counts of 118–19
Kingdom of (le Royaume de Basse-Bourgogne) 109, 109–12
Provisional IRA (Provos) 668, 669, 672, 677
Prussia/Borussia and the Prussians 242, 248, 256, 282, 283, 284, 286, 336–92, 337, 349
13th century 338–44
14th century 345–6
15th century 346, 346–9, 349
16th century 349–55
17th century 355–66, 360
18th century 132, 288, 366–7, 368–70, 369; growth of the Kingdom of Prussia, 1701–95 369
19th century 373–7, 374, 521, 557
20th century 374, 377–88; abolition of Kingdom of Prussia 380; ‘Flight from the East’ 384–5; inter-war 382; Potsdam Conference 387–8; termination of Prussia 387–8, 734; World War I 377–80; World War II 382–6, 384
‘Allied Scheme’ of 370–72
Battle of Waterloo 533
Berlin’s memory site of 389–93
and Brandenburg 355–6, 358; state of Brandenburg-Prussia 358–60, 360, 361–2, 363–6
and the Commonwealth of Poland-Lithuania 349, 353–4, 355, 362–6; Prussian homage 350–52
Duchy of Prussia 352–65, 353
early Prusai 336–7
East Prussia 348, 355, 373, 378, 381, 382, 383–8
Free State of Prussia (Weimar Prussia) 380–88
geography of 338
and Germany 340, 343–4, 345, 351–3, 364, 367–8, 373; and the Nazis 381–8
Hohenzollern Kingdom of 351–67, 369, 373–80, 374
Junkers 360, 381
language (Prusiskan, Old Prussian) 343–4
Peasants War 354
‘Prussian coup’ 381
Prussian Estates 352, 354, 356, 362
Prussian League 348
‘Prussian militarism’ 370
Royal Prussia 348–50, 349, 369
and Russia 368–9, 372, 374; Russo-Prussian treaties (1793) 288
Schmalkaldic League Wars 354
and the Soviet Union, World War II and aftermath 382–8
and the Teutonic Knights/Ordensstaat 339–44, 345–8, 346, 350–53
Prussian Blue 367
Prydain 43, 44
Przemyśl 453, 475
Pskov 278–9
Ptolemy 46, 47
Puigcerda 175
Puławy 307, 482–3, 485
Putin, Vladimir 329, 331, 335, 727–8
and Estonia 696–7
Putina, Lyudmila 329
Pyrenees 156–60, 157
Treaty of the 222
Quedlinburg Chronicle 246
Quinctianus of Civitas Rutenorum 23
Racławice, Battle of 289
Radek, Karl 478
Radet, Étienne 526, 528, 529, 535
Radović, Andrija 592, 597, 599, 601, 602, 607
Radziwiłł, Barbara, queen 264, 269–70
Radziwiłł, Jan I 264
Radziwiłł, Janusz 281
Radziwiłł, Karol Stanisław ‘Panie Kochanku’ 287
Radziwiłł, Michal Kazimierz ‘Rybeńko 287
Radziwiłł, Mikołaj ‘the Black’ 264
Radziwiłł, Mikołaj Krzysztof ‘Sierotka’ 264
Radziwiłł, Mikołaj ‘the Red’ 264, 266, 271–2
Radziwiłłs 263–4, 264, 275, 278, 284–5, 294
RAF (Royal Air Force) 383
Rainald/Renaud III 124, 128
Ramiro I of Aragon 163, 164–5
Ramiro II El Monaco 170
Ramolino, Maria-Letizia 500
Ramón Berenguer I El Vell 168–9, 174, 175
Ramón Berenguer IV El Sant 170, 177
Ravenna 24, 97
Raymond de Peñafort, St 181–2
Ražnatović, Željko 614–15
Reagan, Ronald 716
Real IRA 673
Reconquista against the Muslims 115, 164, 166–9, 173, 181, 183, 184
Red Army 89, 301, 302, 382–7, 446, 478, 479, 618, 631, 702, 705, 710, 712, 713, 714
Red Clydeside 40
Red Cross 421
Red Ruthenia 268, 346
Redemption of Christian Captives, Order for 181
Redl, Alfred 471–2
Refit Site One 40
Reged-ham (Rochdale) 56
Reges Gothorum 23
Řehoř, František 464
René d’Anjou 211, 212, 216–17
Renfrew, Barony of 79
Rennes 102
Rennes-le-Château 27
Renzi, Matteo 498
Republic of Ireland Act 664
Rere/Rear/Rey Cross, Stainmore 72
Restoration of Order in Ireland Act (1920) 653
Retinger, Joseph 478
Reval see Tallinn/Reval
Revay, Julian 626, 633
Revolt of the Barretinas 222
Rhedae 27
Rheged 49, 53, 56–57, 59–60
Rheinfelden 121
Rhône valley 109, 110, 115, 118, 125, 179
Rhun, son of Urien 60
Rhun map Arthgal 69–70, 77
Rhydderch (Roderick) Hael 55, 57, 61
Ribagorza 159, 162, 163, 164, 221
RIC (Royal Irish Constabulary) 652–3
Riccarton Castle 79
Richard the Justiciar, count of Autun 106, 112
Richelieu, cardinal 407
Richildis, queen 106
Ricimer 96–7, 97
Rieti, Golden Bull of 340
Riga 248, 285, 338, 342
Treaty of 306
Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander 294
Riothamus 23
Ripoll 175
abbey of 184
Risorgimento (Unification of Italy) 413, 416, 419, 437–8, 735
fall of Rome 429
Rob Roy MacGregor 83
Robert le Vieux 106
Robert of Naples 197
Robinson, Mary 672
Robinson, Peter 677
Rock, Kingdom of the see Alt Clud, Kingdom of the Rock
Rodestvedt, Kelly 571
Rodez, counts of 175
Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid) 167–9
Roger Deslaur/de Flor (Ruggier Desflors) 196
Rogneda 246
Rogvolod 246
Rogvolodichi 246
Rohatyn 442
Rokossowski, Konstantin 302, 384
Romagna 422, 423, 426, 505
Roman Catholic Church
in Galicia 462
in Ireland 644–5, 659–61, 671–2
in Litva 253, 255, 266, 303
in Prussia 342–3
Second Vatican Council 671
Roman Empire 16, 23, 91–3, 321, 336
and the Byzantine Empire 313–17, 321; see also Byzantine Empire/Byzantines
Holy see Holy Roman Empire
Roman Aquitania 17, 18–20, 24
Roman Gaul 17
Roman, Pan 446
Romanovs 368–9, 570, 587
Rome
Charlemagne in 104
fall, under Risorgimento 429
Festa della Repubblica 397–400
French driven out by Neapolitan troops 529
French occupation (1798) 506, 507
modern 398
sacking by Alaric the Visigoth 16
sacking by the Vandals 22
Roncevalles, Pass of 162
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 10
Rosenau Castle 542–3, 544, 545–6, 557, 558, 562, 567, 570
Rosselló 177–9, 200, 222
Roth, Joseph 478
Rothesay 38
Rousillon/Rosselló 153, 154–5, 157, 158, 162, 177–9, 185, 200, 222
Languedoc-Roussillon 153, 226
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 729–30, 734–5
Roxalana/Hurrem 442–3
Royal Academy, London 320
Royal Air Force (RAF) 383
Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act (Ireland, 1927) 661
Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) 652–3
Royal Navy 40, 41, 505, 506, 507, 663, 679, 705
&
nbsp; Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) 654, 666, 667, 668, 669
RSFSR (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic) 328, 702n, 703, 721
Ruaidre Ua Chobar 640
RUC see Royal Ulster Constabulary
Rudolf I, emperor 132
Rudolf II 113–14
Rudolf III 114, 117, 118, 119
Rudolf of Auxerre 110–12
Ruffo, cardinal 508
Ruggier Desflors (Roger Deslaur/de Flor) 196
Ruggiero di Lauria 193
Runciman, Sir Steven 318
Rurik (Hroerekh) 243, 244
Rurikids 245–7
‘Ruritania’ 623, 632–4
Rus′ 242, 243, 245, 246–8, 247, 249, 267
Kievan Rus′ 244, 245, 265
Ruthenia see Ruthenia/Ruthenians
Rusalka Dnistrovaia 467
ruski 243, 261, 265, 270, 282, 303, 304, 450, 460–61
Ruskin, John 317
Russia/Russians
Bolsheviks see Bolsheviks
and Estonia see Estonia
and France 505–6
and Galicia 471–2, 473, 474, 475
and Germany 377–80, 701–2, 703–4
Great Northern War 283
Kaliningrad 327–33, 335–6
and Litva 283–4, 290, 291–303, 300–301; partitioning of Poland-Lithuania 286, 287–9
and Montenegro 587–8, 597–8
nationalism 298
Ottoman war 287–8
provisional government under Kerensky 701, 704, 738
and Prussia 368–9, 372, 374, 382–8; Russo-Prussian treaties (1793) 288
Russian Civil War 698, 702, 705
Russian Federation 725, 727–8
Russian Socialist/Soviet Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR, Soviet Russia) 328, 702, 703, 717, 721
Russo-American START Treaty 335
Russo-Japanese conflict 590
Russo-Polish war (1791–2) 288
Soviet Union see Soviet Union (CCCP)
Tartu Treaty 705–6
and terminology 291
Tsarist Empire of ‘all the Russias’ 699–701, 703
and the Turks 288, 587–8
and the US 727
Western Russia in the nineteenth century 292
White Russia 291
World War I 377–80, 701–2, 703
YedRo (‘United Russia’) Party 335
Russian Orthodoxy 265, 295, 298, 463, 719
Russian Socialist/Soviet Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) 328, 702n, 703, 717, 721
Russophiles 288, 463, 625, 632
Rusticus of Narbonne, St 20
Rusyns 623–34
see also Ruthenia/Ruthenians
Ruthenia/Ruthenians 248, 249, 251, 265, 266–7, 267, 275, 277, 298
Black Ruthenia 249, 289
Carpathian Ruthenia see Carpatho-Ukraine
and Galicia 450, 451, 456, 458, 462, 463, 470, 471, 477; literary movement 467; modern Halich 448–9; Ruthenian Congress 470; Supreme Ruthenian Council 470
Orthodox Ruthenians 347
Red Ruthenia 252, 268, 346
Rusyns 623–34
White Ruthenia 249, 251, 254, 260, 265, 267, 284–5, 291, 295; see also Belarus
Ruthenian Congress 470
Sabaudia see Savoy/Sabaudia
Sacher-Masoch, Leopold von 467
Sachsen-Coburg-Kohary, Ferdinand 559
St Andrews Agreement 674
St Bartholomew’s Eve massacre 277
St Germain, Treaty of 625
St Gotthard pass 125
St Jean-de Maurienne 435
St John, Bayle 402, 416, 417–19, 434
St Maurice 112
St Petersburg/Leningrad/Petrograd 301, 335, 383, 699, 703, 704, 710
Siege of Leningrad 383, 712, 714
Saint-Quentin 407
‘The Salmon and the Ring’ 56
Salses 158
Salvatico, Odoardo 515
Salza, Hermann von 339–40
Sambia/Sambians 338, 342, 343
Samogitia 248, 275
San Ildefonso, Treaty of 507, 522
San Juan de la Peña, monastery 184–5
San Martino 421
San Miniato 501
San Pedro de la Nava, Zamora 29
San Pedro de Siresa monastery 164
Sancho El Mayor of Navarre 155, 162–3
Sancho the Populator 171
Sanfedisti 508
Sanguszko 272
Santángel, Luis de 218
Santarosa, Santorre de 414
Sapieha, Lev 275
Sapiehas 455
Saracens 104, 117, 186–7
corsairs 110
Sardinia 197, 201–2, 206, 220, 501
Franco-Sardinian Treaty 423–5, 436
late 18th-century Kingdom of 410, 735
and Sabaudia 409–10, 411–12, 415–17, 421, 423–5, 428–9, 735; Treaty of Turin 423–5, 436
Sarmatism 284
Sarmatian Myth 350
Saturnin, St 20
Saunière, Bérenger 27–8
Sava, St 592
Savaric of Auxerre 104
Saville Inquiry 677
Savoy League (Ligue Savoisienne) 436
Savoy Manor 406
Savoy/Sabaudia 401–38
counts of 405
and England 406
and France 404–6, 407, 412, 414, 417, 435, 436; annexation 412, 425–7, 435, 436, 501; Napoleon III 419–22, 423, 425; Nice 409, 410, 412, 421, 423–5, 426; plebiscite 423–8, 435; Treaty of Turin 423–5, 436
and Italy 413–14, 421–3
nationalism 414–15
and Piedmont 403, 404, 406, 409, 410, 412, 414, 415, 416
and the plebiscite 423–8, 435
provinces 402; see also specific provinces
and Sardinia 409–10, 411–12, 415–17, 421, 423–5, 428–9, 735; Treaty of Turin 423–5, 436
Savoy province 402, 412
shield of the House of Savoy 400
skiing industry 434–5
and Switzerland 409, 425–6
Turin Treaty 423–5, 436
wines 433
World War II 436
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Albrecht, prince of see Albert, prince
Duchy of 545, 557, 559–70; abolition of 570
Saxe-Coburg family 431, 543–73, 564
Saxe-Coburg soup 559
Saxony 368
House of (Wettins) 543, 550, 555–6
Saxon mini-states, c. 1900 544; Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 545, 557, 559–70
Schlieffen, Alfred von 378, 379
Schlieffen Plan 378
Schloss Rosenau see Rosenau Castle
Schmalkaldic League Wars 354
Schollenen Gorge 125
Schratt, Katharina 469
Schröder, Gerhard 329, 331
Schulz, Bruno 478
Schwarz, Chris 486
Schwerin, Otto von 362
Scone, abbey of 65
I Scorpioni (The Scorpions) 499
Scotch whiskey 40
Scotland 40–41, 66, 75–6, 81–3, 683–5
Scots 17, 37n, 42, 53, 62, 63, 70, 72, 81
Alban 74
Picto-Gaelic fusion 37n, 63, 65–6
Scotti (Hibernian pirates) 37
Scott, Sir Walter 82–3
Scottish Home Rule Bill 679
Scottish Labour Party 680
Scottish National Party (SNP) 679–80, 683
Scottish Presbyterians 641, 667
SDLP (Social Democratic Labour Party) 674, 681
Segura, Isabela 190–91
Selgovae 46, 47
Selim II 442
Senchus (Register) of Dalriada 63
Senlis, Treaty of 139
Serbia/Serbs 580–81, 581, 583, 587, 589–90, 594–5, 600–610, 614–16, 619, 733, 736–7
and Austria 597–9
‘Greater Serbia’ 597, 598–9, 604
see also Montenegro/Tsernagora;
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Kingdom of
Serbia and Montenegro (country) 577
Serbian Orthodox Church 581, 592, 605, 614
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Kingdom of 597, 604–6, 608, 614
Sergianni (Giovanni) Caracciolo 211
Serra, Orso 423–4
Serristori, Averardo 515
Servanus, St 55
Seton-Watson, Hugh 8
Seton-Watson, R. W. 597
Seven Sleepers, Battle of 76
Seversk 268, 275, 286
Sheptytskyi, Andrei 463
Shevchenko, Taras 467
Shkoder 595
Shroud of Turin 406, 409, 432
Siberia 458, 479, 690, 699, 703, 715
Sibylla of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 569, 571
Sich Guard 625, 627, 631
Sich Riflemen 473, 474
Sicily 191
and Aragon 191–5, 197, 206, 212, 220
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 212
Sicilian Vespers 192–3, 194, 197, 212
the two medieval Sicilies 193, 194
Siciński 281
Sículo, Lucio Marineo 219
Sidericus, ‘king of five days’ 18
Sidonius Apollinaris, Gaius Sollius 21–2, 96
Sidor, Dmitri 631
Siebold, Frau 549n
Sierakowski, Zygmunt 296
Sigebert 102
Sigismund, son of Gundobad 96, 98–9
Sigismund, Johann 355
Sigismund I 353
Sigismund II August 264, 269–74, 353, 354
Sigismund III Vasa 275, 278, 279–80
Sigismund the Elder 267
Sikorski, Władysław 478
Silesia 248, 281, 346, 373, 458, 463, 479, 486–7
Simeon Borisov of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Tsar Simeon II 571
Sinn Féin 640, 650, 651, 654, 660, 672–3, 674, 678, 680, 681
Siward, Earl of Northumbria 76
Skalić, Paul 354
Skalovians 338
Skarga, Piotr SJ 280–81
Skaryna, Francysk 266
Slaine (Irish king) 640
slavery/slaves 51, 69, 70, 71, 167, 173, 186–7, 199, 254, 255, 267, 330, 341, 442, 485, 515, 709
Slavs 242–4, 244, 245, 344
and ‘the gathering of the lands’ 699
Kashubs 338
Orthodox 260, 267, 277, 463
in Prussia 374–5
Rus′ see Rus′
Slav Congress in Prague 469
see also Ruthenia/Ruthenians; Ukraine/Ukrainians
Słomka, Jan 461
Slovakia/Slovaks 476, 625, 626, 627, 631, 736
Slovenes 476, 597
see also Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Kingdom of
Sluter, Claus 135
Smalensk 246, 256, 268, 275
Smetona, Antanas 301
Smith, F. E., later earl of Birkenhead 650
Smith, John 680
Smith, Mack: ‘The New Feudalism’ 206
Smuts, Jan (General) 654
SNP (Scottish National Party) 679–80, 683
Sobelsohn, Karel 478
Sobibór extermination camp 479, 480
Vanished Kingdoms Page 101
