 228

  Russia, 116, 319

  Russian Revolution (1917), 96, 107, 109, 137

  The Rustler (Throssel), 57

  Ruthenberg House, San Francisco, 142, 143

  Saint-Gaudens, Augustus: Shaw Memorial, 39, 44–45, 44, 46, 47

  Salazar, Rubén, 244, 338n7

  Sandoval, Humberto, 248

  San Francisco, 141, 142, 143, 148, 201, 256, 266, 292

  Sartain, John, 28

  Savage, Kirk, 45

  Savagian, John, 265

  Save Our State (SOS), 280–82, 284, 285

  Schapiro, Meyer, 164, 175

  Schapiro, Miriam, 227, 227, 229

  Schiff, Robbin, 227
r />   School of the Art Institute of Chicago, 79, 79

  School Room, Crow Indian Reservation (Throssel), 58

  Schor, Mira, 227

  Scottsboro Boys case, 140–41

  Schwerner, Michael, 197, 197, 198

  Scrubbing (Rush), 228

  sculptors and sculpture, 112, 148, 154. See also Haymarket Martyr’s Monument; Police Monument, Chicago; Shaw Memorial

  Seale, Bobby, 199, 202, 203, 204, 209

  seashells in art. See shells in art

  Sedition Act of 1798, 21

  Sedition Act of 1918, 99

  Seeger, Pete, 264

  Sees with His Ears—Crow (Throssel), 48

  segregation, 31, 122, 134, 170, 188, 322n3. See also civil rights movement

  self-censorship, 144, 154, 260, 261

  self-defense, 122, 133, 198, 199, 207, 236, 241

  Seltzer, Leo, 136, 138, 139–41, 139, 142

  serial murders, 239–41

  sexism, 170, 224, 228–29, 231

  Sharp, Joseph Henry, 53

  Shaw, Anna Howard, 115, 116

  Shaw, Elizabeth, 212, 221

  Shaw, Robert (Chicago alderman), 260

  Shaw, Robert Gould, 39, 41, 44, 45

  Shaw Memorial, 39, 43–45, 44, 46, 47

  Shays’ Rebellion, 21

  Sheffield, James, 28

  shells in art, xx, 3

  Shelton, Leonard, 294

  Shoemaker, Ferdinand, 56, 57

  Sholette, Gregory, 265, 266

  show trials, Soviet Union, 1936–1938, 174

  Sigelaub, Seth, 336n24

  Silence = Death, 252, 253, 253, 255

  silk workers’ strike, Paterson, New Jersey, 1913. See Paterson Silk Strike, 1913

  Silvianna, 212

  Siqueiros, David Alfaro, 147, 167–68, 170

  Sisters of Survival, 233, 234

  sit-ins, office occupations, etc., 160, 215

  Situationist International, 299–300

  slave revolts, 21, 28

  slaves and slavery, 23–32, 34–37, 43, 306n13, 310n2. See also abolitionist movement; former slaves; fugitive slaves

  slave ships, 22, 24–26, 25

  Slave Trade Act of 1807 (Great Britain), 27

  slides, lantern. See lantern slides

  Sloan, John, 93, 101, 102–3, 104

  slogans, 340n21

  AIDS activist, 252, 253, 253, 255, 261

  Civil War, 41

  Debs candidacy, 100

  Haymarket site, 79

  IWW, 90

  Sons of Liberty, 18

  slums and slum residents, photography of, 60–69

  Smith, Albert A., 132

  Smith, Frank, 195

  Smith, James C. A., 35, 36, 37

  Smith, Joshua B., 43

  Smith, Judson, 151

  Smith, Martin, 290

  Smith, Mimi, 265

  SNCC. See Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

  SNCC Photo, 197

  Social and Public Art Resource Center (SPARC), 282, 284

  socialism, 100, 102, 103, 300

  Socialist Labor Party, 89

 

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