by Will Durant
53. T.T., 275.
54. Werke (Erlangen), XXXII, 217-33, in Janssen, III, 211-12.
55. Werke (Erlangen), XXVIII, 144, in Maritain, 15.
56. Letter of Aug. 26, 1529, to Jos. Metsch, in Smith, Luther, 218.
57. In Froude, Erasmus, 389.
58. T.T., 61.
59. Putnam, Books, II, 244.
60. Werke, XXXI-i, 208 f.
61. Werke (Erlangen), XVI, in Allen, Political Thought, 27.
62. Bax, Peasants’ War, 352.
63. Smith, Luther, xiv.
64. Id., Reformation, 645.
65. Janssen, IV, 140-1.
66. Murray, Erasmus and Luther, 366.
67. Janssen, XIV, 503.
68. Janssen, V, 290.
69. Luther, Commentary on Psalm LXXXII.
70. Janssen, V, 491, 502, 505.
71. Janssen, VI, 46-63, 181, 190, 208-14, 348-9; Lecky, Rationalism, II, 15.
72. Janssen, IV, 232 f.
73. Lea, Studies in Church History, 492.
74. T.T., 389.
75. Smith, Reformation, 104; Panofsky, Dürer, I, 233; Cath. En., IX, 447c.
76. Janssen, III, 198.
77. Ibid., 342.
78. Robertson, J. M., Freethought, I, 455.
79. Erasmus, letter to Pirkheimer, Feb. 21, 1529.
80. Janssen, III, 361.
81. Strauss, Hutten, 290.
82. Smith, Erasmus, 233.
83. In Michelet, III, 170.
84. Smith, Erasmus, 334.
85. Letter of March 5, 1518.
86. Letter of October 17, 1518.
87. In Froude, Erasmus, 139.
88. Smith, Erasmus, 219.
89. Ibid., 221.
90. Ibid., 22; Froude, Erasmus, 233-4.
91. In Murray, Erasmus, 76.
92. Froude, 270-2.
93. Smith, Erasmus, 241.
94. Ibid., 255.
95. Erasmus, Epistles, I, ep. lxxxv.
96. Ibid., ep. ccclxvi.
97. Froude, 308.
98. Letter of Feb., 1523, in Froude, 310.
99. Acton, 105; Lecky, Rationalism, I, 140.
100. Ibid.
101. Bainton, Here I Stand, 254-5.
102. Froude, 340, 381.
103. In Allen, Political Thought, 80.
104. Froude, 403.
105. Ibid., 352.
106. In Froude, 400.
107. Erasmus, Hyperaspistes.
108. In Froude, 352.
109. Walpole, H., Letters, III, 184.
110. Beard, Luther, 93.
111. Acton, 89.
CHAPTER XX
1. Janssen, IV, 62.
2. Cf. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 159.
3. Janssen, VI, 534.
4. Janssen, V, 277.
5. Lea, Clerical Celibacy, 530.
6. Janssen, VII, 247.
7. Id., IV, 47.
8. Id., IX, 130.
9. Id., XIII, 24.
10. Froude, Erasmus, 387.
11. Vambéry, 283.
12. Janssen, IV, 119.
13. Ibid., 109-11.
14. En. Brit., XI, 288.
15. Janssen, V, 271; Ranke, 614.
16. Cath. En., XI, 453.
17. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 219.
18. Janssen, V, 423.
19. Luther, Works, V, 128; Pastor, XI, 69, 81-7.
20. Janssen, V, 495 f; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 233.
21. Pastor, XI, 362-3.
22. Ibid., 375-98.
23. Ledderhose, 177-82.
24. Ibid., 188.
25. Cath. En., IX, 452d.
26. In Bainton, Here I Stand, 346.
27. Pastor, XI, 67.
28. Smith, Luther, 309.
29. Werke (Walch), XX, 223, in Cath. En., IX, 45 6d.
30. Luther, Works, V, 163.
31. In Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism, 101; Bainton, Here I Stand, 238.
32. Werke, XIX, 626, in Allen, Political Thought, 22.
33. Bax, Peasants’ War, 351.
34. Werke, XV, 276, in Bax, 352.
35. Smith, Luther, 374.
36. Letter of Sept. 3, 1531.
37. Smith, 196.
38. In Bebel, Woman under Socialism, 68.
39. Janssen, VI, 81-6.
40. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 241.
41. Ledderhose, 170.
42. Janssen, VI, 122.
43. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 241.
44. In Smith, Luther, 399 f.; Pastor, XI, 215 f.
45. Werke, XXV, 124-55, in Janssen, VI, 271-2, and Pastor, XII, 216 f.
46. Weber, Hermann, On Means for the Prolongation of Life, 48.
47. Smith, Luther, 405.
48. Ibid., 409.
49. James, Wm., Varieties of Religious Belief, 137.
50. Ibid.
51. T.T., 633.
52. Ibid., 15.
53. 19.
54. 235.
55. In Robertson, Charles V, II, 158n.
56. Smith, Luther, 419.
57. Armstrong, Charles V, 1,138.
58. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 276.
59. Ibid., 278.
60. Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 387, 548; Janssen, XIV, 149.
61. Id., VII, 139.
62. Id., IV, 362-3; Schapiro, 78; Allen, Political Thought, 33.
63. In La Tour, IV, 161.
64. In Janssen, VII, 139.
CHAPTER XXI
1. Cath. En., III, 196.
2. Beza in Schaff, Swiss Ref., 302.
3. La Tour, IV, 11.
4. Calvin, Institutes, Preface, 20-2, 39-40.
5. Institutes, I, viii, 1.
6. Ibid., II, 19.
7. Ephesians, i, 3-7.
8. Institutes, III, xxi-xxii.
9. Romans, ix, 15.
10. Institutes, II, xxi, 7.
11. Consensus Genevensis in Schaff, Swiss Ref., 554.
12. Institutes, III, xxi, 1.
13. Ibid.
14. III, xxiii, 7.
15. IV, i, 10.
16. IV, i, 4.
17. Allen, Political Thought, 61; Hearnshaw, Thinkers of the Renaissance and the Reformation, 211.
18. Institutes, IV, xix, 3.
19. III, xxi, I.
20. Schaff, 558.
21. Institutes, III, ix, 4.
22. Ibid.
23. III, ix, 6.
24. For: La Tour, IV, 32, and Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 358; against: Cath. En., III, 196a.
25. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 360.
26. Robinson, Readings, 299.
27. Schaff, 361.
28. Ibid., 414.
29. 412.
30. 426.
31. 437.
32. Robinson, Readings, 300.
33. La Tour, IV, 178.
34. Villari, Savonarola, 491.
35. Schaff, 492.
36. Beard, The Reformation, 250.
37. Ibid., Schaff, 491.
38. Ibid., 492.
39. O’Brien, Economic Effects, 101.
40. As by Weber, Max, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, passim; Barnes, Economic Hy of the Western World, 201-2; and O’Brien, 129.
41. Institutes, III, vii, 5.
42. Cf. O’Brien, 100.
43. Ibid., 20.
44. Tawney, 119.
45. Barnes, Economic History, 201.
46. Schaff, 644.
47. Beard, The Reformation, 252: Muir, John Knox, 108.
48. Smith, Reformation, 174.
49. Schaff, 519.
50. Ibid., 839.
51. La Tour, IV, 206.
52. Schaff, 739.
53. La Tour, IV, 200; Schaff, 594.
54. Schaff, 618.
55. Ibid., 502.
56. Robertson, J. M., Freethought, I, 443-4.
57. Servetus, De Trinitatis erroribus, i, 94b, in Bainton, Hunted Heretic, 48.
58. Servetus, ibid., i, 34; Newman, L. I., Jewish Influence on Christian Reform Movements, 584.
59. Bainton, Hunted Her
etic, 144.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid., 147.
62. Schaff, 733.
63. Bury, J. B., History of Freedom of Thought, 64.
64. Schaff, 770.
65. Ibid., 764, 773; Bainton, 191.
66. Bainton, 188.
67. Schaff, 777.
68. Ibid., 778.
69. Bainton, 185.
70. Ibid., 209-11; Schaff, 710, 781-4.
71. Schaff, 784.
72. Walker, John Calvin, 425.
73. Schaff, 707-8.
74. Ibid.
75. 709.
76. In Allen, Political Thought, 87.
77. Castellio in Allen, 90-4; Haydn, Counter-Renaissance, 104.
78. In Allen, 98.
79. Time magazine, Feb. 22, 1954.
80. Schaff, 652n.
CHAPTER XXII
1. In Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1142.
2. Ibid., 1141.
3. 1130.
4. Taylor, R., Leonardo, 444.
5. Sichel, Catherine de’ Medici and the French Reformation, 38.
6. Erasmus, Colloquies, II, 54.
7. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 468.
8. Michelet, III, 175.
9. E.g., Aretino, La cortigiana, in Dialogues, 228.
10. Batiffol, Century of the Renaissance, 44.
11. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1131.
12. Cellini, Autobiography, ii, 10.
13. Guizot, Hy of France, III, 81.
14. Ibid., Michelet, III, 218.
15. Michelet, III, 148.
16. Sichel, Women and Men of the French Renaissance, 87.
17. Ibid.
18. Michelet, III, 135.
19. Sichel, Women, 193.
20. Faguet, Literary History of France, 281.
21. Margaret, Queen of Navarre, Heptameron, xli.
22. In Maulde, 354.
23. Margaret, Heptameron, 36.
24. In Maulde, 53.
25. Ibid., 297.
26. In Sichel, Women, 195.
27. Ibid., 371.
28. 180.
29. Boyd, French Renaissance, 25.
30. Sichel, Catherine de’ Medici and the French Reformation, 138.
31. Sichel, Women, 104.
32. Michelet, III, 136.
33. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 659.
34. Ibid.
35. Lacroix, Prostitution, II, 1247.
36. Margaret, Heptameron, Tale 22.
37. Ibid., xlii.
38. In Guizot, III, 187.
39. Ibid., 196.
40. 197.
41. Roeder, Catherine de’ Medici, 54.
42. La Tour, II, 237 f.
43. Michelet, III, 216.
44. Guizot, III, 216.
45. Schaff, Swiss Reformation, 320.
46. Ibid., 320; La Tour, II, 556-7.
47. Sichel, Women, 18.
48. Guizot, III, 220.
49. La Tour, II, 612.
50. Michelet, III, 319; Guizot, III, 229; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 289.
51. Guizot, III, 15.
52. Ibid., 73.
53. Ibid., 91; Michelet, III, 239.
54. Guizot, III, 95.
55. Ibid., 91.
56. Michelet, III, 244.
57. Robertson, W., Charles V, 538.
58. Guizot, III, 105-6.
59. Ibid., 116.
60. Camb. Mod. Hy, III, 105.
61. Guizot, III, 129; Robertson, Charles V, II, 57-60.
62. Michelet, III, 316; Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 77.
63. Janssen, VI, 358.
64. Michelet, III, 293-4.
65. Hackett, Francis I, 428.
66. Brantôme in Guizot, III, 192.
67. Sichel, Catherine, 51.
68. D’Orliac, The Moon Mistress, 186.
69. Janssen, VI, 359.
70. Michelet, III, 366.
71. Guizot, III, 281.
72. Pastor, XII, 486.
73. Batiffol, 175.
74. Robertson, Charles V, 11, 351.
75. Guizot, III, 261.
CHAPTER XXIII
1. Pollard, Henry VIII, 39.
2. Froude, Erasmus, 142.
3. Chambers, Thomas More, 99.
4. Erasmus, Epistles, I, 457.
5. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 30; Ep. 447 in Froude, Erasmus, 107.
6. Seebohm, Oxford Reformers, 261-6.
7. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 546.
8. Guicciardini, VIII, 126.
9. Pollard, 67.
10. Creighton, Cardinal Wolsey, 48.
11. Gasquet, Henry VIII and the English Monasteries, I, 69.
12. Robinson, J. H., Readings, 303.
13. Burnet, History of the Reformation, 1,6.
14. Chambers, More, 158; Hughes, Reformation, I, 80.
15. Ibid.
16. Creighton, Wolsey, 59.
17. Burnet, I, 15.
18. Lingard, IV, 192.
19. Robinson, Readings, 303.
20. Pollard, 110.
21. Robinson, i.e.
22. Lingard, IV, 193; Chambers, More, 173-4; Hughes, I, 109.
23. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 60; but cf. Hughes, I, 58 f.
24. Hughes, I, 103n.
25. Belloc, How the Reformation Happened, 117.
26. Seebohm, 230-46.
27. Coulton, Panorama, 718.
28. Froude, Henry VIII, II, 114-5.
29. Hughes, I, 49-50.
30. Froude, I, 350.
31. Hughes, I, 50-66.
32. Gasquet, Monasteries, II, 237; Trevelyan, English Social Hy, 73.
33. Ibid.
34. Hughes, I, 57-8.
35. Coulton, Panorama, 554.
36. Hughes, I, 150.
37. Ibid., 127-9.
38. 202.
39. Smith, Luther, 193.
40. Coulton, Life in the Middle Ages, II, 143; Gasquet, Eve, 213.
41. Camb. Mod. Hy, I, 640.
42. Beard, Reformation, 305.
43. Ibid.
44. Hughes, I, 146.
45. Froude, I, 319, 336.
46. Burnet, I, 16.
47. Gasquet, Monasteries, I, 85-8.
48. Froude, I, 81.
49. Burnet, I, 26.
50. Hughes, I, 67-70.
51. Pollard, 174.
52. Burnet, I, 27.
53. Pollard, 76, 176.
54. Froude, I, 74n.
55. Pollard, 183.
56. Ibid., 135.
57. Froude, Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, 47.
58. Pastor, X, 241.
59. Froude, Divorce, 47.
60. Camb. Mod. Hy, II, 431.
61. Pastor, X, 244.
62. Pollard, 207.
63. Ibid., 208.
64. Pastor, X, 257-8; Hughes, I, 175-9; Acton, 139.
65. Hughes, I, 176.
66. Pastor, X, 267,
67. Pollard, 225.
68. Burnet, I, 55.
69. Froude, Reign of Elizabeth, III, 259.
70. Froude, Divorce, 190.
71. Hughes, I, 181.
72. Cavendish, Life of Wolsey, in Froude, Henry VIII, III, 115.
73. Creighton, Wolsey, 186.
74. Pollard, 223-4.
75. Creighton, 185.
76. Burnet, I, 61.
77. Creighton, 194.
78. Froude, Divorce, 138.
79. Creighton, 205.
CHAPTER XXIV
1. Froude, Divorce, 166, 81.
2. Pollard, 250-1.
3. Trevelyan, Social Hy, 102.
4. Pollard, 237.
5. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 128-35.
6. Ibid., 139.
7. 162.
8. Sichel, Women, 176.
9. Lingard, IV, 273.
10. Prescott, H. F., Mary Tudor, 38.
11. Schuster, M. L., Treasury of the World’s Great Letters, 77.
12. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 218.
13. Ibid., 265.
14. Pollard, 187.
15. Ibid., 300.
17. Pollard, 304-5.
18. Chambers, More, 323, 326; Lingard, IV. 19.
19. Froude, Henry VIII, II, 82.
20. Burnet, I, 123-5.
21. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 186.
22. Pollard, 305; Froude, Council of Trent, 116-7.
23. Chambers, More, 334.
24. Prescott, Mary Tudor, 60.
25. Roper, More, 46.
26. Hughes, I, 345.
27. Cf., e.g., Chambers, More, 191, 193,
28. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 427.
29. Jusserand, Wayfaring Life, 354.
30. Froude, Erasmus, 103-7; Chambers, More, 75.
31. Chapiro, 36.
32. Erasmus, Epistles, II, 423.
33. Chambers, More, 125.
34. More, Utopia, 168.
35. Ibid., 213.
36. 247.
37. Ibid.
38. 303.
39. 322-5.
40. 323.
41. 320.
42. 335.
43. 290-1.
44. 215-347, 209.
45. 178-9.
46. 343-4.
47. Froude, Henry VIII, I, 347.
48. Chambers, More, 276.
49. Ibid., 281.
50. Cf. Coulton, Panorama, 709.
51. More, English Works, 586, in Taylor, Thought and Expression, II, 68.
52. Roper, 89.
53. Ibid., 109.
54. Hearnshaw, Thinkers of the Renaissance, 146.
55. Roper, 126.
56. Chambers, More, 349.
57. Froude, Henry VIII, II, 95.
58. Erasmus, Letters of Aug. 24 and 31,1535.
59. Roper, 127.
60. Chambers, 277.
61. Burnet, I, 143.
62. Prescott, Mary Tudor, 50; Pollard, 304.
63. Froude, Henry VIII, II, 142.
64. Burnet, I, 143.
65. Prescott, Mary Tudor, 70.
66. Pollard, 343.
67. Ibid.
68. Froude, Henry VIII, II, 159.
69. Lingard, V, 37.
70. Froude, II, 171.
71. Pollard, 346.
72. Ibid., 305.
73. Froude, Henry VIII, III, 26n.
74. Ibid., II, 204.
CHAPTER XXV
1. C. R. Beazley in Traill, Social England, III, 49.
2. Gasquet, Eve, 397-8.
3. Montesquieu, Spirit of Laws, xii, 10.
4. Froude, Henry VIII, II, 116.
5. Ibid., 240.
6. Pollard, 337; Gasquet, Monasteries, I, 254-336.
7. Pollard, 339.
8. Froude, II, 119-26.
9. Ashley, Economic Hy,., 312.
10. Gasquet, I, 341-3.
11. Ibid., 291-5.
12. Froude, II, 240.
13. Gasquet. II, 82.
14. Ibid., I, 408-9.
15. Froude, II, 56.
16. Gasquet, I, 363; II, 33, 323.
17. Ibid., II, 386-7, 438.
18. Hughes, I, 328.
19. Gasquet, II, 447-8.
20. Traill, III, 129.
