Romero, small, purposeful, pink with anger, marched back and forth across the fake Martian surface, sending up little sprays of gravel. “But that’s three times out of the last three that my SEP implementation has been screwed up…”
Her training had been intense, the compressed schedule committing her and the others to eighteen hours a day in complex exercises like this, for long weeks at a stretch. She felt her patience drawing thin as Romero paced about. I don’t have time for these debates, Jorge. But she owed him an answer.
“Look,” she said to Romero, “I know how you feel. But you have to make allowances, Jorge. Out on a field trip, you can take as long as you want, days or weeks thinking over a sample if you need to. It’s not like that here. The Marswalks can last only a few hours each. They’ll be even more curtailed than the old Apollo moonwalks. So we have to plan out every step. These simulations are” — she waved a hand — “choreography. It’s a different way of working, for you and me. Real time, they call it.”
Romero was still pissed. “Goddamn it. I’m going to write a memo to Joe Muldoon. All these screwups. Those Flight Operations people just can’t be running the mission properly.”
“But that’s the point of the sim, Jorge. We’re supposed to break things.” She found a grin spreading across her face, but she suppressed it. “I’m sorry, Jorge. I do know how you feel. I sympathize.”
He glared at her. “Oh, you do? So you haven’t gone over to the operational camp altogether?”
She winced. “That’s not fair, damn it.”
His anger seemed to recede. He sat on the Rover, small beside her ballooning white suit. “Natalie. I guess you should know. I’m resigning from the program.”
She was startled. “You can’t.” Romero was a principal investigator for Martian geology. If he was lost to the program, its scientific validity would be greatly diminished. “Come on, Jorge.”
“Oh, I mean it. I’m almost sure I’m going to do it.” He looked around at the sandpit sourly. “In fact, I think today has made up my mind for me. And if you had any integrity left, Natalie York, you’d quit, too.”
“Jorge, are you crazy? You’ll have a geologist on Mars. What more do you want, for Christ’s sake?”
“No. You’ll be a technician, at best. Natalie, Ares is a marvelous system, operationally. Scientifically, it’s Apollo all over again. Look at this.” He waved a hand around the sim site. “All the stuff you’ll actually use to explore Mars. Pulleys and ropes. The MET. That damn beach buggy, the Rover, with its carrying capacity of, what, a few hundred pounds? And the way you fumble with those gloves and that ludicrous handling rod.” His voice was tight, his color rising; he was genuinely angry, she saw “Natalie, all you have to do is look around you to see where the balance of the investment has gone. Did you know they’ve spent more on developing a long-lasting fabric for a Martian Stars and Stripes than on the whole of my SEP?”
Operational. Romero had used the word as if it was an obscenity. Once, York thought, she would have, too. But maybe she saw a better balance. A space program, especially something right out on the edge like the Ares shot to Mars, had to be a mix of the operational and the scientific. Without the operational, there wouldn’t be any scientific anyhow.
She tried to explain some of this to Romero.
“Save it, Natalie. I’ve gone over it all a hundred times. I’ll not be convinced. And as for you—” He hesitated.
“Yes? Say it, Jorge.”
“I think you’ve sold out, Natalie. I supported your application to NASA. Damn it, I got you in here. I hoped you could make a difference. But you’ve gone native. Now we have Apollo all over again, the same damn mistakes. But this time — in part, anyhow — it’s your fault. And mine. And I’m sorry.”
He climbed off the Rover, stiffly, and walked away.
York found herself shaking, inside her pressure suit, from the ferocity of his attack.
January 1985
LYNDON B. JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, HOUSTON
In addition to their rising workload as launch day approached, the crew were still expected to attend PR functions. The astronauts called it “time in the barrel.” Usually a head of a chamber of commerce would need a showpiece astronaut to attend a reception and shake hands and pose for pictures and spread goodwill.
York was lousy at it, and she tended to be kept behind the scenes, mostly doing goodwill tours to various NASA and contractor facilities. Gershon spent a lot of his time at Newport, where even so close to launch, the Columbia engineers were struggling to comb out the MEM problems highlighted by the D-prime mission and other tests, and complete their flight article, the MEM that would land on Mars.
York was sent up to Marshall.
They put her up overnight at the Sheraton Wooden Nickel in Huntsville, a town which the tourist information called “Rocket City.” The next day she was taken on a tour of Marshall by a couple of eager young engineers. Marshall had been hived off into NASA from the Army Ballistic Missile Agency, but its military origins were obvious; in fact it occupied a couple of thousand acres within the Redstone Arsenal. She was shown a spectacular rocket garden at the Space Orientation Center, and shown around a huge test stand used in the development of Saturn F-1 engines. Saturn stages were assembled here, and then, bizarrely, transported by water routes to the Cape; they were shipped on barges down the Tennessee River, then moved via the Ohio and Mississippi into the Gulf of Mexico, and then around the coast to Florida, where they were brought into the Kennedy waterways.
She spent most of the day in von Braun’s old conference room, with around twenty engineers. Most of them were young Americans, thus confounding her prejudice about Marshall’s domination by Germans. Each of the engineers got up for a half hour, to talk about his or her specialty, while the rest of them remained in the room, half looking at the speaker, and half at her. It seemed odd. Didn’t those guys have anything better to do than look at her looking at Vu-graphs of rockets?
She was taken to a party at the Marshall people’s country club, called the Mars Club.
There, she started to understand them a little better.
This was an isolated group, stuck there in Alabama, and they ate and drank spaceflight. To them, an astronaut was worthy of much greater homage than you were liable to receive in, say, Houston: and the Ares crew especially, as embodiments of von Braun’s thirty-year-old dream of flying to Mars. Having an astronaut come to Alabama made it all real — and reassuring, in the midst of the usual crisis over the overall NASA budget and the future of the centers.
Later she went out to the Michoud plant in New Orleans, where the big External Tanks were being constructed. She spent longer here; she was being encouraged to make the tanks a specialty during the mission.
The warehouses were immense caverns, big enough to hold the tanks in great cylindrical chunks. She watched the manufacture of a bulkhead, a huge dome which would cap the big liquid hydrogen tank. The dome came in pie-shaped aluminum slices called gores, which needed manufacturing precision far beyond the capability of any hydraulic press. So a forming die, with a flat sheet of aluminum on top, was sunk to the bottom of a sixty-thousand-gallon water tank, and a pattern of explosives was laid over the top. The gore was blasted into shape by surging shock waves.
York was awed by the scale of the enterprise. As she pursued her studies she became fascinated by the tanks, even though they were perhaps the most mundane item in the whole mission.
Each tank contained two massive, domed canisters, of propellant and oxidizer, connected by a cylindrical ring. The tanks were coated with four inches of polyurethane foam and reflective shielding, to reduce boiloff of the cryogenic propellants. Inside the tanks there were zero-G screens and cagelike baffles designed to stop the liquids sloshing during engine fire; the liquids were so heavy — more than two million pounds per tank — that the whole booster cluster could be thrown out of control by a severe enough slosh. And there were antivortex baffles, like huge propeller bla
des, to prevent the buildup of whirlpools — like those above the plug hole of a draining bath — that could suck bubbles of vapor into the feed pipes…
Because of the need for extreme reliability, and the extraordinary range of conditions a spacecraft faced, every component of Ares contained a hell of a lot more engineering than she’d expected from outside the program. Even these simple babies, the tanks. And because of the limited opportunities to test, traceability was essential: the ability to trace the life history of the humblest component right back to the ore from which it was smelted, to aid analysis in case of a failure.
It was the kind of attention to detail which passed by people — including Capitol Hill decision makers — who balked at the price of components NASA ordered. You want to spend how much, just on a goddamn gas can?
When she was at sites like Michoud — in the thick of the program — the discouragement of Romero’s resignation, and the skepticism, even downright hostility, of some sections of the press to the mission, all fell away from her. How could I turn down a Saturn? It would flawlessly hurl her to Mars, to perform experiments of huge importance. A billion dollars were being invested in her, a billion eyes would be on her to do a good job.
At places like Michoud, she would become convinced that the price she was paying — all the Astronaut Office bullshit, the disruption of her career, the compromises of the science, the laying waste of her personal life — all of it was justified.
…We see that a manned space mission may be viewed as a complex biotechnical and sociotechnical system consisting of manufactured and human parts. A thorough understanding of the psychological and interpersonal dimensions of the Mars mission is crucial for reducing the probability of malfunction of the human part of the system, independently of the structural, mechanical, and electronic elements, thereby forcing the readjustment of the system as a whole. Psychological and interpersonal stresses may be reduced through environmental engineering, manipulating crew composition, and the structuring of situations and tasks…
To York, the psych experts’ pseudoscientific lectures — and the role-playing group exercises, and the individual and group psych analyses the crew had to endure — were the worst part of the premission training. They were invariably excruciatingly dull, or profoundly embarrassing, or both.
York had little experience of the soft sciences; and she was dismayed by how limited the underlying thinking was — even here, in the money-no-object space program. Some of the theories that were being applied to her and her crewmates seemed speculative at best. And it was clear that the study of group psychology — as opposed to an individual’s psychology — was still primitive.
Also, more fundamentally, experience of long-duration spaceflight was still so small that there was hardly any evidence to back up the guidelines and techniques being taught to them.
A deep-space mission like Ares was basically unprecedented. So, to figure out what might befall the mental state of a Mars crew, the research psychologists were having to work from case studies of analogous situations — undersea habitats, nuclear submarines, polar research stations, isolated Canadian villages — and they used data from sensory deprivation experiments, sleeplessness studies, and work on social isolation. And sometimes, it seemed to York, they pushed those analogies a little far.
She’d gotten used to the idea that the Ares flight would take aerospace technology to its limit. It was disturbing to her that the softer disciplines, like psychology, would be pushing at the edge of their envelope, too.
It was disturbing that in this fundamental aspect of the mission, nobody actually knew if the crew could survive the flight.
Later, from Vladimir Viktorenko, York started to learn something of how the Soviets handled such matters.
Small things: the Soviet mission planners would plan the selection of food to suit the taste of the crew. Color schemes for the spacecraft’s walls and equipment would be adjusted carefully. There would be music, on personal players, to suit individual preference. There would be recordings of simple sounds from home: birdsongs, waves on a seashore, falling rain. Cosmonauts were even encouraged to take living things into orbit, perhaps as part of biology experiments: plants, grasses, tadpoles — little droplets of life, said Viktorenko, bits of Earth’s great river of existence, with its source in the great primeval sea which united humans with all living things.
The astronauts tended to dismiss the Soviets as backward, technically, compared to the U.S. But York decided she liked some aspects of the Soviet way. They’d come up with simple, practical, homely ways of dealing with the pink bodies inside the rockets.
She started bringing Viktorenko’s ideas into the psych sessions with Stone and Gershon.
“…The sheer magnitude of the publicity program, I might say, is unmatched by anything we’ve seen since Apollo 11. The Voice of America is heavily involved, of course. We estimate that the VOA can reach twenty-seven percent of the world’s population outside the U.S. This is the biggest operation in their history. Prelaunch we’ll be sending out ten thousand forty-five minute English-language tapes and scripts, to U.S. Information Agency posts around the world. During the key phases of the mission the VOA will be broadcasting live commentary in seven major languages, and summaries in a further thirty-six.
“We’re also sending out special prelaunch press materials, in addition to the regular NASA manned mission press kits we pouch out around the world. These include ninety news wire stories and features sent in the weeks before liftoff; the Life feature on you and your families; a forty-eight page ‘Man on Mars’ color-illustrated pamphlet, four hundred twenty-two thousand copies of that; and one million, nine hundred thousand postcards of the astronauts, of you three. Also we anticipate having in place at the USIA outposts overseas one million Ares lapel buttons, nine full-size Mars-walk space suits, a hundred twenty-five Ares kiosks, with lights, music, transparencies, and posters. We’ve got ten thousand maps of Mars, eight hundred and forty plastic Saturn rockets, two hundred and fifty sixteen-inch Mars globes…”
The statistics went on and on, baffling, the slides bewildering.
For someone responsible for NASA’s PR, York thought, Rick Llewellyn’s speaking style was oddly drab, uninspiring. It was hard to fix your attention on him for much longer than a couple of sentences at a time. It was like one of her early ground-training classroom sessions: all those block diagrams, the endless, droning afternoons.
But the content of Llewellyn’s slide show was terrifying, if you thought about it too hard.
“We’re already planning a world tour for you guys when you get back. Over forty-eight days you will visit thirty-five countries, meeting key groups of press, television, scientists, students, and educators, as well as politicians. You’ll go to Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, Spain, France, Belgium, Norway, England…
“We set a couple of broad guidelines for the media stations around the world, a long way back in the mission planning. First, of course, Ares represents man on Mars, it’s a culmination of an age-old dream, it’s in the nature of man to accept difficult challenges, blah-blah, all of that stuff. And then, historically, Ares is built on the achievement of many scientists, Newton and Goddard and von Braun. You know the score. And today Ares has a strong international flavor, with the overseas investigators, the open access to samples and data, the tracking stations around the world, the assistance from the Russians in your training, and so on. Additionally, of course, space is benefiting man — you have a lot of stuff here about the spin-offs — and you have the hope that Ares, spectacular off-Earth achievement as it is, represents a promise that man may eventually use his technologies to resolve the Earth’s intractable problems…”
Ares, as the shop window for technocratic solutions, York thought sourly. Jorge was right. It’s turned out just like Apollo after all.
But today the mood was a little darker than in the 1960s. Today, you had Reagan’s Star Wars talk, of particle beams and lasers and smart bullets. Space was a
gain an arena for flexing national muscles. And Ares was being used, blatantly, by the Reagan administration to appease national and international sensibilities about the aggressive use of space technology.
Ares had become twinned with the Star Wars initiative in the media. Ares was the dreaming half of the U.S. space program, coupled to its threatening sibling. Maybe that had been the administration’s intention all along, when they approved Joe Muldoon’s reshaping of the mission back in ’81.
She could see the hand of Fred Michaels in this, still pulling strings, even from his retirement in Dallas. Michaels had locked Ares together with SDI in the mind of Reagan — and the public and Congress. As long as Reagan kept on pumping billions of dollars into military spending, some of that was going to flow into NASA, to sustain Ares. It was smart footwork by Michaels. Even if it was, she reflected, completely amoral. Do anything, say anything — just keep the mission progressing.
Meanwhile, every news item about her mission — every gimmick, every toy, every image — had multiple meanings, she saw: Ares, as a geopolitical symbol; Ares, as an ad for technocracy.
It would probably always be like that. To gain political advantage was the only reason, really, why any government would fund travel into space.
And here was she, Natalie York, the great skeptic about space, being transformed into one of the great icons of the deadly space glamour business.
She looked up at the screen, at a thousand reproductions of her own face, and shivered.
The tours, the press conferences, the photo opportunities continued.
Her message was formulaic, coached by the Public Affairs Office people. I need you! Do good work!
Everywhere she went, there were people: thousands of them, all gazing at her, smiling, with an odd pregnant distance about them. As if they longed to touch her. And always, they applauded her.
She hadn’t thought much about the future. To her, “after the mission” was so remote it might as well not exist; it was as if her whole life was going to end at the moment she stepped into the Command Module.
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