______. “Revolutionary Women.” Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 6.2 (1987): 189-223.
Felker, Christopher. “‘The Tongues of the Learned Are Insufficient’: Phillis Wheatley, Publishing Objectives, and Personal Liberty.” Texts and Textuality: Textual Instability, Theory, and Interpretation. Ed. and introd. Philip Cohen. New York: Garland, 1997. 81-119.
Flanzbaum, Hilene. “Unprecedented Liberties: Re-Reading Phillis Wheatley.” MELUS: The Journal of the Society for the Study of Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States 18.3 (1993): 71-81.
Foster, Frances Smith. Written by Herself: Literary Production by African-American Women, 1746-1892. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
Garnet, Henry Highland. “Address to the Slaves.” The Black Abolitionist Papers. Ed. C. Peter Ripley. Vol. 3. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. 403-12.
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. Figures in Black: Words, Signs, and the “Racial” Self. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
______. “From Wheatley to Douglass: The Politics of Displacement.” Frederick Douglass: New Literary and Historical Essays. Ed. Eric J. Sundquist. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 47-65.
______. “Phillis Wheatley and the Nature of the Negro.” Robinson, Critical Essays 215-33.
______. “Phillis Wheatley on Trial.” The New Yorker 20 January 2003: 82-88.
______. The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of African-American Literary Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Gayle, Addison, Jr. Black Expression: Essays by and about Black Americans in the Creative Arts. New York: Weybright and Talley, 1969.
______. The Way of the New World: The Black Novel in America. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press, 1975.
Gordon-Reed, Annette. “Engaging Jefferson: Blacks and the Founding Father.” William and Mary Quarterly 3rd ser. LVII.1 (January 2000): 171-82.
______. Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings: An American Controversy. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1997.
Graham, Shirley. The Story of Phillis Wheatley. New York: J. Messner, 1949.
Greenberg, Kenneth S., ed. and introd. The Confessions of Nat Turner and Related Documents. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press, 1996.
Grimsted, David. “Anglo-American Racism and Phillis Wheatley’s ‘Sable Veil,’ ‘Length’ned Chain,’ and ‘Knitted Heart.’” Women in the Age of the American Revolution. Eds. Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1989. 338-44.
Hamilton, William. “An Oration Delivered in the African Zion Church, on the Fourth of July, 1827, in Commemoration of the Abolition of Domestic Slavery in This State” (New York: Gray and Bunce, 1827). Porter 96-104.
Harris, Sharon M. “Early Women’s Texts.” Teaching the Literatures of Early America. Ed. Carla Mulford. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1999. 48-62.
______. “Whose Past Is It? Women Writers in Early America.” Early American Literature 30.2 (1995): 175-81.
Hayden, Lucy K. “Classical Tidings from the Afric Muse: Phillis Wheatley’s Use of Greek and Roman Mythology.” CLA Journal 35.4 (1992): 432-47.
Heartman, Charles F. Phillis Wheatley: A Critical Attempt and a Bibliography of Her Writings. New York: Printed for the author, 1915.
Herron, Carolivia. “Early African American Poetry.” The Columbia History of American Poetry . Eds. Jay Parini and Brett C. Miller. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993. 16-32.
______. “Milton and Afro-American Literature.” Re-Membering Milton: Essays on the Texts and Traditions. Eds. Mary Nyquist and Margaret W. Ferguson. New York: Methuen, 1987. 278-300.
Hinks, Peter P., ed. and introd. David Walker’s Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000.
______. To Awaken My Afflicted Brethren: David Walker and the Problem of Antebellum Slave Resistance. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997.
Holloway, Karla F. C. “The Body Politic.” Subjects and Citizens: Nation, Race, and Gender from Oroonoko to Anita Hill. Eds. Michael Moon and Cathy N. Davidson. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995. 481-95.
Holly, Joseph C. “American Slavery—Its Effects upon the Rights and Interests of the North.” The Black Abolitionist Papers. Vol. 4. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. 18-26.
Huggins, Nathan. Harlem Renaissance. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Hume, David. “Of National Characters.” The Philosophical Works of David Hume. Vol. 111. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1854. 217-36.
Isani, Mukhtar Ali. “The British Reception of Wheatley’s Poems on Various Subjects.” Journal of Negro History 66 (Summer 1981): 144-49.
______. “Early Versions of Some Works of Phillis Wheatley.” Early American Literature 14 (1979): 149-55.
______. “‘An Elegy on Leaving—’: A New Poem by Phillis Wheatley.” American Literature 58.4 (December 1986): 609-13.
______. “The First Proposed Edition of Poems on Various Subjects and the Phillis Wheatley Canon.” American Literature 49 (1977): 97-103.
______. “‘Gambia on My Soul’: Africa and the African in the Writings of Phillis Wheatley.” MELUS: The Journal of the Society for the Study of Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States 6 (1979): 64-72.
______. “The Methodist Connection: New Variants on Some Phillis Wheatley Poems.” Early American Literature 22.1 (Spring 1987): 108-13.
______. “‘On the Death of General Wooster’: An Unpublished Poem by Phillis Wheatley.” Modern Philology 77 (1980): 306-9.
______. “Phillis Wheatley and the Elegiac Mode.” Robinson, Critical Essays 208-14.
______. “Phillis Wheatley in London: An Unpublished Letter to David Wooster.” American Literature 51 (1979): 255-60.
Jackson, Sarah Dunlap. “Letters of Phillis Wheatley and Susanna Wheatley.” Journal of Negro History 58 (April 1972): 212.
Jamison, Angelene. “Analysis of Selected Poetry of Phillis Wheatley.” Journal of Negro Education 43.3 (1974): 408-16.
Jefferson, Thomas. Notes on the State of Virginia. Ed. and introd. Frank Shuffleton. New York: Penguin Books, 1999.
______. “Thoughts on English Prosody.” The Writings of Thomas Jefferson. Vol. XVIII. Eds. Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh. Washington, D.C.: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association of the United States, 1907. 414-51.
Jennings, Regina. “African Sun Imagery in the Poetry of Phillis Wheatley.” Pennsylvania English 22.1-2 (Fall-Spring 2000): 68-76.
Johnson, Barbara E. “Euphemism, Understatement, and the Passive Voice: A Genealogy of Afro-American Poetry.” Reading Black, Reading Feminist: A Critical Anthology. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Meridian, 1990. 204-11.
Johnson, James Weldon, ed. The Book of American Negro Poetry. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1931.
Jones, LeRoi. “The Myth of a ‘Negro Literature.’” Gayle, Black Expression 190-91.
Jordan, June. “The Difficult Miracle of Black Poetry in America; Or, Something Like a Sonnet for Phillis Wheatley.” Massachusetts Review 27.2 (Summer 1986): 252-62.
Jordan, Winthrop. White Over Black: American Racial Attitudes to the Negro, 1550-1812. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967.
Kallen, Horace M. “The Arts and Thomas Jefferson.” Ethics LIII (July 1943): 269-83.
Kant, Immanuel. Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime. Trans. T. Goldthwait. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.
Kaplan, Lawrence S. Jefferson and France: An Essay on Politics and Political Ideas. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1967.
Kaplan, Sidney. “Phillis Wheatley.” The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution, 1770-1800. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society, 1973. 150-70.
Kendrick, Robert. “Other Questions: Phillis Wheatley and the Ethics of Interpretation.” Cultural Critique 38 (1998): 39-64.
______. �
��Re-Membering America: Phillis Wheatley’s Intertextual Epic.” African American Review 30.1 (1996): 71-88.
______. “Snatching a Laurel, Wearing a Mask: Phillis Wheatley’s Literary Nationalism and the Problem of Style.” Style 27.2 (1993): 222-51.
Kimball, Fiske. “Jefferson and the Arts.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 87 (July 1943): 223-34.
Klinkowitz, Jerome. “Early Writers: Jupiter Hammon, Phillis Wheatley, and Benjamin Banneker.” Black American Writers: Bibliographical Essays. Eds. M. Thomas Inge, Maurice Duke, Jackson R. Bryer. 2 vols. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1978. 1-20.
Kuncio, Robert C. “Some Unpublished Poems of Phillis Wheatley.” New England Quarterly 43 (June 1970): 287-97.
Lapsansky, Philip. “‘Deism’: An Unpublished Poem by Phillis Wheatley.” New England Quarterly 50 (1977): 517-20.
Lee, A. Robert. “Selves Subscribed: Early Afro-America and the Signifying of Phillis Wheatley, Jupiter Hammon, Olaudah Equiano and David Walker.” Making America/Making American Literature. Eds. A. Robert Lee and W. M. Verhoeven. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996. 275-95.
Levernier, James A. “Phillis Wheatley (ca. 1753-1784).” Legacy 13.1 (1996): 64-75.
______. “Phillis Wheatley and the New England Clergy.” Early American Literature 26.1 (1991): 21-38.
______. “Style as Protest in the Poetry of Phillis Wheatley.” Style 27.2 (Summer 1993): 172-93.
______. “Wheatley’s ‘On Being Brought from Africa to America.’” Explicator 40.1 (1981): 25-26.
Literature Criticism from 1400 to 1800: Critical Discussion of Fifteenth-, Sixteenth-, Seventeenth-, and Eighteenth-Century Novelists, Poets, Play-wrights, Philosophers, and Other Creative Writers . 75 vols. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1984.
Loggins, Vernon. The Negro Author: His Development in America. New York: Columbia University Press, 1931.
Long, Edward. The History of Jamaica, or, General Survey of the Antient and Modern State of the Island: With Reflections on Its Situation Settlements, Inhabitants, Climate, Products, Commerce, Laws, and Government. London: T. Lowndes, 1774.
McKay, Michele, and William J. Scheick. “The Other Song in Phillis Wheatley’s ‘On Imagination. ’” Studies in the Literary Imagination 27.1 (1994): 71-84.
Martin, Waldo. The Mind of Frederick Douglass. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
Mason, Julian. “‘Ocean’: A New Poem by Phillis Wheatley.” Early American Literature 34 (1999): 78-83.
Matson, R. Lynn. “Phillis Wheatley—Soul Sister?” Phylon: The Atlanta University Review of Race and Culture 33.3 (Fall 1972): 222-30.
Mphalele, Ezekiel. “From the Black American World: IV: Images of Africa in Afro-American Literature.” Okike, an African Journal of New Writing 100 (1976): 98-99.
“The Nat Turner Insurrection.” The Anglo-African Magazine 1.12 (1859): 225-38.
Newman, Richard, Patrick Rael, and Philip Lapsansky, eds. Pamphlets of Protest: An Anthology of Early African American Protest Literature, 1790-1860. New York: Routledge, 2001.
Nott, Walt. “From ‘Uncultivated Barbarian’ to ‘Poetical Genius’: The Public Presence of Phillis Wheatley.” MELUS: The Journal of the Society for the Study of Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States 18 (1993): 21-32.
Odell, Margaretta Matilda. Memoir and Poems of Phillis Wheatley. Boston: Geo. W. Light, 1834.
Ogude, S. E. “Slavery and the African Imagination: A Critical Perspective.” World Literature Today: A Literary Quarterly of the University of Oklahoma 55.1 (1981): 21-25.
O’Neale, Sondra. “A Slave’s Subtle War: Phillis Wheatley’s Use of Biblical Myth and Symbol.” Early American Literature 21.2 (1986): 144-65.
______. “Phillis Wheatley.” Dictionary of Literary Biography. Ed. Emory Elliott. Vol. 31. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1984. 360-67.
Oxley, Thomas. “Survey of Negro Literature.” Messenger: World’s Greatest Negro Monthly 60 (February 1927): 37-39.
Parks, Carole A. “Phillis Wheatley Comes Home.” Black World 23.4 (1974): 92-97.
Peterson, Merrill D., ed. The Portable Thomas Jefferson . New York: Viking, 1975.
Porter, Dorothy Burnett, ed. Early Negro Writing, 1760-1837. Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1997.
Prince, Dorothy Mains. “Phillis Wheatley: The Duplicity of Freedom.” Maryland Humanities 78 (Summer 2001): 21-24.
Purvis, Robert. “The National Anti-Slavery Standard , Nov, 3, 1860.” Sterling 265-66.
Quarles, Benjamin. “Antebellum Free Blacks and the ‘Spirit of ’76.’” Journal of Negro History 61.3 (1976): 229-42.
______. Black Mosaic: Essays in Afro-American History and Historiography. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988.
______. “A Phillis Wheatley Letter.” Journal of Negro History 34 (October 1949): 462-66.
Randall, Dudley. “Black Poetry.” Gayle, Black Expression 109—114.
Redding, J. Saunders. “The Forerunners.” Gayle, Black Expression: 63-65.
Reising, Russell. Loose Ends: Closure and Crisis in the American Social Text. Durham: Duke University Press, 1996.
Richards, Phillip M. “Phillis Wheatley, Americanization, the Sublime, and the Romance of America.” Style 27.2 (Summer 1993): 194-221.
______. “Phillis Wheatley and Literary Americanization.” American Quarterly 44.2 (1992): 163-91.
Richardson, William D. “Thomas Jefferson and Race: The Declaration of Independence and Notes on the State of Virginia.” Polity XVI.3 (Spring 1984): 442-67.
Richmond, Merle A. Bid the Vassal Soar: Interpretive Essays on the Life and Poetry of Phillis Wheatley (ca. 1753-1784) and George Moses Horton (ca. 1799-1883). Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1974.
Rigsby, Gregory. “Form and Content in Phillis Wheatley’s Elegies.” CLA Journal 19 (December 1975): 248-57.
______. “Phillis Wheatley’s Craft as Reflected in Her Revised Elegies.” Journal of Negro Education 47 (Fall 1978): 402-13.
Robinson, William H., ed. Critical Essays on Phillis Wheatley. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1982.
______. Phillis Wheatley: A Bio-Bibliography. Boston: G. K. Hall, 1981.
______. Phillis Wheatley in the Black American Beginnings . Detroit: Broadside Press, 1975.
______. “Phillis Wheatley in London.” CLA Journal 21 (December 1977): 187-201.
Rogal, Samuel J. “Phillis Wheatley’s Methodist Connection.” Black American Literature Forum 21.1-2 (1987): 85-95.
Scheick, William J. “Phillis Wheatley and Oliver Goldsmith: A Fugitive Satire.” Early American Literature 19.1 (1984): 82-84.
______. “Phillis Wheatley’s Appropriation of Isaiah.” Early American Literature 27.2 (1992): 135-40.
______. “Subjection and Prophecy in Phillis Wheatley’s Verse Paraphrases of Scripture.” College Literature 22 (1995): 122-31.
Scruggs, Charles. “Phillis Wheatley and the Poetical Legacy of Eighteenth Century England.” Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 10 (1981): 279-95.
Shields, David S. Civil Tongues and Polite Letters in British America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
Shields, John C. “Phillis Wheatley and Mather Byles: A Study in Literary Relationship.” CLA Journal 23 (June 1980): 391-98.
______. “Phillis Wheatley and the Sublime.” Robinson, Critical Essays 189-205.
______. “Phillis Wheatley’s Subversion of Classical Stylistics.” Style 27.2 (1993): 252-70.
______. “Phillis Wheatley’s Use of Classicism.” American Literature 52 (March 1980): 97-111.
Shuffleton, Frank. “On Her Own Footing: Phillis Wheatley in Freedom.” Carretta and Gould 175-89.
______. “Phillis Wheatley, the Aesthetic, and the Form of Life.” Studies in Eighteenth-Century Culture 26. Eds. Syndy M. Conger and Julie C. Hayes. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
Silverman, Kenneth. A Cultural History of the American Revolution: Painting, Music, Literature, and Theatre in the Colonies and the United States f
rom the Treaty of Paris to the Inauguration of George Washington, 1763- 1789. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.
______. “Four New Letters by Phillis Wheatley.” Early American Literature 8 (Winter 1974): 257-71.
Silvers, Anita. “Pure Historicism and the Heritage of Hero(in)es: Who Grows in Phillis Wheatley’s Garden?” Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 51.3 (1993): 475-82.
Sistrunk, Albertha. “The Influence of Alexander Pope on the Writing Style of Phillis Wheatley.” Robinson, Critical Essays 175-88.
______. “Phillis Wheatley: An Eighteenth-Century Black American Poet Revisited.” CLA Journal 23 (June 1980): 391-8.
Smith, Cynthia J. “‘To Maecenas’: Phillis Wheatley’s Invocation of an Idealized Reader.” Black American Literature Forum 23.3 (Fall 1989): 579-91.
Smith, Eleanor. “Phillis Wheatley: A Black Perspective.” Journal of Negro Education 43.3 (1974): 401-7.
Smith, James McCune. “On the Fourteenth Query of Thomas Jefferson’s Notes on Virginia.” The Anglo-African Magazine 1.8 (August 1859): 225-38.
______. “Heads of the Colored People.” Frederick Douglass’ Paper. 25 March 1852: 1.
Stauffer, John. The Black Hearts of Men: Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002.
Steele, Thomas J., S.J. “The Figure of Columbia: Phillis Wheatley Plus George Washington.” New England Quarterly 54.2 (June 1981): 264-66.
Sterling, Dorothy, ed. Speak Out in Thunder Tones: Letters and Other Writings by Black Northerners, 1787-1865. New York: Da Capo Press, 1998.
Sterling, Eleonore Orland. “Thomas Jefferson and the Negro.” The Crisis 59 (January 1952): 19-22.
Thatcher, B. B. Memoir of Phillis Wheatley, A Native African and a Slave. Boston: G. W. Light/New York: Moore and Payne, 1834.
Thurman, Wallace. “Negro Poets and Their Poetry.” Gayle, Black Expression: 70-73.
Walker, Alice. “In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens: Honoring the Creativity of the Black Woman.” Jackson State Review 6.1 (1974): 44-53.
Walker, Margaret, ed. Special Issue: The Phillis Wheatley Poetry Festival, November 4-7, 1974. Jackson State Review 6.1 (1974): 1-107.
Warren, Kenneth W. “Phillis Wheatley’s Vision.” The New Yorker 17-24 February 2003: 18.
The Trials of Phillis Wheatley Page 6
