by Helen Scales
Tulip Cone 242
snails 21, 25, 27, 28, 35, 40
operculum 43
raising young within the shell 44
Snake, Iwasaki’s Snail-eating 67
Solander, Daniel 209
solenogastres 28, 32, 35
Sowerby, George Brettingham 216, 229–30
Spanish Dancer 261
spirals 16, 45
spiral growth 50–4
Spondylus 61, 85–91, 93, 228
Cuming’s 228
sponges 17, 28, 85, 135, 142
squid 21, 27, 28, 41, 42, 178, 182
Squid, Colossal 181
starfish 17, 26, 43, 131, 168, 286
Starfish, Crown-of-thorns 12–13
status symbols 84–8
Steiner, Ulli 249
Steinmann, Gustav 179
Stylobates 143
Thesaurus Conchylorium 230
Thompson, D’Arcy Wentworth 52–4, 55, 148
thorny oysters 61, 85
tools 78
tower shells 63
toxins 64
toxin cabals 239–40
Trampsnail, Asian 65
tributyl tin (TBT) 245
Tridacna costata 110
trilobites 29, 30, 180, 186
Triton, Giant 12–14
tritons 80, 81, 288
TRY Oyster Women’s Association 113–20
Tudge, Colin 25
tulip shells 44
Turing, Alan 71
turrid snails 38, 251–2
turtles 53
tusk shells 27, 93, 138
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea 151–2, 176, 197
Vanhaeren, Marian 82
Varna, Bulgaria 77–8, 84–8
Vermeij, Geerat 59–62, 60, 66, 74
vermetid snails 136
Verne, Jules 151–2, 176, 197
vicuña 167
Vigo, Chiara 161–7, 170, 171
Villepreux-Power, Jeanne 194–9, 205, 264–5
Vinther, Jakob 35–6
Waite, Herbert 244, 245
Walcott, Charles Doolittle 29–31, 180
Whelk, Lightning 64
whelks 17, 44, 93, 102
dog whelks 82–4, 245, 286
Whittington, Harry 30
Wickett, Michael 262
Winkle, American Sting 126
Winter, Amos 246–7
Wiwaxia 30–3, 250
Wolfe, Kennedy 264
Woolmer, Andy 121, 123, 125–6, 133, 143–4
Worm, Peacock 168
worms 21, 30, 31, 142
Wrack, Knotted 16
Wrasse, Cuckoo 17
Wren, Sir Christopher 52
Zoological Journal 178
zooxanthellae 45
zu Ermgassen, Philine 132
A sacoglossan sea slug beside its spiralling (Archimedean) egg ribbon
Bobtail Squid with its flamboyant, communicative mantle on display
Lined Chiton, its shell made of eight overlapping plates
A gaping Giant Clam
A Spondylus thorny oyster
An Aztec double–headed serpent made of turquoise, red Spondylus and white conch shell, probably part of a sixteenth–century ceremonial costume
A Little Egg Cowrie
Mask made from a large Spondylus shell in Manabi, Ecuador between 800 and 400 BC
Andy Woolmer pouring oysters into the sea off the Mumbles in Swansea Bay, Wales
A handful of Native Oysters ready to go back to the seabed
A Striped Hermit Crab. It has made a Calliostoma top shell its home, with a fringe of stinging hydroids clinging to the outside
Fatou Janha cheers on wrestlers at the Gambian Oyster Festival
An Oyster festival costume
A midden of Gambian oyster shells
A member of the TRY Oyster Women's Association shucks oysters
Celebrations at the festival
Triton shells from the Conchologia Iconia, drawn by Lovell Reeve and based on shells at the Cuming Museum, 1843
Blue-ray Limpets, clustered on a kelp frond
The teeth of a Common Limpet seen under an electron microscope. These teeth are made of the strongest biological material known — all the better for scraping the limpet's algal food from rocks
A chambered nautilus, swimming in the sea off the island of Palau in Micronesia
A Janthina snail floats at the surface on a raft of bubbles, camouflaged against the open ocean by its blue shell and foot
A Veined Octopus peers from the bivalve shell that it uses as a hideaway
A female argonaut peeps from her shell, which she uses as a portable chamber to brood her young and control her buoyancy
A clutch of baby argonauts, each around 1mm long
Raw byssus from a single Noble Pen Shell
Sea-silk embroidery by Assuntina and Giuseppina Pes
Ignazio Marrocu demonstrates a tool that was once used to harvest pen shells, at the Museo Etnografico in Sant'Antioco
A Noble Pen Shell, standing high above the Mediterranean sea bed
Sea–silk weaver Efisia Murroni
Newly discovered micromolluscs from islands off Papua New Guinea, found by Philippe Bouchet and his team
KOSMOS mesocosms in Gran Canaria, used to study the effects of increasing acidity on open ocean ecosystems
A sea butterfly with its tiny wings and left-coiling shell
A sea angel — not as angelic as it appears. This shell-less swimming gastropod is a deadly enemy of the sea butterfly
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BLOOMSBURY and the Diana logo are trademarks of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
First published 2015
Copyright © Helen Scales, 2015
Helen Scales has asserted her right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publishers.
Photo credits (t = top, b = bottom, l = left, r = right, c = centre)
P. 50 Christian Delbert/Shutterstock. Colour section, P. 1: Alex Mustard/naturepl.com (t); optionm/shutterstock (cr); David Wrobel/Getty Images (br); IDiveDeep/Shutterstock (bl). P. 2: aquapix/Shutterstock (t); Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group/Getty Images (br); orlandin/Shutterstock (bl); Werner Forman/Universal Images Group/Getty Images (cl). P. 3: Andy Woolmer (tl, tr); Borut Furlan/Getty Images (b). P. 4: All photos by Helen Scales with kind permission of Fatou Janha and the TRY Women’s Oyster Association. P. 5: Image from the Biodiversity Heritage Library. Digitised by Smithsonian Libraries, www.biodiversitylibrary.org (tl); Mark Webster/Getty Images (tr); University of Portsmouth (cr); Stuart Westmorland/Getty Images (b). P. 6: Georgette Douwma/naturepl.com (t); HNC Photo/Shutterstock (cr); Alexis Rosenfeld/Science Photo Library (b); D. Parer & E. Parer-Cook/Minden Pictures/Getty Images (cl); P. 7: Helen Scales with kind permission of Archeotur, Sant’Antioco (tl, tr, cr); Reinhard Dirscherl/Getty Images (b); Courtesy of Archeotur, Sant’Antioco (cl). P. 8: Laurent Charles, Our Planet Reviewed MNHN-PNI-IRD Expedition (t); Brian J. Skerry/Getty Images (br, bl); Ulf Riebesell, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel (cr).
No responsibility for loss caused to any individual or organisation acting on or refraining from action as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by Bloomsbury or the author.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library
of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication data has been applied for.
ISBN (hardback) 978-1-4729-1136-0
ISBN (trade paperback) 978-1-4729-1670-9
ISBN (paperback) 978-1-4729-1138-4
ISBN (ebook) 978-1-4729-1137-7
