Nguyen Van Loc, 148, 180
Nguyen Van Luan, 120, 187
Nguyen Van Phuoc, 212, 213, 224
Nguyen Van Tai, 221–222
Nguyen Van Thieu, 50, 64, 71, 74, 145, 295, 320, 322, 368, 411
CIA support for, 174, 176, 274, 385
Diem and, 41, 52–54
overthrow of, 417–419
Nguyen Van Thieu, cont.
political style of, 188–189, 256–257, 304–306
as president, 69, 148, 185–186, 294, 297, 303, 374, 393
repressive measures of, 394–395, 401–402, 406–407
Nguyen Van Ve, 348
Nguyen Van Vinh, 397, 399
Nguyen Van Y, 41, 53
Nha, Mr., 370
Nha Trang, 186
Nhu, Madame, 52
Nhu, Ngo Dinh, see Ngo Dinh Nhu
NIC (National Interrogation Center), 77, 78, 84, 85, 121, 176, 221
Nicaragua, antiterror operations in, 426–428
Nixon, Richard M., 186, 253, 313, 327, 328, 402, 411–412, 415
domestic dissent suppressed by, 336–338
Nixon Doctrine, 254, 327
see also Vietnamization
NLF (National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam), 38–39, 46, 52, 87, 283
Nooter, Robert, 366
North, Oliver, 425, 427, 428, 429
North Vietnam, see Vietnam, Democratic Republic of
NPFF, see Field Police
NPIC (National Police Interrogation Center), 79, 103, 123, 149, 156, 186, 221
NSC (National Security Council), 31, 42, 301
Nunn, Sam, 427
Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, 312
Nutter, Warren, 298–299, 366
NVA (North Vietnamese Army):
casualties in, 223
and end of Vietnam War, 393, 415–419
intelligence operations by and against, 48, 55, 88, 175, 273
in Tet offensive, 178–179
OCO (Office of Civil Operations), 115–116, 118
Ogden, Keith, 205, 406
O’Keefe, John, 267–270
Operation MONGOOSE, 48
Operation Phoenix, 425
OPLANS, 12, 53, 60, 79n, 169
O’Reilly, John, 72, 320
“Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam 1954–1960” (Zasloff), 28
Orr, David, 405
Orwell, George, 89
Osborn, Bart, 307–308, 347, 376, 382
O’Shea, Connie, 389, 395–396, 399–400, 403
Osiris, 62
Osnos, Peter, 388
Ott, David, 298
Owen, Dwight, 343n, 428
Owen, Robert, 428
PA&E (Pacific Architects and Engineers), 81, 310
pacification:
accelerated, see APC
differing philosophies of, 89–90
general staff for, see ICEX
see also specific operations
Palmer, Bruce, 204
Panay, Colonel, 330
Paris Peace Talks, 253, 257, 275, 280, 404
Park Chung Hee, 77
Parker, Evan, Jr., 133–140, 148, 152, 157, 175, 180, 183, 184, 232, 233, 235, 278, 323, 342, 424
background and career of, 133–134
interviews with, 135–137, 143–145, 147, 149, 150, 153–154, 167, 191, 257, 277, 281
Parks, Michael, 374
Pastora, Eden, 427–428
Pat (paramilitary), 80
PATs (Political Action Teams), 59, 63, 70, 74, 75, 124, 180
PCOC (Phoenix Coordinators Orientation Course), 261
Pearlman, Mark, 422
Pearson, William, 135
Peartt, Robert, 160, 254
Peck, Gregory, 338
Peers, William, 114, 342, 343, 344, 346
Pelton, Major, 399
penetration units, 109–112, 119, 370
Pennington, Lee, 415
People’s Self-Defense Forces, 254
Personalist Labor party, see Can Lao Nham Vi
Petry, Chuck, 94
Pham, Colonel, 417
Pham Ngoc Thao, 42, 50, 52, 54
Pham Quat Tan, 269
Pham Tuong, 57–58
Pham Van Cao, 186, 189, 356
Pham Van Kinh, 285
Pham Van Liem, 352, 357, 409
Phan Huu Nhon, 184
Philippines, intelligence models developed in, 25, 44, 62
Phillips, Rufus, 29
Phillips, William, 376–377
PHMIS (Phung Hoang Management Information System), 259, 261
“Phoenix Murders, The” (Treaster), 285
Phoenix/Phung Hoang: A Study of Wartime Intelligence Management (Johnson), 33
Phoenix program, 9–18, 57–429
atrocities aided by, 340–350
Cambodian invasion and, 328, 330–332
CIA-MACV conflicts in, 115, 176, 182, 190, 204, 209, 212
conflicting objectives in evolution of, 94, 98–99, 112, 115
contemporary implications of, 13–14, 420–429
cornerstones of, 32, 45, 108–109
Da Nang operations as example of, 351–361
differing perspectives on, 101–102, 203–205, 264–265, 316–317, 321, 326, 349, 371, 374, 392, 398
dissolution and final days of, 389–419
legality of, 376–388
objectives of, 13, 38, 39, 60
orientation materials for, 260–264
prototypes and models for, 12, 26, 40, 57–72, 111
reasons for mismanagement of, 308–310, 322–323
reorganizations of, 266–280, 362–375
Senate hearings on, 313–322
as synthesis of intelligence networks, 99, 101, 113–141
Phoenix Program: Planned Assassination or Legimate Conflict Management, The (Johnson), 44, 376
Phong, Major General, 393, 394
Pho Quoc Chu, 187
“Phung Hoang Fiasco, The” (Komer), 322–323, 327
Phung Hoang program, 122, 148, 149, 181, 230, 232, 261–262, 283, 287, 304, 322, 355, 374, 393
see also Phoenix program
Phuoc Le interrogation center, as PIC model, 80–81
Picard, Bernard, 182
PICCs (Province Intelligence Coordinating Committees), 74, 79, 80, 86
PICs (province interrogation centers), 76–86, 99
operations and purposes of, 81–86, 109, 126, 151–157, 265, 316, 325–326
origin and development of, 76–81
PICs (cont.)
as Phoenix program foundation, 108–109, 132, 234, 352
Pierce, Danny L., 188, 268
Pike, Otis, 273, 411, 428
Pineda, Major, 424
Pink Plan, 424–425
PIOCCs (Province Intelligence Operations Coordination Centers), 142, 157, 160, 173, 181, 189, 190, 202, 206, 225, 296, 325
plausible denial, in political warfare, 47–48, 49, 60, 72, 133, 296
Playboy, 414
PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization), 424
Polgar, Tom, 295, 390, 394, 408, 417, 428
Poindexter, John, 428
political warfare, 43–51, 54–56, 160, 335–336
defectors in, 48–49, 51, 83, 112, 281–282
forced relocation in, 50–51
“local initiatives” and, 45, 54–55
objectives of, 46–47, 50
plausible denial in, 47–48, 49, 60, 72, 133, 296
propaganda in, 43–44, 47–49, 54
terrorism in, 44–46, 55–56
Popular Force, 36–37, 75, 86, 99, 189
Potter, Phil “Potts,” 277, 294–296, 394
Prairie Fire operation, 90, 193
PRG (Provisional Revolutionary Government), 280, 291
prison system, Phoenix program’s creation of, 347–350
Project 404, 90
Project Gamma, 211
Project 24, 76
propaganda, 43–44, 47–49, 54
PRP (People’s Revoluti
onary Party), 19, 38–39, 138
PRU (Provincial Reconnaissance Units), 117, 141, 150, 177–178, 201–202, 207, 255–256, 272, 276, 277, 301, 314, 409
CIA management of, 294–296, 347, 369–370
counterterror activities of, 264, 267, 283, 285, 316–319, 351–361, 383
development and objectives of, 162–173
as Phoenix program foundation, 132, 160, 234, 265, 326
psychological warfare, 25–26, 34, 44–45, 57–73, 107–108
anti-VCI operations in, 280–290
Census Grievance program and, 66–67, 72–73
eye of God in, 61–62, 283
terrorism and torture in, 59–60, 61–63, 65, 107–108 Psywar Groups, 292
Public Safety, 35, 36, 74–75, 82, 92, 93, 94, 97, 99, 152, 208, 300
PVT (PRU adviser), 179–180, 351, 352, 354–355, 409, 416–419
Quiet American, The (Greene), 32
Quinn, Ken, 404, 417
Quoc Dan Dang, 136
Race, Jeffrey, 32, 33, 41, 46, 258, 265
Radda, Ron, 156
Ramparts, 162
Ramsdell, Robert B., 343–344
RD (Revolutionary Development), 159–160, 166, 202–203, 218, 254–255, 277
development and purpose of, 57–59, 69–71
RDC (Revolutionary Development Cadre), 64–72, 95, 99, 112, 116–117, 123, 157, 159–60, 217, 262, 342
Reagan, Ronald, 337, 424, 427
Redel, William, 117, 166–167, 169, 255
Regional Forces, 36, 86, 99, 189
Reid, Ogden, 13, 376, 378–380
Reinhardt, George, 29
Reitemeyer, Francis, 311–312, 318
Renneisen, Daniel, 354, 355, 356, 357
Resor, Stanley, 297, 313
Resources Control Bureau, 74–75
Rhee, Syngman, 77
Rhodes, James, 336
Richardson, Warrant Officer, 126
rifle shot approach, in Phoenix operations, 206–207
Rimestead, Imer, 377, 378
Rivers, L. Mendel, 359
Roberts, Chalmers, 163
Roberts, Jay, 346
Roberts, Shelby, 267–271, 352
Rodriguez, Felix, 370–371, 394, 424–425, 428
Rogers, Andy, 205, 214
Rogers, William, 391
Romero, Oscar, 422
Rose, Colonel, 399
Rosen, L. M., 289
Rosenblatt, Lionel, 182, 417, 419
Rosenthal, Ben, 382
Rosnor, Colonel, 354
Rosson, William B., 42
Rostow, Walt, 127, 146, 273
Rothwell, Gordon, 105 Rubin, Jerry, 311
Rural Construction program, see RDC
Rusk, Dean, 135
Rygalski, Frank, 84
Saigon:
bureaucracy in, 200
corruption in, 266–271
Saigon Metropolitan Police, 270, 271
Sam, Colonel, 78
Sammers, Ian “Sammy,” 78
Sang, Colonel, 322
Sanh, Colonel, 95
Santoli, Al, 146
Sartiano, Joe, 144, 182, 232, 261, 371
SAS (British Special Air Service), 166
Saturday Evening Post, 37
Sauvageot, Jean, 71, 72, 159
Schlacter, Ed, 96
Schrande, Don, 37
Scigliano, Robert, 35
Scotton, Frank, 49–51, 54–55, 57–59, 69–71, 75–76, 159, 257, 304, 317, 318, 417, 426
Scove, Peter, 231
Seal, Al, 408
SEALs (Sea-Air-Land forces), U.S. Navy, 60–61
objectives and procedures of, 9–11
PRU assisted by, 164–166, 168, 172
Search for the Manchurian Candidate, The (Marks), 77
Sea Swallows, 37, 50, 55
Seberg, Jean, 334
Secord, Richard, 329
selective terrorism, 21–22, 41, 44
see also counterterrorism, counterterrorists
Sells, Doc, 172, 214
Senate, U.S., 47–48
Foreign Relations Committee of, 19, 311, 312, 313–322
Serong, Ted, 92–95, 231, 406, 416
Shackley, Ted, 277–278, 295, 305, 306, 325, 348, 368, 369–370, 373, 390, 393, 410, 417
Shaplen, Robert, 275–276
Sherwood, John, 103
Shipler, David, 412–413
SIDE (screening, interrogation, and detention of the enemy) program, 152
Sihanouk, Norodom, 211, 253, 327
Silkwood, Karen, 357
Simmons, Rob, 391, 407
Singer, Ray, 299
Singlaub, John, 428
Singleton, William, 183, 188, 268, 270
Sinh, Colonel, 370
Sirik Matak, 327, 417
Sizer, Henry, 385
Slater, Robert, 39, 155–156, 181, 185, 215, 262
Smith, Daniel L., 271
Smith, Jim, 363
Smith, Paul, 115
Smith, Terrence, 308
snatch and snuff operations, 46, 56, 207
Snepp, Frank, 221–222, 304, 306–308, 406, 419
Snowden, Walter, 355
SOG (Special Operations Group), 53, 60, 74–76, 107, 121, 175, 211, 253
Soldier (Herbert), 107
Soldier of Fortune, 285, 428
Song, Colonel, 389, 393
SOP (standard operating procedures) manuals, 230, 263
Sophon, Colonel, 330
South Korea, CIA operations in, 76–77
South Vietnam, see Vietnam, Republic of
Soviet Union, 69
CIA surveillance in, 101–102
Special Branch, 74, 78, 81, 99, 118, 228, 232, 296, 298, 355
development and management of, 104–112, 267, 269, 277–278, 300–301, 373
functions of, 97, 102–104, 136, 212
lack of coordination in, 288, 323, 370, 390
Spiers, Del, 207–208
Spock, Benjamin, 311
Sputnik, 101
Starr, Robert, 387–388
State Department, U.S., 115, 177, 206
Office of Research and Intelligence in, 73
Stein, Jeffrey, 343–344, 346, 347, 405
Stemme, Bob, 311
Stent, Jack “Red,” 78, 102–103, 110
Sterba, James, 321
Stewart, Kelly, 263
Stilwell, Richard, 329
Stone, Howard “Rocky,” 110–112, 116, 117, 118, 176, 184, 391
Stout, Gerald, 343
strategic hamlet program, 50, 54
Strathern, Cliff, 45, 65
Sub Rosa (DeSilva), 59
Suddath, Leroy, 209–210
Sullivan, William C., 338, 366
Sullivan, William H., 135, 387
supplétifs, 21, 25, 74
suppressive terrorism, 41
Sûreté, 25, 31–32, 104
Swetz, Eddie, 9–11
Systems Analysis of the Vietnam War 1965–1972, A (Thayer), 254, 365
systems approach, in intelligence operations, 101–102
Tacloban Hotel, The (Valentine), 12
Taiwan, 220
Task Force Barker, 342, 343, 344, 346
Tayacan: Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare, 426–427
Taylor, Telford, 386
Taylor, William J., 357–361
10/59 law, 33–34, 36
Ten Thousand Day War, The (Maclean), 306
Terjelian, John, 124
Territorial Security Forces, 254, 277, 282, 284
terrorism:
as psychological weapon, 21–22, 25–26, 44–45, 55–56, 59–60, 61–63, 65
suppressive, 41
see also counterterrorism, counterterrorists
Tet offensive, 124, 148–149, 156, 176–180, 200, 206, 208, 218, 221, 257, 275, 343
significance of, 173, 181, 186, 253, 266
Thai Khac Chuyen, 328
Thayer, Thomas, 254, 365–366, 409n
Thich Tri Quang, 52
Thiep, Colonel, 322, 354, 355, 356
Thieu, Mrs., 303
Thieu, Nguyen Van, see Nguyen Van Thieu Thompson, Major, 357
Thompson, Robert, 73, 74, 79, 85, 92, 299–301, 345, 363, 391, 406
Thornton, Frank, 285, 294
Those Gallant Men on Trial in Vietnam (Berry), 271
Thuong Xa, Phoenix operation at, 202–203
Tidwell, William, 262, 267
Tiege, Ian, 57, 59
Tilton, John, 373–374, 382, 385, 389, 390, 391, 393, 400–401, 403
Time, 104, 342, 395
Times (London), 179
Tin Sang, 217, 293, 348
Ton That Dinh, 52, 53
torture, 59, 63, 84–85, 350
Towle, Sid, 382–385
Tracy, Larry, 123
Tran Ahn Tho, 405
Tran Huu Thanh, 411
Tran Kim Tuyen, 29, 41, 52, 54, 294
Tran Ngoc Chau, 49–50, 55, 71–72, 159, 304–305, 320, 332
Tran Ngoc Hien, 304, 320
Tran Ngoc Tan, 345
Tran Quoc Buu, 63–64
Tran Si Tan, 373n, 419
Tran Thanh Phong, 214, 363
Tran Thien Khiem, 186, 262, 293, 302, 322, 348, 385, 411, 419
Diem and, 41, 52–54
as interior minister, 126, 184–185, 187–188, 291, 292
as prime minister, 257, 355, 356, 392, 393, 402, 404, 417
Tran Tran Phong, 232
Tran Tuan Nham, 412
Tran Van Don, 52, 53, 136, 174, 265, 295, 417
Tran Van Dzu, 145
Tran Van Hai, 187, 316
Tran Van Huong, 187, 257, 418, 419
Tran Van Pham, 187
Tran Van Thua, 95
Tran Van Truong, 156–157, 221, 222, 234
Treaster, Joseph, 285, 288
Trinquier, Roger, 133
Truong Buu Diem, 217
Truong Dinh Dzu, 187, 265, 320
Truong Son, 55
“Truth About Phoenix, The” (Dinh Tuong An), 217–221, 281, 284, 288
T’Souvas, Robert, 346
Tu Thanh, 369
Uhl, Mike, 311, 381
Uncounted Enemy: A Vietnam Deception, The (Adams), 272
unilateral penetrations, 110–112, 174–175, 190, 212, 265
USIS (U.S. Information Service), 27, 49, 206, 281, 318
U.S.-Vietnamese relations:
duplicity in, 50
ideological problems in, 185–186
value conflicts in, 214, 233–234
Vacarro, Joe, 70–71, 255
Valentine, Ray, 77
Van Fleet, James, 121
Van Lesser, Kenny, 53
Vann, John Paul, 49–50, 51, 54, 89, 115, 215, 265, 299, 300, 304, 314, 319, 320, 382, 384, 399, 400
Van Van Cua, 187
VBI (Vietnamese Bureau of Investigations), 32–33, 35, 38, 41, 48, 56, 74
VC (Vietcong):
ARVN inferior to, 51–52
cruelty and ruthlessness ascribed to, 59, 107–108, 194
modus vivendi of, 196, 213–222, 230–231
VCI (Vietcong infrastructure), 13, 19–404, 424, 427
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