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98. Neil MacGregor, A History of the World in 100 Objects (London, 2010), ‘Introduction’. 99. Eilean Hooper-Greenhill, Museums and the Shaping of Knowledge (London, 1992). 100. http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/p/picasso_2html (2001). 101. M. Orłowicz, Ilustrowany Przewodnik po Galicji, pp. 68–70. 102. Ibid., p. 62. 103. Ibid., pp. 297–9. 104. http://www.lvivbest.com/en/museums (2011). 105. Muzeum Narodowe, Kraków, www.muzeum.krakow.pl (2011). 106. Fundacja Ksi˛az.˛at Czartoryskich, www.muzeum-czartoryskich.krakow.pl (2011). 107. Ibid. 108. P. Stone and R. Mackenzie, The Excluded Past: Archaeology in Education (London, 1990). 109. National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, DC, http://www.nmai.si.edu/subpage.cfm?subpage=visitor (2011). 110. Muzeum Galicja, Kraków, www.galicjajewishmuseum.org (2011). 111. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ossolineum (2011). 112. ‘V. Stefanyk National Lviv Academic Library’, http://www.nas.gov.ua/en/structure/dhpl/lsl/pages/default.aspx (2011). 113. Magdalena Kroch, A Guide to the Sa˛cz Ethnographic Park (Nowy Sa˛cz, 2003). 114. Joanna Holda, Sa˛cz Ethnographic Park: Supplement to the Guide, 2003 (Nowy Sa˛cz, 2006) 115. www.muzeum.sacz.pl/47.17.wiecej_o_sadeckim_parku_etnograficznym.htm.
CHAPTER 10. ETRURIA
Bibliographical Note. There is no monograph in English devoted to the Kingdom of Etruria. Interested readers will need to burrow both into works dealing with Italy as a whole, such as C. Duggan, The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy since 1796 (London, 2008) or into accounts of Napoleon’s Italian campaigns. There is one standard item in Italian, Giovanni Drei, Il Regno d’Etruria (Modena, 1935), and two recent studies: Romano Coppini, Il gran-ducato di Toscana dagli ‘anni francesi’ all’Unità (Torino, 1993), and Edgardo Donati, La Toscana nell’impero napoleonico (Florence, 2008).
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1. John Milton, Paradise Lost (1664), book I, ll. 301–304. 2. James Joyce, quoted by R. J. Schork, in American Notes and Queries, 4 (1991), p. 1. 3. Florentia Agency, www.florentina.org/florentia_walking-tours/pdf (2008). 4. www.ricksteves.com/plan/destinations/italy/florence3.htm (2008). 5. Dante Alighieri, Inferno, canto XV, l. 85. 6. ‘The Florence of Dante’, www.aboutflorence.com/itineries-florence/dante.html. 7. Dante, Inferno, canto XXVI, ll. 1–3. 8. Dante, Purgatorio, canto VI, ll. 127, 137, 148–51. 9. J. R. Hale, Machiavelli and Renaissance Italy (London, 1961); Quentin Skinner, Machiavelli: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 2000); Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, ed. Q. Skinner (Cambridge, 1988). 10. www.aboutflorence.com/history (2008). 11. Frances Mayes, Bella Tuscany: The Sweet Life in Italy (London, 1999); Beth Elon, Tasting Tuscany (London, 2006); see also Kinta Beevor’s exquisite A Tuscan Childhood (London, 1993). 12. Mayes, Bella Tuscany, pp. 56, 364. 13. Tom Kington, ‘Italy’s Rising Star Vows to Banish Berlusconi Sleaze’, Observer (20 Feb. 2011). 14. Philippe Jullian, Violet Trefusis: A Biography (London, 1976). 15. David Leavitt, Florence: A Delicate Case (London, 2002), p. 87. See also: Oreste del Buono et al., Gli Anglo-Fiorentini: una storia d’amore (Florence, 1987).
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16. A. H. Hilliard, Napoleon’s Brothers (Stroud, 2007); Margery Weiner, The Parvenu Princesses: Elisa, Pauline and Caroline Bonaparte (London, 1964). 17. David Chandler, The Campaigns of Napoleon (London, 1966). 18. E. Luard and J. Heseltine, Truffles (London, 2006), p. 37. 19. Andrea Corsini, Il Bonaparte a Firenze (Florence, 1961). 20. Marianna Starke, Letters from Italy (London, 1815), vol. 1, pp. 71–2. 21. Ibid., pp. 203–12. 22. J. G. Lockhart, The History of Napoleon Bonaparte (London, 1830), vol. 1, p. 41. 23. ‘Bonaparte chez le Duc de Toscane, 1796’, lithographe, Paris, c. 1830. Kunstantiquariat Poligraphicum, www.poligraphicum.de/napoleon.html (2008). 24. Starke, Letters from Italy, vol. 1, pp. 74–5. 25. John Bergamini, The Spanish Bourbons: History of a Tenacious Dynasty (London, 1974). 26. H. W. Williams, Travels in Italy, Greece and the Ionian Islands (Edinburgh, 1820), vol. 1, pp. 176–7. 27. R. Duppa, A Brief Account of the Subversion of the Papal Government, 1798 (London, 1807). 28. F. C. Schneid, Napoleon’s Conquest of Europe: The War of the Third Coalition (Westport, Conn., 2005), p. 220. 29. Constant [Louis Wairy], The Private Life of Napoleon Bonaparte (London, 1895), vol. 2, ch. VII. 30. Ibid. 31. www.cgb.fr/monnaies/vso/v31/gb/monnaiesgbcbf6.htm (2007). 32. Teodor Uklanski, Travels in Upper Italy, Tuscany, and the Ecclesiastical States… in 1808–9 (London, 1816), pp. 38–9. 33. ‘Royaume d’Étrurie’, http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/royaume_d’etrurie (2007). 34. Uklanski, Travels, p. 94. 35. Starke, Letters from Italy, vol. 1, pp. 243–5. 36. Ibid., pp. 249–53. 37. Ibid., pp. 258–9. 38. Stuart Woolf, ‘Introduction’ to Ivan Tognarini, La Toscana nell’età rivoluzionaria e napoleonica (Naples, 1985), p. 15. 39. Giovanni Drei, Regno d’Etruria (1801–1807) (Modena, 1935), p. 46. 40. Stuart Woolf, ‘Rationalisation and Social Conservatism, 1800–14’, in his A History of Italy, 1700–1860: The Social Constraints of Political Change (London, 1979), pp. 188 ff. 41. The Memoirs of the Queen of Etruria, written by herself (an addition to the memoirs of the Baron de Kolli) (London, 1823), pp. 309–10. 42. Uklanski, Travels, p. 67. 43. ‘Royaume d’Étrurie’. 44. Memoirs, pp. 313–14. 45. Ibid., p. 314. 46. Ibid., p. 137. 47. Douglas Hilt, Godoy and the Spanish Monarchs (London, 1987). 48. Woolf, ‘Rationalisation’, p. 206. 49. Margaret O’Dwyer, The Papacy in the Age of Napoleon and of the Restoration: Pius VII, 1800–23 (Langham, Md., 1985). 50. Memoirs, pp. 315–16. 51. Michael Broers, Napoleon’s Other War: Bandits, Rebels and their Pursuers in the Age of Revolutions (Witney, 2010), p. 90. 52. Ibid., p. 91. 53. Ibid. 54. Philippe Bordes, ‘Les Peintres Fabre et Benvenuti à la cour d’Elisa Bonaparte’, in P. Rosenberg (ed.), Florence et la France: rapports sous la Révolution et l’Empire (Paris, 1979), pp. 187–207. 55. Narrative of the Seizure and Removal of Pope Pius VII on 6 July 1809…, trans. from the Italian (London, 1814), pp. 106–7. 56. Memoirs, p. 318. 57. Ibid., pp. 335–6. 58. Roman Coppini, Il gran-ducato di Toscana, p. 187. 59. Broers, Napoleon’s Other War, p. 92. 60. Memoirs, pp. 339–40. 61. Robert Christophe, Napoleon on Elba (London, 1964); Guy Godlewski, Napoléon à l’île d’Elbe (Paris, 2003). 62. Adolphe Thiers, Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire (Paris, 1861), vol. 19, pp. 51–3. 63. Ibid. 64. Norman Mackenzie, The Escape from Elba: The Fall and Flight of Napoleon, 1814–15 (Oxford, 1982); Alan Schom, One Hundred Days (London, 1993). 65. ‘Mot de Cambronne’, in Dictionnaire encyclopédique Quillet (Paris, 1935).66. Compare Dom Pierre, ‘La Vérité sur le Mot de Cambronne’, based on the testimony of a French eyewitness, http://napoleon1er.perso.neuf.fr/mot_de_cambronne.html (2009), with John White, ‘Cambronne’s words’ based on British testimony and discussed at www.napoleon-series.org/research/miscellaneous/c_cambronne.html (2010). In all probability Cambronne uttered both of the ‘m-words’ but prior to his capture. 67. J. T. Tussaud, The Chosen Four (London, 1938). 68. G. Ambert, Le Général Drouot (Tours, 1896). 69. Antoine D’Ornano, Maria Walewska, l’épouse polonaise de Napoléon (Paris, 1937); C. Sutherland, Napoleon’s Great Love (London, 1979); Marian Brandys, Kłopoty z pania˛ Walewska˛ (Warsaw, 1969); Françoise de Bernardy, Alexandre Walewski: le fils polonais de Napoléon (Paris, 1976); C. Hibbert, Napoleon’s Women (New York, 2002). 70. Owen Connolly, The Gentle Bonaparte: A Biography of Joseph, Napoleon’s Eldest Brother (New York, 1968). 71. Marcel Dupont, Murat: cavalier, maréchal, prince et roi (Paris, 1980). 72. W. R. Villa-Urrutia, La Reina de Etruria, doña Maria Luisa de Borbón (Madrid, 1923); Sixte, Prince of Bourbon-Parma, La Reine d’Étrurie (Paris, 1928). See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/maria_louisa_of_spain.duchess_of_lucca (2008). 73. Alain Decaux, Napoleon’s Mother (London, 1962). 74. Williams, Travels, vol. 2, pp. 4–5. 75. Ibid., vol. 1, p. 453. 76. Len Ortzen, Imperial Venus (London, 1974). 77. A Pietromarchi, Lucien Bonaparte: prince romain (Paris, 1985). 78. P. T. Stroud, The Emperor of Nature: Charles-Lucien Bonaparte and his World (Philadelphia, 2000). 79. Joan Bear, Carolina Murat: A Biography (London, 1972). 80. Owen Connolly, The Gentle Bonaparte: A Biography of Napoleon’s Elder Brother (New York, 1968). 81. F. M. Kircheisen, Jovial King: Napoleon’s Youngest Brother (London, 1932). 82. http://www.biography.com/articles/louis
-bonaparte-9218602. 83. F. S. Bresler, Napoleon III: A Life (London, 1999). 84. Hubert Cole, The Betrayers: Joachim and Caroline Murat (London, 1972).
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85. C. Pietrangeli, Il Museo Napoleonico (Rome, 1950). 86. Woolf, ‘Rationalisation’. 87. Charles Petrie, The Spanish Royal House (London, 1958); J. H. Shennan, The Bourbons: History of a Dynasty (London, 2007). See also www.casareal.es/casareal and www.borbonparma.org. 88. Dante, Inferno, canto XIII, ll. 58–60. 89. D. Facaros and M. Pauls, Tuscany, Umbria & the Marches, Cadogan guides (London, 1990), pp. 212–13; http://www.san-miniato.com (2010). 90. http://jobili.com/festival/white_truffle_festival_in_san_miniato_12438 (2011). 91. http://www.ristorantedegliaffidati.it (2011). 92. Machiavelli, The Prince, ch. 25. 93. Dante, Inferno, canto VII, ll. 82–4.
CHAPTER 11. ROSENAU
Bibliographical Note. There is no single monograph in English which covers the whole of this chapter’s subject. The ancestry and life of Albert, the prince consort, have generated a huge literature. Leading biographies include Theodore Martin, The Life of HRH the Prince Consort, 5 vols. (London, 1875–80); Daphne Bennett, King without a Crown (London, 1977); David Duff, Albert and Victoria (London, 1977); Robert Rhodes James, Albert, Prince Consort (London, 1983); and Stanley Weintraub, Albert: Uncrowned King (London, 1998). The history of the British royal family after Albert’s death has also attracted much attention. Relevant works include Sidney Lee, Queen Victoria: A Biography (London, 1902); John Van der Kiste and Bee Jordaan, Dearest Affie: Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh (Stroud, 1984); Lance Salway, Queen Victoria’s Grandchildren (London, 1991), and E. J. Feuchtwanger, Albert and Victoria: The Rise and Fall of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (London, 2006). Interest in the royal family’s German duchy, however, falls off sharply during the First World War. There is no account of the duchy’s final years, and no biography of the last duke. Studies of the politics and administration history of the duchy are only available in German.
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1. www.coburg-tourist.com (2008). 2. http://english.gotha.de (2008). 3. See entry ‘Rosenau’ in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edn. (1911). 4. www.schloesser.bayern.de/englisch/palace/objects/co-rosen.htm (2008). 5. Stephen Calloway, in Antiques (8 Jan. 1994). 6. www.sgvcoburg.de. 7. ‘Bayern Tourismus’, http://www.bavaria.by/en/in-2011-coburg-commemorates-one-of-its-famous-inhabitants.html (2011).
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8. Charles Young, The Early Years of the Prince Consort, compiled for and annotated by Queen Victoria (London, 1867), pp. 22–3. 9. Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Germany), civil and state flag: www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/de-sg%5ed.html#1897. 10. Coburgischen Taschenbuch, 1821, quoted by Calloway in Antiques. 11. Calloway, ibid. 12. The Early Years, pp. 85–8. The description is annotated by Queen Victoria: ‘The peaceful beauty of the scene is, perhaps, still more striking by moonlight.’ 13. Bennett, King without a Crown, p. 18. 14. Pauline Adelaide Panam, Memoirs of a Young Greek Lady, Madame Pauline Adelaide Alexandre Panam … versus the reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg (London, 1823). 15. See Elizabeth Scheeben, Ernst II: Herzog von Saxe-Coburg und Gotha (Frankfurt, 1987). 16. Bennett, King without a Crown, p. 18. 17. Baron von Mayern; story discounted by Feuchtwanger, Albert and Victoria, p. 30. 18. Richard Sotnick, The Coburg Conspiracy: Royal Plots and Manoeuvres (London, 2010) 19. On Victoria’s disputed ancestry, see D. M. and W. Potts, Queen Victoria’s Gene (Stroud, 1995). 20. Notably the FitzClarences; see Roger Fulford, Royal Dukes: The Father and Uncles of Queen Victoria (London, 2000). 21. John C. G. Röhl, Martin Warren and David Hunt, Purple Secret: Genes, Madness and the Royal Houses of Europe (London, 1998). 22. Quoted by Feuchtwanger, Albert and Victoria, p. 39. 23. Young, The Early Years of the Prince Consort, pp. 239–41, 422–3 24. Ibid., pp. 197–205. 25. Ibid., p. 453. 26. Ibid., p. 447. 27. See UKTV History, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (2010), a documentary film by Griffin Nary, parts 1–3, including interviews with Stanley Weintraub, Theo Arnson and Monica Charlot. 28. Almanach de Gotha, 60th edn. (Gotha, 1823), pp. 1–3. 29. Ibid., pp. 20–21. 30. Bennett, King without a Crown, p. 133. 31. ‘Queen Victoria’s Census Return’ (1851), www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/museum/item.asp?item-id=35 (2011). 32. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, film, parts 4–6. 33. ‘Saxe-Coburg-Gotha’ in Encyclopaedia Britannica. 34. Ibid. 35. Karl Marx, Critique of the Gotha Programme (1875). 36. http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/gotha+bomber (2008). During the Second World War a prototype ‘Gotha jet fighter’ was developed, first as the Ho-IX, then as the Go229: see www.aviastar.org/air/german/horten_ho-9.php (2008). 37. Dulcie M. Ashdown, Victoria and the Coburgs (London, 1981), p. 174. 38. Van der Kiste and Jordaan, Dearest Affie. 39. New York Times (1 Aug. 1900). 40. Ibid. (8 June 1899). 41. Charlotte Zeepvat, Prince Leopold: The Untold Story of Queen Victoria’s Youngest Son (Stroud, 1998). 42. Ashdown, Victoria and the Coburgs, p. 178. 43. New York Times (20 July 1905). 44. Quoted by Ashdown, Victoria and the Coburgs, p. 186. 45. Robin Lumsden, Medals and Awards of the Third Reich (Shrewsbury, 2001). 46. Ashdown, Victoria and the Coburgs, pp. 191–2. 47. Theo Aronson, Princess Alice: Countess of Athlone (London, 1998). 48. Michael Thornton, ‘The Nazi Relative that the Royals Disowned’, Mail on Sunday/Mail Online (1 Dec. 2007). 49. Victoria Huntington-Whitely, in the Channel 4 documentary Hitler’s Favourite Royal, 2 June 2008. 50. Ibid.
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