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98. Catherine’s Medal, 1793; R. Bideleux and I. Jeffries, A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change (London, 1998), p. 164. According to Sparta’s founding myth, the Sons of Heracles recovered their ancestral lands which the Mycenaeans had taken from them, and then turned the Mycenaeans into helots. 99. Davies, God’s Playground, vol. 1, p. 542. 100. Adam Zamoyski, 1812: Napoleon’s Fatal March on Moscow (London, 2004), pp. 161–3. 101. N. Riazanovsky, A History of Russia (New York, 1963). 102. G. Dynner, Men of Silk: The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society (New York, 2006). 103. Timothy Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 (New Haven, 2003), pp. 53–6. 104. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.), Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–40 (New York, 1999). 105. Byelorussia’s Independence Day, March 25, 1918: Documents, Facts, Proclamations, Statements and Comments (New York, 1958). 106. See Norman Davies, ‘The Genesis of the Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20’, European History Quarterly, 5/1 (1975), pp. 47–67. 107. See Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War, 1919–1920 (London, 1972). 108. http://www.massviolence.org/kurapaty-1937-1941-nkvd-mass-killings (2010). 109. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands (New Haven, 2010). 110. D. J. Smith, The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (London, 2002). 111. Patricia Kennedy Grimsted, The Lithuanian Metryka in Moscow and Warsaw: Reconstructing the Archives of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Cambridge, Mass., 1984). 112. Zamoyski, The Last King of Poland. 113. Roman Aftanazy, Dzieje rezydencji na dawnych kresach Rzeczypospolitej, 2nd edn., 11 vols. (Wrocław, 1991–7). 114. Ibid., vol. 3. 115. H. A. Mason, ‘The Lithuanian Whore in The Waste Land’, Cambridge Quarterly, 18 (1989), pp. 63–72.
Chapter 6. BYZANTION
Bibliographical Note. It is invidious to make suggestions for reading in a field that is headed by Edward Gibbon. In addition to sampling Gibbon, whose prejudices need to be recognized, my own recommendations would be, for sheer joie de vivre, Steven Runciman, Byzantine Civilisation (London, 1933), plus two recent books: Judith Herrin, Byzantium: The Surprising Life of a Medieval Empire (London, 2007), and Averil Cameron, The Byzantines (Oxford, 2006). Exciting introductions are also provided by Cyril Mango, Byzantium: The Empire of the New Rome (London, 1988), and John Julius Norwich, A Short History of Byzantium (London, 1998)
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1. www.istanbulcityguide.com (2008); Time Out Istanbul (London, 2004). 2. Orhan Pamuk, The Museum of Innocence (London, 2009), p. 33. 3. Pamuk, Istanbul: Memories and the City, quoted by Christopher Bellaigue, ‘A Walker in the City’, New York Times, 5 June 2005. 4. Erdogˇan, 17 January 2010, Anadolu Agency, http://www.highbeam.com/doc/IGI-216976898.html (2010). 5. Egemen Bagˇis¸, 23 February 2010, http://abgs.gov.tr/index.php?p=4567641=2 (2010).
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6. Norman Davies, ‘Western Civilisation versus European History’, in his Europe East and West (London, 2006), pp. 46–60. 7. Voltaire, from Micromégas, Avec une histoire des croisades (1752). 8. Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur des Romains et de leur décadence (1734), ch. 21. 9. Georg Hegel, The Philosophy of History (New York, 2007), p. 338. 10. Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Everyman edn., 6 vols. (London, 1911), ch. 48. 11. Runciman, Byzantine Civilisation. 12. George Finlay, Greece under the Romans (Edinburgh, 1844), History of the Byzantine and Greek Empires (Edinburgh, 1853), The Hellenic Kingdom and the Greek Nation (London, 1836). 13. J. B. Bury, A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great (London, 1900), The Hellenistic Age (Cambridge, 1923), A History of the Roman Empire from its Foundation to Marcus Aurelius (London, 1893), A History of the Later Roman Empire, 395– 800 (London, 1889), A History of the Eastern Roman Empire, 802–867 (London, 1912). 14. Runciman, Byzantine Civilisation. 15. Anthony Bryer, ‘Sir Steven Runciman: The Owl, the Spider and the Historian’, History Today (May 2001); for collected obituaries, see http://homepage.mac.com/paulstephenson/madison/byzantium/notes/runcimanobit.html. 16. See Michael Angold, ‘The Road to 1204’, Journal of Medieval History, 25/3 (1999), pp. 257–78. 17. Dimitri Obolensky, The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453 (London, 1971); The Byzantine Inheritance of Eastern Europe (London, 1982); Byzantium and the Slavs (Crestwood, 1994); Russia’s Byzantine Inheritance (Oxford, 1950). 18. See the journal Byzantine and Greek Studies (1975–). 19. Herrin, Byzantium, p. xiii. 20. Cameron, The Byzantines, p. viii; Averil Cameron, The Uses and Abuses of Byzantium: An Essay (London, 1992). 21. Cameron, The Byzantines, p. 1. 22. Ibid. 23. Ibid., p. 8. 24. J. Pearsall (ed.), Oxford English Reference Dictionary (Oxford, 1996); see Cameron, The Byzantines, p. 3. 25. Ibid. 26. R. Cormack and M. Vassilaki, Byzantium 330–1450, Royal Academy of Arts (London, 2008). 27. http://static.royalacademy.org.uk/files/ra-annual-report-2009-653.pdf (2011). 28. G. W. Bowersock, ‘Brilliant, Beautiful and Byzantine’, New York Review of Books (25 Sept. 2008). 29. Unlocated. See Priscilla Roosevelt, Apostle of Russian Liberalism (Newtonville, Mass., 1986). 30. Norman Davies, personal recollection from April 1962. 31. Cameron, The Byzantines, p. 4. 32. Norman Davies, Europe: A History (Oxford, 1996), pp. 448–50, with extracts from Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ch. 68.
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33. William Butler Yeats, ‘Byzantium’ (1930).
CHAPTER 7. BORUSSIA
Bibliographical Note. Any survey of Prussian history is contingent on what is understood by the term ‘Prussia’. The principal focus among Germans and Germanists has always been on the possessions of the Hohenzollern dynasty and on their kingdom founded in 1701. The most up-to-date and rightly praised work on this hugely documented subject is Christopher Clark, Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 (London, 2006). Readers seeking information in English about pre-Hohenzollern Prussia, or non-German Prussia, face a more difficult task. The best introduction in English would be Karin Friedrich, The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772 (Cambridge, 2000).
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1. http://russia.rin.ru/guides_e/2780.html (2008). 2. Bert Hoppe, ‘Traces of a Virtual History in a Real City’, National Centre for Contemporary Art, http://www.art-guide.ncca-kaliningrad.ru (2010). 3. A. Torello, ‘Kaliningrad, Adrift in Europe’, SAIS Review, 25/1 (2005), pp. 139–41. 4. Special Economic Zone, www.kaliningrad-rda.org/en/kgd/sez.php (2008). 5. Camiel Eurlings (ed.), Report: Kaliningrad Region, Working Group of the EU-Russia Parliamentary Co-operation Committee, 9–11 October 2005. European Parliament, PE.358.347. 6. Grant Heard, ‘The Baltic Kaliningrad’, http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/kaliningrad.html (2008). Massive protests were staged in Kaliningrad in February 2010 against continuing economic hardships. 7. Angus Roxburgh, ‘Why the Russian Cesspit is No Hong Kong’, Sunday Herald (18 Feb. 2001), http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20010218/ai_n13957352 (2008). 8. Beyond Transition, online newsletter, ‘Kaliningrad: Uncertain Future of Russia’s Baltic Enclave’, www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/…pgs41-42.htm (2008). 9. M. Sobczyk, ‘Illicit Cigarettes Flood into EU from the East’, Emerging Europe, Wall Street Journal (22 Feb. 2011). 10. Roskosmos, www.federalspace.ru/main/php?lang=en (2008). 11. http://en.wikipedia./wiki/georgi_boos (2008). 12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kaliningrad (2008). 13. www.lonelyplanet.com/russia/western…russia/kaliningrad/472292 (2008). 14. Anne Applebaum, Between East and West: Across the Borderlands of Europe (New York, 1994), pp. 22–3. 15. Euler’s Seven Bridges, http://mathforum.org/isaac/problems/bridges1.htm (2008); http://people.engr.ncsu.edu/mfms/sevenbridges/ (2008). 16. Allen Buchler, ‘Kaliningrad Revisited’ (2004), www.electric-review.com/archives/000010.html (2008). 17. Immanuel Kant State University of Russia, http://intdep.albertina.ru/index4.html (2008). 18. Applebaum, Between East and West, p. 27. 19. Kaliningrad region, http://myazcomputerguy.com/everbrite/page6d.html (2008). 20. In Svetlogorsk: Applebaum, Between East and West, pp. 30–31. 21. ‘US, Poland, Reach Deal on Anti-Missile Defense Shield’, Huffington Post (14 Aug. 2008), www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/08/14/html (2008); Luke Harding, ‘Livi
ng on the Frontline of the New Cold War’, Guardian (8 Nov. 2008). 22. Buchler, ‘Kaliningrad Revisited’. 23. Luke Harding, ‘Kremlin Shocked as Kaliningrad Stages Huge Anti-government Demonstration, Guardian (2 Feb. 2010). 24. http://www.bruecke-osteuropa.de/kaliningrad/rda-kaliningrad.ppt (2011). 25. See www.lagomar.de/index.php?id=58 (2011).
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26. Henryk Łowmiański, The Ancient Prussians (Toruń, 1936). 27. See J. Mortimer Wheeler, Rome Beyond the Imperial Frontiers (London, 1955). 28. D. Attwater, Penguin Dictionary of Saints (London, 1976), p. 30; Gerard Labuda (ed.), Świe˛ty Wojciech w polskiej tradycji historiograficznej (Warsaw, 1998). 29. Eric Christiansen, The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier, 1100–1525 (London, 1997). 30. Henryk Samsonowicz, Konrad Mazowiecki (Warsaw, 2008); Karol GÓrski, Zakon Krzyz.acki a powstanie państwa pruskiego (Wrocław, 1977). 31. William Urban, The Teutonic Knights: A Military History (London, 2003); Udo Arnold (ed.), Contributions to the History of the Teutonic Order (Marburg, 1986). 32. Peter of Duisberg, Chronicon Terrae Prussiae (Jena, 1679). 33. Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, trans. Jerry Smith (Bloomington, Ind., 1977), quoted by Christiansen, The Northern Crusades; see also William Urban, The Prussian Crusade (Langham, Md., 1977). 34. A. Chodzyński, Malbork Castle (Warsaw, 1982); Karol Górski, Dzieje Malborka (Gdynia, 1960). 35. Fred Hoyle, Copernicus: His Life and Work (London, 1973); Maria Bogucka, Copernicus: The Country and Times (Wrocław, 1973). 36. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/e%c5%82k (2008). 37. http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/prussian/index.htm (2008). 38. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/old_prussian (2008). 39. Marian Biskup, Zakon Krzyz.acki a Polska w średniowieczu (Toruń , 1987). 40. E. Schmidt, Die Mark Brandenburg unter den Askaniern, 1134–1320 (Cologne, 1973). 41. Geoffrey Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales, ‘The Prologue’, ll. 43–6, 51–4. 42. R. Kyngeston, Expeditions to Prussia and the Holy Land made by Henry, Earl of Derby (afterwards King Henry IV) (London, 1894). 43. Stanisłaus F. Bełch, The Contribution of Poland to the Development of the Doctrine of International Law: Paulus Vladimiri, decretorum doktor, 1409–1432 (London, 1964). 44. www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/partition(politics) (2008). 45. Friedrich, The Other Prussia. 46. Ibid., ch. 9, ‘Myths Old and New: The Royal Prussian Enlightenment.’ 47. Jan Matejko, Hold Pruski, ‘The Prussian Tribute’ (1882): http://entertainment.webshots.com/photo/1419644023074695728kkcxmn (2008). 48. Janusz Małłek, Dwie cze˛ści Prus: studia z dziejów Prus Ksia˛z.e˛cych i Prus Królewskich w XVI i XVII wieku (Olsztyn, 1987), pp. 37–8. 49. Treitschke, quoted Friedrich, The Other Prussia, introduction. 50. M. Biskup (ed.), The Teutonic State of Prussia in Polish Historiography (Marburg, 1982). 51. F. L. Carsten, The Origins of Prussia (Oxford, 1954). 52. See Benedikt Stuchtey, ‘Imperialism and Frontier in British and German Historical Writing around 1900’, in B. Stuchtey and P. Wende (eds.), British and German Historiography, 1750–1950 (New York, 2000). 53. W. Hubatsch, Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach: Teutonic Grand Master and Duke of Prussia (Heidelberg, 1967). 54. See H. W. Koch, A History of Prussia (New York, 1978). 55. Barbara Janiszewska-Mincer and Franciszek Mincer, ‘The Diet of 1621’, in their Rzeczpospolita Polska a Prusy Ksia˛z.e˛ce w latach 1598–1621: Sprawa Sukcesji Brandenburskiej (Warsaw, 1988), pp. 245ff. 56. As from the Swedish civil war of the 1590s, the Polish Vasas claimed to be the legitimate kings of Sweden and the Swedish Vasas claimed to be the legitimate kings of Poland-Lithuania. 57. Derek McKay, The Great Elector (Harlow, 2001). 58. A. J. P. Taylor, The Course of German History (London, 1945), p. 28. 59. Max Weber, ‘National Character and the Junkers’, in his Essays on Sociology (London, 1998); see also C. Torp, Max Weber and the Prussian Junker (Tübingen, 1998). 60. Piers Paul Read, The Junkers (London, 1968); F. L. Carsten, A History of the Prussian Junkers (Aldershot, 1989). 61. Ibid., p. vii. 62. Norman Davies, ‘Vasa – the Swedish Connection’, in his God’s Playground: A History of Poland (Oxford, 1981), vol.1, pp. 433–669. 63. Qu0ted in Friedrich, The Other Prussia, p. 152. 64. Qu0ted ibid., p. 154. 65. Ibid., pp. 154–5. 66. R. Herion, ‘Fehrbelliner Reitermarsch’, www.amisforte.nl/fehrbelliner.htm (2008). 67. http://www.germanculture.com/ua/library/weekly/aa011801a.htm. 68. M. A. D. [sic], The History of Prussia (London, 1869), pp. 10–11. 69. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/prussian_blue (2008). 70. Rudolf von Thadden, ‘Prussia: When Was It?’, in his Prussia: The History of a Lost State (Cambridge, 1987). 71. G. P. Gooch, ‘The Prussian School’, in his History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century (London, 1913); R. Southward, Droysen and the Prussian School of History (Lexington, Ky., 1995). 72. J. A. R. Marriott and Sir Charles Grant Robertson, The Evolution of Prussia: The Making of an Empire (Oxford, 1915), p. 11. 73. A. J. P. Taylor, Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman (London, 1955); David Hargreaves, Bismarck and German Unification (Basingstoke, 1991). 74. An Old Westminster King’s Scholar, The Growth of Prussia from AD 1271 to AD 1871 (London, 1871), p. 30. 75. Taylor, Course of German History, p. 7; http://gotterdammerung.org/books/reviews/c/course-of-german-history.html (2010). 76. G. Hosking and R. Service (eds.), Re-interpreting Russia (Basingstoke, 1998); Robert Service, Stalin: A Biography (London, 2004); Richard Pipes, Three ‘Whys’ of the Russian Revolution (London, 1998); Robert Conquest, The Dragons of Expectation: Reality and Delusion in the Course of History (London, 2005). 77. See Richard Evans on Timothy Snyder, London Review of Books (4 Nov. 2010). 78. Clark, Iron Kingdom, p. 1. 79. Norman Davies, ‘Preussen – the Prussian Partition, 1772–1918’, in his God’s Playground, vol. 2, pp. 112–38; see also E. Martuszewski, Polscy i nie polscy Prusacy (Olsztyn, 1974). 80. ‘Koenigsberg’, in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edn. (1911). 81. Adolf Menzel, Coronation of Wilhelm I in Koenigsberg in the Year 1861 (1865): http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/print_document.cfm?document_id=304 (2008). 82. Friedrich von Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War, trans. Allen H. Powles (London, 1912). 83. Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War (London, 1998), p. 461. 84. W. L. Langer et al., Western Civilization (Chicago, 1968), p. 528. 85. Sergei Dobrorolski, ‘On the Mobilisation of the Russian Army, 1914’, in his Voienniy Sbornik (1922), trans. www.vlib.us/wwi/resources/archives/texts/t040831b.html (2008). 86. K. Rosen-Zawadzki, ‘Karta buduszczej Jewropy’ (‘Map of the future Europe’), Studia z dziejów ZSRR i Europy Środkowej (Wrocław, 1972), vol. 8, pp. 141–5, with map. 87. Holger Herwig, ‘Tannenberg: Reality and Myth’ and ‘The Use and Abuse of History and the Great War’, in Jay Winter et al. (eds.), The Great War and the Twentieth Century (New Haven, 2000). 88. Norman Davies, White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War, 1919–20 (London, 1972). 89. Dietrich Orlow, Weimar Prussia, 1918–25: The Unlikely Rock of Democracy (Pittsburgh, 1995); idem, Weimar Prussia, 1925–33: The Illusion of Strength (Pittsburgh, 1991). 90. Michael Behrent, ‘Weimar Koenigsberg’, from ‘Research for the Max & Gilbert film Koenigsberg is Dead (2004)’: www.do4d.de/k/ii_nation.html (2008). 91. Ibid. 92. Service, Stalin, p. 273. 93. Norman Davies, Europe at War, 1939–1945: No Simple Victory (London, 2006). 94. RAF Bomber Command, campaign diary, August 1944, www.raf.mod.uk/bombercommand/aug44.html (2008). 95. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/amber_room (2008). see also Catherine Scott- Clark, The Amber Room: The Untold Story of the Greatest Hoax of the Twentieth Century (London, 2004). 96. A.-M. De Zayas, A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of East European Germans, 1944–50 (Basingstoke, 2006); Christopher Duffy, Red Storm on the Reich: The Soviet March on Germany (London, 1991). 97. C. Dobson et al., The Cruellest Night: Germany’s Dunkirk and the Sinking of the Wilhelm Gustloff (London, 1979). In 2002 a monument was raised in Kaliningrad to Alexander Marinesko, the captain of the Soviet submarine which sank the Gustloff. See photo: www.flikr.com/photos/sludgeulper/3273776945/ (2008). 98. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/battle_of_k%c3%b6nigsberg; see also Isabel Glenny, The Fall of Hitler’s Fortress City: The Battle for Koenigsberg, 1945 (London, 2007); Antony Beevor, Berlin: The Downfall, 1945 (London, 2002). 99. Graf Hans von Lehndorff, quoted by Applebaum, Between East and West, pp. 18–19. 100. David Shukman, ‘On the Trail of the Amber Room’, BBC News, 1 August 1998: http://news.bbc.co.uk./1/hi/world/europe/143364.stm (2008). 101. K
arl Potrek, quoted by Applebaum, Between East and West, p. 19. 102. Applebaum, Between East and West, pp. 25–6. Marion Dönhoff, Before the Storm: Memories of my Youth in Old Prussia (New York, 1990). 103. ‘Agreements of the Berlin (Potsdam) Conference, 17 July–2 August 1945’, www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/truman/psources/ps_potsdam.html (2008). 104. Polish–Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation, 21 April 1945; see Davies, God’s Playground, vol. 2, pp. 558–9. 105. ‘Abolition of the State of Prussia’, US State Department, Germany, 1945–47: The Story in Documents (Washington, 1950), p. 151.
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