Medici family, 175
Mirror of Naples (diamond), 147–8
monarchy, English: arrangement of royal household, 16; monarchs’ duties and responsibilities, 2–3; Tudor-era attitude, 399–402, 406; Stuart-era attitude, 408
monasteries, dissolution of, 199, 214–15, 404
Montague, Henry, Lord, 219
Monteagle, Lord, 384, 385
Moray, Earl of, 338, 346–7
More, Thomas, 103, 122, 183, 190, 192
Mortimer, Roger, 24, 31
Mortimer’s Cross, Battle of (1461), 24–5
Morton, James Douglas, Earl of, 350
Morton, John, Bishop of Ely, 53
Mountjoy, William Blount, Lord, 131
Najera, Juan Esteban, Duke of, 228–9, 242
Nau, Claude, 366
Neville, Anne, 35, 49, 61–2
Neville, Isabel, 34–5
Nicholson, George, 392
Nonsuch Palace, 310
Norfolk, Agnes, Dowager Duchess of, 223
Norfolk, John, Duke of, 27, 69–70
Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of, 86, 135, 136
Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of: on Henry VIII’s desire for annulment, 175; shows French ambassador seal belonging to King Arthur, 179; buries Henry Fitzroy, 211; and Pilgrimage of Grace, 214; Henry VIII marries his niece, 222; Cranmer hopes to break influence, 224; Henry sends to Tower, 235; saved from execution by Henry’s death, 237
Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of, 344, 347–8
Norham Castle, 135, 177
Norris, Sir Henry, 201–2, 203, 204, 206
Northampton, Battle of (1460), 23
Northampton, Marquess of see Parr, William, Marquess of Northampton
Northumberland, Earl of (under Elizabeth I), 344
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 4th Earl of, 29–30, 69, 70, 71
Northumberland, Henry Percy, 6th Earl of, 163, 164, 206
Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of: background, 236; becomes Earl of Warwick, 240; puts down religious uprisings, 250; becomes Lord president, 250–1; reformist changes made by, 252; destroys Somerset, 254–5; made Duke of Northumberland, 255; involves Edward VI in matters of state, 256; falls out with Cranmer, 257; escorts Mary I into London and lectures her on religion, 258–9; marries son to Lady Jane Grey, 260–1; attempts to conciliate Mary I, 262; and Edward VI’s will, 264, 265; plans in event of Edward’s death, 265; and Jane’s reign, 269; popular opposition to, 271; leads Jane’s army against Mary, 274; Mary intends him as scapegoat, 275; death, 277
Norwich, 358–9
Nostradamus, 304
Orléans, Duke of, 161
Owen, Sir David: his mother, 25; and Henry VII’s childhood, 27; supports Henry’s invasion, 65; at Henry’s wedding, 80; knighted after siege of Boulogne, 94; at Arthur’s wedding, 108; goes to Scotland to serve Margaret, 114; pays for tomb for father, 115; speaks at Henry VIII’s marriage trial, 174; death, 212–13
Oxford, John de Vere, Earl of, 65, 70
Paget, Sir William, 238–9, 250
Parma, Duke of, 374
Parr, Anne, 260
Parr, Katherine: appearance and background, 228–9; marriage to Henry VIII, 228; at Lennox wedding, 230; gift from Henry, 248; ladies-in-waiting, 231; Edward VI’s closeness to, 232; Protestant leanings provoke trouble with Henry, 233–4; at his funeral, 242; Elizabeth I lives with, 245–7; her warnings to Elizabeth, 310; marriage to Thomas Seymour, 246; death, 246–7
Parr, William, Marquess of Northampton, 252, 253, 255, 260, 261, 262, 274, 275
Parry, Thomas, 247–8
Paul III, Pope, 190–1, 192, 219
Paul IV, Pope, 298
Pavia, Battle of (1525), 159
Pembroke, Earl of see Herbert, William, Earl of Pembroke
Pembroke Castle, 20–1, 26, 27, 28
Percy, Sir Charles, 384
Percy, Sir Jocelyn, 384
Perth Priory, 411
Peterborough Cathedral, 195, 373
Philip II, King of Spain: appearance, 290; seeks to marry Mary I, 280, 284; does so, 290–1; at court, 292; at Margaret Clifford’s wedding, 419; returns to Continent, 295; supports Elizabeth I as heir, 296; attempts to find her a husband, 297, 298; returns to England, 297–8; provokes Mary to war with France, 298; returns to Continent again, 299; unable to be at Mary’s deathbed, 300; reaction to her death, 301; relations with Elizabeth early in her reign, 308; and the Armada, 367–8, 374; right to English throne, 374; dramatic representations, 408; and Belvoir Castle codex, 422
Philip III, King of Spain, 393
Philip the Fair, Duke of Burgundy, 95, 116, 117
Philips, John, 352
Pilgrimage of Grace (1536–37), 213–14, 404
Pilkington, James, Bishop of Durham, 356
Pius V, Pope, 357
Pole, Arthur, 327, 329, 339
Pole, Edmund (under Edward VI), 329, 339
Pole, Edmund de la (under Henry VII and VIII) see Suffolk, Edmund de la Pole, Duke of
Pole, John de la, Duke of Suffolk see Suffolk, John de la Pole, Duke of
Pole, John de la, Earl of Lincoln see Lincoln, John de la Pole, Earl of
Pole, Margaret see Salisbury, Margaret Pole, Countess of
Pole, Cardinal Reginald, 219–20, 291–2, 298, 299, 301
Pole, Richard de la, 134, 159
princes in the Tower see Edward V, King of England; York, Richard, Duke of
Puritans, 352
Quadra, Bishop Alvarez de, 313, 314, 315, 321
Raglan Castle, 28–9
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 238
Reformation see religion
religion: medieval attitude, 22, 106; Books of Hours, 27–8; Masses for the Dead, 91–2; English church buildings, 105; Mass ceremony, 105–6; Luther’s teaching, 164–5, 170, 171; humanist attitude, 170–1; papal authority, 170, 171; Henry VIII becomes head of Church of England, 179, 183; Paul III seeks rapprochement with England, 190–1; dissolution of monasteries, 199, 214–15, 404; other religious changes under Henry VIII, 212–13; Pilgrimage of Grace, 213–14, 404; Henry’s attempts to shape Church of England, 218–19, 232–4, 404; Counter-Reformation, 232; changes under Edward VI, 243, 244–5, 249, 252–3, 256, 257; resulting religious unrest, 249–50; Mary I defends old ways, 249, 251–2, 253–4, 258–9; Book of Common Prayer, 249, 257; forty-two articles, 257; Mary overthrows Edward’s reforms, 281, 282, 283, 284, 301, 405, 406; England goes back to Rome, 291–2; Mary’s heresy burnings, 293–4, 405, 406; and Elizabeth I’s coronation, 306; her religious settlement, 309, 311, 329, 355–7, 407; Scottish Reformation, 311–12; Catholic persecution, 318, 327, 357, 361, 368, 407; Leicester’s support for Puritans, 352; St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, 357; Catholics consider murdering Elizabeth, 361–2; Babington plot, 368–9; Armada as religious crusade, 368, 374; and issue of Elizabeth’s heir, 380–2; ongoing demonization of Catholics, 408–9
Rennes, 60
Riccio, David, 338–9
Richard II, King of England, 1, 12, 31
Richard III, King of England: appearance, background and character, 44; swears oath of loyalty to Edward V, 43–4; takes him into his care, 44–6; takes throne for himself, 46–9; royal progress, 51; and princes in the Tower, 51–6, 400, 401–2, 405–6; Buckingham’s failed plot, 52–3, 57–8; piracy against Breton ships, 56; attempts to have Henry VII returned from Brittany, 60; proves excellent ruler, 61, 121; loss of son and wife, 61–2; believed to be considering marriage to Elizabeth of York, 62; tries to defend against Henry VII’s invasion and dies at Bosworth, 5, 63–73; discovery of remains, 398–9
Richmond Palace, 108–9, 119, 390
Ridley, Nicholas, Bishop of London, 293
river pageants, 185
Rivers, Anthony Woodville, Lord, 43, 44, 45, 47
Robsart, Amy, 307–8, 310, 313–14
Rochford, Jane Boleyn, Lady, 205, 225, 226
Rome: Charles V’s sack of, 168–9
rose symbol, 19, 31, 77–8, 81, 409
Ross,
Alexander, Duke of, 138, 148, 149–50, 152
Rowley, Samuel, 402–3
Rufford Abbey, 349, 350
Rumsfeld, Donald, 399
Rutland, Earl of (under Henry VIII), 221
Rutland, Earl of (under Elizabeth I), 385
Rye, 311
St Albans, Battle of (1455), 19
St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572), 357
Saint-Quentin, 298
Salazar, Francisco de, 168, 169
Salisbury, Margaret Pole, Countess of, 182, 189, 219–20, 272
sanctuary, 11
Scotland: James IV harbours Warbeck and supports his invasion, 97–8; marriage of James IV to Margaret Tudor, 109–10; James IV invades England, 133, 135; Flodden, 135–7; treaty with England, 138; Margaret struggles with Albany for regency, 138–9, 148–52; Angus seizes power, 177; Henry VIII invades, 227–8; James V’s early death, 227–8; proposed marriage between Edward VI and Mary, Queen of Scots, 229–30; rebellion against Mary of Guise and ensuing Protestant reformation, 311–12; early reign of Mary, Queen of Scots, 321; Darnley marriage and its breakdown, 338–41; Mary deposed, 341; Lennox becomes regent after Moray’s death, 346–7; Morton becomes regent after him, 350
Scott, Sir Walter, 19
Scrope, Lady, 394
Seymour, Edward (under Edward VI) see Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of
Seymour, Edward (under Elizabeth I) see Hertford, Edward Seymour, Earl of
Seymour, Jane: appearance, background and character, 196, 216; Henry VIII falls in love with, 196–7, 200; marriage to Henry VIII, 209; kindness to Mary I, 210; pregnancy, 215; death, 216–17; in Holbein fresco, 218; images incorporated on Henry’s tomb, 242
Seymour, Lady Jane (niece of the above), 321, 325–6
Seymour, Thomas, 228, 240, 246–8, 289
Seymour, Lord Thomas (great-nephew of the above), 331
Shakespeare, William: on Clarence, 42; on dangers of licence, 398; Henry V, 134; Henry VIII, 402–3; Richard II, 1, 384–5; Richard III, 44, 71; on Wolsey, 176
Shelton, Lady, 189
Shelton, Mary, 193–4, 235
Shrewsbury, 66–7
Shrewsbury, Earl of, 163
Shrewsbury, George Talbot, 6th Earl of, 349, 364, 371–2
Silva, Don Diego Guzman de, 335, 336, 337–8, 339, 360
Simnel, Lambert, 87–90, 91
Sixtus V, Pope, 368, 374
Skip, John, 199
Smeaton, Mark, 201, 202–3, 204, 206
societal order, 399–400, 423
soldiers: English, 68–9; Landsknecht, 89
Solway Moss, Battle of (1542), 227
Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of, Lord Protector: joins Henry VIII’s Privy Council, 196; aids Henry’s courtship of Jane Seymour, 200; Henry names as executor of will, 235–6; becomes Lord Protector, 238–9, 239–40; becomes Duke of Somerset, 240; and religion, 243, 249; and Edward VI’s formal entry into London, 243; treatment of Edward’s sisters, 245; coup against, 250; end, 254–5, 289
Somerset, William Seymour, Duke of (K Grey’s grandson), 386–7, 388–90, 414
Somerset, John Beaufort, Duke of, 15
Southampton, Earl of, 385
Spain: Arthur marries Katherine of Aragon, 99, 101, 102, 103, 105–9, 125–6, 174; Philip II marries Mary I, 290–1; he provokes her to war with France, 298; considers substituting Lady Katherine Grey for Elizabeth I, 308, 309–10; Margaret Douglas appeals to, 315; Armada, 368, 374–8; infanta put forward as Elizabeth’s heir, 384, 391; Essex keen to pursue war with, 384; supports Arbella Stuart as Elizabeth’s heir, 393
Spinola, Baptista, 269–70
Spurs, Battle of the (1513), 134
Stafford, Sir Henry, 21, 26, 37, 38, 39
Stanley, Thomas, Lord: marriage to Margaret Beaufort, 40, 41; on chances of Edward IV pardoning Henry VII, 43; acknowledges Edward V as king, 43; temporarily arrested by Richard III, 46–7; Richard III courts, 48; Henry VII and Richard III vie for his support, 66, 67; at Bosworth, 69, 70, 71; supports Henry VII in Simnel rebellion, 89
Stanley, Sir William, 66, 67, 72, 73, 86, 96
Starkey, David, 233, 423
Stirling Castle, 137, 150
Stokes, Adrian, 288
Stony Stratford, 44
Stow, John, 244, 354–5, 410
Strange, Lord, 66
Strangways, Thomas, 178
Stuart, Arbella: birth, 351, lives with Bess of Hardwick, 363–4; marriage to William Seymour, 386–7, 388–90; paranoia, 391; foreign support as heir to Elizabeth, 392–3; and tablet picture of Henry VIII, 414
Stuart, Lord Charles: background, 316; brought to court to be watched over, 325; imprisoned at Sheen, 326; returns to court, 332; reunited with mother after Darnley’s death, 340; marries Elizabeth Cavendish, 348–50; named as heir to James VI, 351; death, 351; tomb, 352
Stuart of Traquair, Lady Jane, 167
Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of: background, 142; at Margaret Tudor’s wedding, 109–10; at Mary Tudor’s coronation, 143, 144; marriage to Mary Tudor, 141–2, 145–8; at tournament for Margaret’s visit, 154; daughter born, 154; at Henry VIII’s marriage trial, 175; attitude to Anne Boleyn, 171; she accuses him of sleeping with his daughters, 181; and Anne Boleyn’s fall, 204–5; death, 231
Suffolk, Edmund de la Pole, Duke of, 104, 116, 117, 134
Suffolk, Harry Grey, Duke of see Dorset, Harry Grey, Marquess of
Suffolk, John de la Pole, Duke of, 79
Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, 235, 237
Surrey, Thomas Howard, Earl of see Norfolk, Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of
sweating sickness, 76
Swynford, Katherine, 16
Tadcaster, 27
Tailboys, Gilbert, 155
Talbot, Mary, 163, 164
Tallis, Thomas, 356
Tantallon Castle, 151
Teerlinc, Levina, 331
Tewkesbury, Battle of (1471), 38
Tewkesbury Abbey, 215
Thérouanne, siege of (1513), 134, 156
Thirlwall, Sir Percival, 71
Thomas of Woodstock, 21
Thornbury, 156
Tilbury, 375–7
Tilney, Katherine, 225
Torrigiano, Pietro, 128
Tournai, siege of (1513), 137
tournaments, 144
Towton, Battle of (1461), 26–7, 72
Trent, Council of, 232, 292
Troyes, Treaty of (1420), 18
Tudor, Catherine, 13
Tudor, David Owen, 389
Tudor, Edmund, 9, 13–17, 19–20, 115, 126, 212
Tudor, Jasper: birth, 9; education, 13; at court, 13–14, 126; made Earl of Richmond, 14; helps Margaret Beaufort after husband’s death, 20–1; at Wakefield, 24–5; goes on run, 26, 27; estates seized, 28; raids in Wales, 35; escorts Henry VII to London, 35; absence from Barnet, 37; flees to Brittany, 38–9, 50; escapes to France from Brittany, 61; dragon badge, 64; and Bosworth, 67; at Henry VII’s coronation, 79; marriage to Katherine Woodville, 79; as Henry VII’s councillor, 86; and Simnel rebellion, 90; death, 103; Masses for, 212
Tudor, Owen (husband of Catherine de Valois), 1–2, 8–13, 24–6, 63, 115, 409
Tudor, Owen (son of the above), 13
Tudors: origins of name, 8; sense of dynasty, 4
‘The Twelve Triumphs of Henry VII’, 100
Tyrone, Hugh O’Neill, Earl of, 384, 392
Tyrrell, Sir James, 122
Underhill, Edward, 275, 284
Vannes, 60
Venice, 390–1
Vergil, Polydore: on Buckingham, 52; on Elizabeth Woodville receiving news of sons’ death, 56; on Elizabeth Woodville’s retirement, 87; on Henry VII’s decline into avarice, 117; on Henry VIII, 125; on Margaret, Duchess of Burgundy, 94–5; on Owen Tudor, 9; on princes in the Tower, 122; on Stanley’s death, 96; on Warbeck, 92; on Warwick’s death, 102
Vortigan, King, 64
Wakefield, Battle of (1460), 24
Wales: English attitude to Welsh, 10; support for Henry VII,
64, 65
Walsingham, 218–19
Warbeck, Perkin, 92–103, 122
Wars of the Roses (1455–85): popular attitude to, 3; origins of name, 19; beginnings, 19; erupts again in 1460, 23; Edward IV wins throne, 24–7; Henry VI imprisoned in Tower, 31; Warwick betrays Edward IV and reinstates Henry VI, 33–5; Edward IV recaptures throne and kills Henry VI, 36–8; Richard III seizes throne, 46–9; Buckingham’s failed plot, 52–3, 57–8; Henry VII’s invasion and Bosworth, 63–73
Warwick, Edward Plantagenet, Earl of, 47–8, 76, 77, 81, 87–90, 101–2
Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of (‘the Kingmaker’), 26, 33–5, 37–8
weapons, 68, 135, 136
Welles, John, 53
Welles, Lord, 26, 27
Welles, Richard, 85
Weobley Castle, 34
Westminster Abbey: Lady Chapel, 4, 7, 115–16, 120, 217, 303, 352–3, 407–8; Owen Tudor claims sanctuary, 11; Elizabeth Woodville in sanctuary, 46; princes in Tower possibly interred there, 122–3; Mary I’s funeral, 303; Henry V’s chantry, 409
Westmoreland, Earl of, 344
Weston, Sir Francis, 194, 204, 206
White, John, Bishop of Winchester, 303
William of Orange, 365
Winchester, 81–2; round table, 179
Winchester Cathedral, 291
Windsor: St George’s Chapel, 87, 217–18, 241–2
Woking, 36, 76
Wolsey, Thomas: provides supplies for Henry VIII’s French campaign, 134; Katherine of Aragon writes to, 137; arranges treaty with Louis XII, 139; tells Henry about Mary’s and Suffolk’s wedding, 146; godfather to Margaret Douglas, 154; London home and growing wealth, 155; surveillance on Buckingham, 156, 157; negotiates French marriage for Mary I, 161; Northumberland serves in household, 163; helps Henry seek annulment, 166, 169, 170–3; end of career and death, 175–6; fate of tomb commissioned for himself, 242
women: contemporary attitude to female virtue, 9–10; ‘femme sole’ status, 84; later depictions of Tudor women, 424; relative freedom enjoyed in England, 106; and royal succession, 165, 267, 302, 306
Woodstock Palace, 290
Woodville, Anthony see Rivers, Anthony Woodville, Lord
Woodville, Sir Edward, 50
Woodville, Elizabeth: marriage to Edward IV, 31–2, 34, 164; family’s ambition, 32; Buckingham’s attitude to, 45; in sanctuary at Westminster Abbey, 46; hands over Richard of York to Richard III, 47; marriage declared bigamous, 47; Margaret Beaufort negotiates marriage between Henry VII and Elizabeth of York with her, 53–4, 56; knowledge of sons’ death, 54, 55–6; arranges pardon for Thomas Grey, 62; retirement and death, 86, 87–8, 93–4
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