by Will Durant
Lever, Thomas (1521–77), 581, 764
Levi ben Gerson (1288?-?1344). 741, 744
S Battles of the Lord, 745
Levita, Elijah (1468–1549), 724, 741
Lewin of Augsburg, 328
Ley den, Netherlands, 398, 400
town hall, 846
Libellus, De canonicis scripturis (Carlstadt), 352
Libero arbitrio, De (Erasmus), 434
libertine, 469*
Libertins, Genevese, 469, 478, 479, 483
libraries, 157, 189, 695, 785
Liège, 58, 91, 126, 127, 130, 135, 659
Life and Adventures of Lazarillo de Tormes, The (Mendoza), 818
Light of the Lord (Crescas), 746
Ligue du bien public (1464), 91
Lille, France, 59
Limburg, Belgium, 126
Limoges, France, 58, 69, 99
Limousin, France, 68
Limousin, Léonard (1505?-77), 829
Linacre, Thomas (1460?-1524), 123, 124, 125, 524, 873
Lincoln, England, cathedral, 118, 119
Lincolnshire, England, 565
Lindau, Germany, 443
Lindenast, Sebastian (1516), 308
Liniers, Jean de (d. c. 1354), 238
Link, Wenzel, 348, 378
Linnaeus, Carolus (1707–78), 868
Lippi, Filippino (1457?-1504), 188
Lippomano, Lodovico, 630
Lipstein, Germany, 392
Lisbon, Portugal, 195, 196, 632
university, 237
literacy, 123, 136, 157, 235, 320, 366, 602, 603, 714, 789
literary societies, 76, 189, 322
literature: Church function, 18
Germany, 369, 427
Iceland, 146
Islamic, 681–684
Latin tongue, 173, 192
licentious, 760
Norwegian leadership, 146
Persia, 666, Portugal, 195
Russia, 649
Spain, 224–226, 816
Switzerland, 427
vernacular, 92, 99, 160
Lithuania, 161, 173, 647, 653, 725
Little Book of Eternal Wisdom (Suso), 154
liturgy, Catholic, 777–778
livery, 38.
Lives (Plutarch), 791, 792
Livonia, 173, 629, 656
Llorente, Juan Antonio (1756–1823), 215.
Lobeira, Vasco de (1360?-1403), 192
Locarno, Switzerland, 403
Loches, France, royal residence, 97
Lochner, Stephan (d. 1451), 156
Loci communes (Melanchthon), 434
Locke, Mrs. Anne, 609–610
Locke, John (1632–1704), 247, 251, 939
Lodovico II Moro, Regent of Milan (1494–1504), 94, 97, 188
logic, 240, 247
Logic, Divisions of (Ramus), 884
Loire, châteaux, 74, 96, 823
Lollards, 36, 40, 47, 115–111, 236, 532, 595, 607, 727
Lombardy, 149, 507, 512
London, England: aliens, banishment (1381), 45
economy and religion, 475
Inns of Court, 236
Newgate prison, 43
St. Mary of Bethlehem hospital (1247), 245
St. Paul’s Cathedral, Nelson’s shrine, 839
Temple, destruction, 42
Tower, 117
Westminster Abbey, see Westminster Abbey
Westminster Cathedral, 119
workers’ revolt (1381), 69, (1450), 110–111 London and Muscovite Company, 656
Lopes, Fernao (c. 1380–1460), 195, 815
Lords, House of (Upper House), 27, 30, 109, 115
Lorrain, Claude (1600–82), 80
Lorraine, 93, 135, 455, 522
lotteries, 759
Louis I de Nevers, Count of Flanders (1304?–46), 59
Louis II de Male, Count of Flanders (1330–83), 63
Louis IX, King of France (1226–70), 231
Louis X, King of France (1314–16), 61
Louis XI, King of France (1461–83), 81, 89–93, 95, 97, 99, 108, 135, 142, 792
Louis XII, King of France (1498–1515), 94–96, 97, 98, 99, 227, 266, 314, 491, 492, 493, 506, 525, 771, 792
Louis IV, King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor (1314–47), 148–151, 152, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254
Louis I, King of Hungary (1342–82), 172–173, 184
Louis II, King of Hungary (1516–26), 301, 430, 440–441
Louis I, Duke of Anjou (1339–84), 68
Louis, Duke of Orléans (1372–1407), 80, 81, 126
Louise of Savoy (1476–1531), 491, 496, 497, 498, 503, 508, 510, 511, 512, 513
quoted, 502
Louvain, Flanders, 58, 126, 127, 136, 356, 631
Cathedral of St. Pierre (142 c-), 130, 136
Town Hall (1448-), 130
University (1426), 130, 428, 788
Lowlands, see Netherlands
Loyola, Ignatius (1491–1556), 459, 507, 905–911, 912, 913, 915, 925
Lübeck, Germany, 144, 297, 398, 439, 445, 622, 623, 624, 627, 628
Lucan, Marcus Annaeus (39–65), 845
Lucas van Ley den (1494–1533), 309, 318, 831
Lucena, Spain, 203
Lucerne, Switzerland, 146, 410
Lucero (inquisitor), 215
Lucian (2nd Century A.D.), Dialogues, 275
Ludwig, Palatinate Elector (1525), 362, 389
Lugano, Switzerland, 403
Luna, Álvaro de (1388?-1453), 222
Luristan, Persia, 672
Lusiads, The (Camoëns), 814
quoted, 191
Lusitanus, Amatus (1511–68), 743–744
lute, 772
Luther, Hans, 341
Luther, Magdalena, 417
Luther, Margaret, 851
Luther, Martin (1483–1546), 13, 16, 32, 55, 75, 149, 152, 157, 160, 166, 195, 238, 250, 275, 283, 297, 299, 318, 320, 324, 325, 327, 329, 340, 341–319, 380, 382, 401, 412, 413, 415–425, 428, 429, 431, 443, 446, 441–453, 471, 607, 624, 726–727
quoted, 304, 328, 346, 349, 351, 352, 353, 355, 361, 365, 367, 370, 374, 378, 386, 391, 393, 418, 421, 422, 434, 435, 441, 450, 532, 761, 765, 778, 820, 858, 881
Babylonian Captivity of the Church, The, 354, 359, 449
Burgomasters, Epistle to the, 786
Christian Liberty, A Treatise on, 356
Common Chest, Regulation of a, 764
Councils and the Churches, On the, 448
Epitome, 351
“Indulgencies and Grace, A Sermon on,” 345
Indulgencies, Disputation for Clarification of the Power of, 340, 428
Insurrection and Rebellion, Exhortation against, 365
Jews and Their Lies, Concerning the, 727
Katechismus, Kleiner, 447
On Monastic Vows, 364
Open Letter Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate, 352–354
Open Letter to the Christian Nobility, 420
Papacy at Rome Founded by the Devil, Against the, 450
Peace, Admonition to, 386
Peasants, Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of, 389–391
Peasants, Open Letter Concerning the Hard Book Against, 393
“Pope and the Bishops, Against the Falsely Called Spiritual Order of the,” 377
Resolutiones, 346, 350
Secular Authority, 377, 421
Servio arbitrio, De, 375, 434
Theologia Germanica, 345
Trade and Usury, 379
Lutheran churches, 419
Lutheran princes, 520, 521, 624
Lutheran Reformation, 168
Lutheranism, 174, 377, 380, 382, 393, 424, 439, 457, 488, 503, 504, 532, 580, 599, 607, 608, 625, 628, 630, 631, 633, 640, 643, 703, 849, 891, 921
Lutzeburger, Hans (1524), 835
Luxembourg, 126
Lwów, Poland, 172
Lyly, John (1554?-1606), 816
Lyon, Corneille de (c. 1510–74), Maréchal Bonnivet (Toledo, U.S.A.), 830
Lyons,
France, 227, 494, 506, 784
Maastricht, Netherlands, 633
Mabuse, Jan, see Jan Gossaert
Macarius, Russian metropolitan, 660
Macedonia, 179
Machaut, Guillaume de (c. 1300–77), 773–774
Machiavelli, Niccolo (1469–1527), 100, 198, 206, 227, 229, 288, 300, 516, 610, 815
quoted, 16
The Prince (1513), 13, 89, 227, 525, 548
Madeira, 192–193
madness, group, 65
Madrid, Spain, 221, 638
Obispo Chapel, 846;
Treaty (1526), 511, 512, 513, 514
madrigals, 782
Madruzzo, Cardinal (1545), 928
Magdeburg, Germany, 147, 153, 297, 338, 438
Magellan, Ferdinand (c. 1480–1521), 264, 269, 865–866
magicians, 230–234
Magnesia, Asia Minor, 680
Magnificat, (Palestrina), 782
Magnus II, King of Sweden (1319–65), 145
Magnus, Johannes, 624
Magyars, 631
Mahmud, Sultan of Delhi (1395), 673
Mahmud Nishapuri, 701
Mahmud Pasha, 680
Maiano, Giovanni da, 839
Maidstone, England, 42
Maillart, Jean, 68
Maimonides (1135–1204), 744, 745
Maine, France, 92, 492
Maine, U.S., 865
Mainz, Germany, 7, 12, 121, 144, 147, 156, 158, 159, 231, 297, 299, 338, 356, 412, 440, 467
Rhenish Literary Society, 322
Maistre Pierre Pathelin, 100–101
Maitland, William (1528?–73), 609, 618
Major, John (1470–1550), 881
Majorca, 638
Malacca, Malay Peninsula, 195
Malaga, Granada, 201, 202, 203, 218
Malory, Sir Thomas (1470), 121–122
Malouel, Herman (1416), 80
Malouel, Jehannequin (1416), 80
Malouel, Pol (1416), 80
Malta, 704, 718
Mamai, Tatar Khan (1380), 651
Mamluks, 664, 676–678
Man, Thomas (1518), 117
Mander, Karel (1548–1606), 832
Mandeville, Sir John (d. 1372), Travels, 75
manners, III, 198, 202, 304, 629, 660, 712, 776, 770
manorial system, 39
Manresa, Spain, 221
Manriquez, Isabella, 893
Mansion, Colard (1471), 121
Mantegna, Andrea (1431–1506), 195, 313
Mantin, Jakob (1540), 741
Manuel II, Palaeologus, Eastern Roman Emperor (1391–1425), 177, 178, 181
Manuel I, King of Portugal (1495–1521), 194, 196, 219
Manuel, Donna Costanza, 191
Manuel, Don Juan (1282–1349), 224
manumission, 712
Manutius, Aldus (1450–1515), 123, 159, 275
Manz, Felix, 396
maps, 158, 240, 743, 866
Maqrizi, al (1364–1442), 677
Maragha, Persia, 664
Marathon, Greece, 186
Marcel, Étienne (d. 1358), 67, 68
Marcellus II, Pope (1555), 781, 922, 925
Marches, the, Papal State, 8
Marco Polo, The Book of Ser, 259
Margaret, Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden (1363–1412), 145–146, 226
Margaret of Anjou (Queen of England; 1445–82), 107
Margaret of Austria (1480–1530), 96, 142, 513, 632
Margaret of Carinthia (1318–69), 151
Margaret of Flanders (wife of Philip the Bold; 1369–1405), 131
Margaret of Saale, 449
Margaret of Scotland, wife of Louis XI (1425?-1445), 77, 89
Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scotland (1503–41), 605
Marguerite, Queen of Navarre (1492–1549), 291, 460, 478, 491, 493, 495, 491–501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 510
quoted, 509, 511, 517
Heptameron, 499, 501–502
Miroir de l’âme pécheresse, Le, 500
Marguerite of Berry, 522
Marguerite of Valois (1553–1615), 518
Mariana, Juan de (1536–1623), 614
Marie of Orléans (1460), 102
Marienburg, Germany, 173
Deutschorden-schloss, 155
Marignano, battle (1515), 403, 405, 506, 508
Marigny, Enguerrand de (1260–1315), 232
marine insurance, 198
Maritsa, 181
Marmora, Sea of, 181
Marot, Clément (1495?-1544), 495, 499, 501, 505, 779, 788, 793–195*, 808, 891
quoted, 793. 794
Marranos, converted Jews, 734, 735, 740, 744
Marraqesh, Morocco, 695
marriage, 39, 72, 112, 303, 354, 648, 761–762
brother’s widow, 536, 545
sacerdotal, 21, 22. 364, 376, 380, 407, 440, 455, 572, 629, 630, 631, 648, 932
Marseille, France, 494, 508
sanitary ordinances (1383), 245
Marsilius of Padua (1290?-?1343), 7, 9, 16, 149, 150, 151, 165, 246, 249, 251, 252–254
quoted, 253–254
Marsilius von Inghen (1330?-1396), 241
Martial (1st Century A.D.), 845
Martin V, Pope (1417–31), 10–11, 23, 168, 722
Martin, Jean, 826
Martínez, Fernán (1391), 200
Martini, Simone (1283?-1344), 80
Martinique, 266
Martyrs, The Book of (Foxe), 596*
Marville, Jean de (d. 1389), 130
Marx, Karl, (1818–83), 555
Mary I, Queen of England (1553–58), 522, 526, 536, 538, 546, 548, 559, 560, 501, 573, 576, 581, 585, 586, 581–601, 606, 612
quoted, 593
Mary of Burgundy (1457–82), 142, 300, 507
Mary of Hungary (regent 1531–52), 301, 632, 633, 636, 641
Mary of Lorraine, Queen of Scotland (1538–60), 605, 606, 609, 612, 613, 615, 616, 617
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (1542–87), 576, 581, 593, 594, 606, 612, 617, 618
Mary Tudor (Queen of Louis XII; 1514–1515), 95–96, 525
Mashhad, Persia, 685, 686
masonry, 838
Mass, 24, 115, 168, 354, 411, 579, 597, 619, 778, 850
music, 780
Mass, Commentary on the (Calvin), 630
Mass of Pope Marcellus (Palestrina), 781
Massys, Cornells (c. 1513–80), 832
Massys, Jan (1509–75), Judith (Boston), 831
Suzanna and the Elders (Brussels), 831
Massys (Matsys), Quentin (1466?-1530), 139–140, 141, 842
Adoration of the Child (New York), 140
The Banker and His Wife (Louvre), 139
The Courtesan (Coll. Comtesse de Pourtalès), 139
Entombment (Antwerp, Louvre), 139
Erasmus (1517, Galleria Corsini, Rome), 139, 290
Feast of Herod (Antwerp), 139
Jesus Christ Shown to the People (Madrid), 140
Madonna (Louvre, Lyons, Brussels, Antwerp, Berlin), 139
“Master M.S.,” Mary Visiting Elizabeth (Budapest Museum), 189
Master of Flemalle, see Campin, Robert
Master of the House Book (c. 1470), 309
Master of the Life of the Virgin (fl. 1470), 310
Virgin and St. Bernard (Cologne), 310
Masudi, Abu-al-Hasan al (d. 956), 694
mathematics, 238, 239, 240, 420, 744, 849, 855
Matteo da Bassi (c. 1495–1552), 900
Matthew of Arras, 162
Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary (1458–90), 171, 181–190, 230, 239, 441, 710, 711
Matthias of Janov (1390), 163
Matthys, Jan, 398, 399
Maurice, Elector of Saxony (1547–53), 445, 453, 454, 455, 930, 931
Maurolico, Fr. (1494–1575), 744
mausoleums, 664, 675, 700
Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1493–1519), 93, 242, 226, 233, 294, 296, 299, 300–302, 303, 314, 317, 320, 324, 331, 338, 347. 403, 526, 731, 774
> Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor (1564–76), 718
Mayan culture, 865
Mazarin Bible, 159*
Mazovia, Poland, 172, 629
Mazzoni, Guido (1450–1518), 97
meals, 113, 474, 769
measurements, standardized, 92
meat-eaters, 321*
Meaux, France, 67
mechanics, 241
Mechlin (Malines), Belgium, 58, 136
medical practice, 874
medical schools, 243
Medici, Cosimo de (1389–1464), 122, 129
Medici, Giuliano de (1519), 896
Medici, Lorenzo de (1449–92), 13, 122, 188, 776, 919
medicine, 64, 231, 243, 689, 743, 873
Médicis, Catherine de (1519–89), 492, 514, 518, 519, 522, 612, 851
Mediterranean, 867
Meissen, Germany, 147, 356
Meister, title, 156
Meistersinger, 298, 771, 778, 813
Meistersinger schools, 156
Melanchthon, Philip (1497–1560), 324, 349, 350, 352, 364, 401, 412, 419, 423, 424, 426, 438, 440, 441, 443, 446, 447, 449, 451–458, 461, 478, 484, 504, 505, 786–787, 849, 851. 859, 920, 930
Loci communes, 434
Schulplan (1527), 787
Melozzo da Forli (1438-?95), 223
Melrose Abbey, 604
Memling, Hans (1430?-95), 137–139
Adoration of the Child (Cologne), 138
Adol ration of the Magi (Madrid; Hospital of St. John, Bruges), 138
Bathsheba at the Bath (Stuttgart), 138
Crucifixion (Marienkirche, Lubeck; Louvre, Vicenza), 138
Last Judgment (Marienkirche. Danzig). 138
Life of Christ and Mary (Munich), 138
Passion of Christ (Turin), 138
Memmingen, Germany, 384, 392, 443
memoirs, French literature, 99
Mena, Juan de (1411–56), 224
Ménagier (1393), quoted, 72
Mendes, Diogo, 735–736
Mendesia, Gracia (c. 1510–68), 737
Mendez, Diego (1503), 267–268
Mendoza, Diego de (1503?-75), 817–818
Mendoza, Pedro González de (1428–95), 204, 207
Menno Simons (1492–1559), 401
Mennonites, 401, 402*
mercantile oligarchy, 40, 60, 144, 472
Mercator, Gerhardus (1512–94), 269, 866
Mercator’s Projection, 866
merchant adventurers, 109, 632
merchant capitalists, 297
Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), 722
merits, accumulation, 22, 340
Merle, William (d. 1347?), 239
Mermaid Tavern, London, 767
Merseburg, Germany, 356
Merv, Russia, 663
Mesopotamia, 222, 681, 699
metabolism, 877
metal industries, 38, 59, 144, 155–156
Metallica, De re (Agricola), 753
metallurgy, 753
metalworkers, 298, 307, 309, 688, 828, 847–848
metaphysics, 240, 248, 250
