by Jim Newton
50 from Operation Candor to Operation Wheaties: Dockrill, Eisenhower’s New-Look National Security Policy, p. 132. See also Nov. 27, 1953, diary entry, box 68, C. D. Jackson Papers.
51 scheduled to speak in early December: Nov. 17, 1953, diary entry, box 68, C. D. Jackson Papers.
52 “twenty-one years of treason”: Eisenhower was particularly infuriated by the implication that internal subversion was tolerated by his administration. The following summer, while castigating Nixon for being excessively partisan in criticizing Democrats, he described McCarthy’s remark, which he then quoted as “twenty years of treason,” as “an indefensible statement” (June 29, 1954, entry, Eisenhower Library Documents [2], box 2, Personal Papers of Whitman).
53 renewed commitment to deliver it: Nov. 30 and Dec. 1, 1953, diary entries, box 68, C. D. Jackson Papers. So bleak was the debate on Nov. 30 that Jackson entitled that day’s diary entry “Black Monday.”
54 “President changed clothes”: Dec. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 1953, diary entries, box 68, C. D. Jackson Papers. See also Hagerty, oral history interview.
55 threat of nuclear war: DDE, “Atoms for Peace,” Dec. 8, 1953, APP.
56 “Some of his accusers”: DDE, note to Dec. 2, 1953, entry, dated Dec. 3, DDE 136 Oct.–Dec. 1953, box 4, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
57 “It would not be a case”: DDE, Dec. 3, 1953, entry, DDE Diary Oct.–Dec. 1953, box 4, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
58 under the new Congress: Barton J. Bernstein, “The Oppenheimer Loyalty-Security Case Reconsidered,” Stanford Law Review 42, no. 6 (1990), p. 1383.
59 “based upon years of study”: Borden to J. Edgar Hoover, Nov. 7, 1953, doc. 100–17828–548, FBI (FOIA).
60 available to Borden: Bird and Sherwin, American Prometheus, p. 473.
61 preserve his own line of attack: Ibid., p. 471.
62 his home in Princeton: Branigan to Belmont, memo, June 2, 1954, FBI (FOIA).
63 when the FBI suggested removing them: Ibid.
64 “they consist of nothing more”: DDE, Dec. 3, 1953, entry, DDE Diary Oct.–Dec. 1953, box 4, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
65 “to place a blank wall”: DDE to Brownell, Dec. 3, 1953, doc. 583, HP.
66 public as well as private humiliation: Bird and Sherwin, American Prometheus, pp. 482–83.
67 collapsed on the floor of his lawyer’s bathroom: Ibid., p. 484.
68 “moments of real satisfaction”: DDE to Hazlett, Dec. 24, 1953, Swede Hazlett 1953 (1) folder, box 18, Name Series, Whitman File.
69 “there is a clear prospect”: DDE to Bryce Harlow, Dec. 3, 1953, doc. 586, HP.
70 “In view of the number of people”: DDE to Gruenther, Dec. 25, 1953, doc. 633, HP.
CHAPTER 8: “MCCARTHYWASM”
1 enacted by separate legislation: Senate Joint Resolution 1, 83rd Cong., Congressional Record.
2 “Just how silly can you get?”: Edgar to DDE, March 27, 1953, Edgar Eisenhower 1953 (2) folder, box 11, Name Series, Whitman File.
3 “I think that someone”: Edgar to DDE, March 31, 1953, Edgar Eisenhower 1953 (2) folder, box 11, Name Series, Whitman File.
4 “You seem to fear”: DDE to Edgar, April 1, 1953, Edgar Eisenhower 1953 (2) folder, box 11, Name Series, Whitman File.
5 “a communication which contains”: DDE to Edgar, Jan. 27, 1954, Edgar Eisenhower 1954 (3) folder, box 11, Name Series, Whitman File.
6 “Never have I in my life”: DDE to Edgar, Feb. 3, 1954, Edgar Eisenhower 1954 (1) folder, box 11, Name Series, Whitman File.
7 resurfaced as a serious notion: DDE, Mandate for Change, p. 285.
8 “I’m sorry you are upset”: DDE to Edgar, March 12, 1954, Edgar Eisenhower 1954 (1) folder, box 11, Name Series, Whitman File.
9 “hush the whole matter up and forget it”: Wall Street Journal, Nov. 23, 1953.
10 “The raw, harsh, unpleasant fact”: Wall Street Journal, Nov. 25, 1953.
11 “Anyone with the brains”: Wicker, Shooting Star, p. 139.
12 “removed from any command”: U.S. Senate, Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, Congressional Record, p. 16.
13 if he weren’t so fond of Stevens: Testimony of George Sokolsky, April 23, 1954, in ibid., p. 216.
14 had made concessions: There are many accounts, press and otherwise, of this lunch and its aftermath. One particularly illuminating source is found at DDE and Lucius Clay, conversation, Feb. 25, 1954, Phone Calls Jan.–May 1954 (2), box 5, Diary Series, Whitman File.
15 “What Secretary Stevens agreed to”: New York Times, Feb. 25, 1954.
16 “in a state of shock”: DDE and Clay, conversation, Feb. 25, 1954.
17 “blew the lid off the teakettle”: Adams, unpublished MS, p. 430.
18 and then resign: Hagerty, Feb. 24, 1954, entry in Diary, p. 19.
19 its way into the Times: New York Times, Feb. 26, 1954.
20 “Don’t think you can lock horns”: DDE and Clay, conversation, Feb. 25, 1954.
21 some legal advice: Brownell was out of the office when Eisenhower called, so the president spoke with William Rogers, Brownell’s deputy.
22 “Suppose I made up my mind”: DDE and Rogers, conversation, March 2, 1954, Phone Calls Jan.–May 1954 (2), box 5, Diary Series, Whitman File.
23 keep a lid on McCarthy: DDE and Knowland, conversation, March 20, 1954, Phone Calls Jan.–May 1954 (2), box 5, Diary Series, Whitman File.
24 chairman of the board of General Electric: DDE to Philip Reed, June 17, 1953, DDE Diary Dec. 1952–July 1953 (2), box 3, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
25 tangling with him publicly: DDE to Robinson, March 12, 1954, William E. Robinson 1952–55 (2) folder, box 29, Name Series, Whitman File.
26 “He’s the last guy”: Hagerty, Feb. 26, 1954, entry in Diary, p. 20.
27 “We just did something to please him”: Lucille Ball Security Matter, Investigation of Communist Activities in the Los Angeles Area, Sept. 4, 1953, FBI File 100–41702 (FOIA).
28 “the top television comedienne”: Sanders and Gilbert, Desilu, p. 78.
29 “my favorite redhead”: Ibid., p. 81.
30 “God Bless America!”: Arnaz, Book, p. 306.
31 “Sooner or later”: Hoffman to DDE, March 25, 1954, Diary March 1954 (1), box 6, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
32 protections to give subordinates: Willis to Adams, memo, March 9, 1954, The President [1954] (4) folder, box 54, Brownell Papers.
33 defense to review: Bird and Sherwin, American Prometheus, p. 498.
34 his formal reply: New York Times, April 13, 1954.
35 “I think it only fair”: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer, p. 53.
36 “May I correct that”: Ibid.
37 “This fellow Oppenheimer”: James Reston, Deadline, p. 224.
38 “New and special rules”: New York Times, April 23, 1954.
39 influenced the general’s testimony: Ibid.
40 “close to disgusting”: DDE to Hazlett, April 27, 1954, Swede Hazlett 1954 (2) folder, box 18, Name Series, Whitman File.
41 “a pixie is a close relative of a fairy”: Wicker, Shooting Star, pp. 152–53.
42 ended for the week: New York Times, May 15, 1954.
43 “We know we value the right”: Ibid. See also Eisenhower Daily Schedule for details of dinner, Whitman File.
44 “Because it is essential to efficient”: DDE to Stevens, May 17, 1954, McCarthy Letters, box 25, Administration Series, Whitman File.
45 “Any man who testifies”: Hagerty, May 17, 1954, entry in Diary, p. 53.
46 blocked further inquiry: New York Times, May 18, 1954.
47 “By his statement of yesterday”: Ibid.
48 “implication of disloyalty”: New York Times, April 14, 1954.
49 “four experienced and able commissioners”: Editorial reaction from around the nation is excerpted and can be found at Robert Oppenheimer folder, bo
x 7, White House Central Files, Hagerty Papers.
50 “Many … intelligent men”: Reston, Deadline, p. 226.
51 “communist-front” organization: See Welch comments at hearing, as well as Hagerty, April 2, 1954, entry in Diary, p. 40. Although Welch did not disclose it at the hearing, Fisher also, according to Hagerty, organized a guild chapter in Massachusetts with the help of a Communist organizer.
52 “Mr. McCarthy, I will not discuss this further”: The exchange between McCarthy and Welch is presented on videotape at www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/welch-mccarthy.html. Transcripts also appeared in the New York Times and elsewhere.
53 “It’s no longer McCarthyism”: Minnich memo to Adams, June 21, 1955, ML-8, McCarthy Controversy—High Points, Adams Papers.
54 servicemen huddled below: See http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Castle.html.
55 United States and Japan for months: Within the administration, there lurked a suspicion that the fishing boat was in the area spying for the Soviet Union. Lewis Strauss in particular advanced that theory, on evidence so thin as to appear ludicrous (Strauss, for instance, was suspicious that the captain of the vessel was so young). See Hagerty, April 2, 1954, entry in Diary, pp. 40–42.
56 cloakroom and collapsed: This reconstruction draws on many sources, principally the coverage from the New York Times, March 2, 1954.
57 “These people just shoot wildly”: DDE and Martin, conversation, March 1, 1954, Phone Calls, Jan.–May 1954 (2), box 5, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
58 “his destiny, his responsibility”: Embassy in the Republic of China to State Department, dispatch, April 3, 1958, in FRUS, China, vol. 19, p. 13.
59 even if fired upon: Dockrill, Eisenhower’s New-Look National Security Policy, pp. 103–4.
60 defeat the North Vietnamese by the end of 1955: DDE, Mandate for Change, p. 338.
61 they ignored him: Ibid., p. 339.
62 “Reds would win that part”: Hagerty, March 26, 1954, entry in Diary, p. 35. Cabinet Meeting, March 26, 1954.
63 “Air power might be temporarily beneficial”: DDE, Mandate for Change, p. 341.
64 “suffered reverses”: DDE letter to Hazlett, April 27, 1954, Hazlett 1954 (2) folder, box 18, Name Series, Whitman File.
65 Dien Bien Phu fell: In his telling of this episode, Stephen Ambrose writes that Eisenhower reacted to the suggestion that nuclear weapons might be useful in Indochina with revulsion. “You boys must be crazy,” Ambrose quotes Eisenhower telling the NSC staff adviser Bobby Cutler. “We can’t use those awful things against Asians for the second time in less than ten years. My God” (Ambrose, Eisenhower, the President, p. 184). That statement is attributed to an undated interview with Eisenhower and must be regarded with skepticism. Eisenhower had specifically contemplated the use of nuclear weapons in Korea just one year earlier, and though he decided against it, he expressed no horror or revulsion at the thought of using “those awful things” against Asians in that conflict. As with many aspects of Ambrose’s work, the absence of notes and discrepancies regarding dates make it difficult to say whether this quotation is merely inaccurate or fabricated, but it should not be regarded seriously.
66 “Congress would be asked immediately to declare”: Robert Cutler to Dulles, memo, June 2, 1954, summarizing meeting of same day (full meeting notes filed as well), Indochina 1954 folder, box 11, Briefing Notes Subseries, NSC Series, Office of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs and Records, 1952–61, DDEPL.
67 “American boys to fight in Indochina”: Hagerty, Diary, p. 96.
68 “I couldn’t possibly be prouder”: DDE to John and Barbara Eisenhower, June 11, 1954, doc. 921, HP.
69 “by the time they are eight”: DDE to Edgar Eisenhower, July 6, 1954, doc. 962, HP.
70 by her side: New York Times, July 11, 1954.
71 “When I refer to the Middle Way”: DDE to Chynoweth, July 13, 1954, Brigadier General Chynoweth folder, box 5, Name Series, Whitman File.
72 “a magnificent symbol”: D’Arcy Jenish, “Inland Superhighway,” Canadian Geographic, July/Aug. 2009, p. 38, at http://www.greatlakes-seaway.com/en/pdf/resources_article1.pdf.
73 rescue missions in the South China Sea: Sherman Adams, unpublished MS, p. 603, Adams Papers.
74 “Eisenhower had spells of depression that summer”: Ibid., p. 604.
CHAPTER 9: REVOLUTIONS
1 “Coup d’etat in Guatemala”: Project Solarium, Report to the Office of the Special Assistant for National Security Affairs, NSC by Task Force C [1953] (7), p. 263, box 9, Subject Subseries, NSC Series, White House Office, Records, 1952–61, DDEPL. More specifically, the report recommended using “third forces in bringing about a supplanting of the pro-Kremlin government in Guatemala, with one of anti-Kremlin, pro-U.S. orientation” (see p. 211).
2 “If the Guatemalans want to handle”: Cullather, Secret History, p. 16.
3 the president’s NSC Planning Board: For Cutler’s relationship to United Fruit, see May 26, 1954, memo, White House Telephone Memos, Jan. 1, 1954–June 30, 1954 (1), box 10, Telephone Calls Series, Dulles Papers.
4 pay back the government over time: Cullather, Secret History, p. 22.
5 a bill for $15,854,849: Immerman, CIA in Guatemala, p. 81.
6 “As long as President Arbenz”: “Probable Developments in Guatemala,” NIE 84, quoted in Cullather, Secret History, p. 34. 164 evidence of such connections: Cullather, Secret History, p. 26.
7 “not as many”: Immerman, CIA in Guatemala, p. 183.
8 “It was meant to be”: DDE, Mandate for Change, p. 423.
9 “How could they invent an umbrella”: New York Times, March 2, 1954.
10 “number one priority”: Chief of Western Hemisphere to Director of Plans, CIA, memo, Aug. 27, 1953, folder 3, box 73, CIA Job 79–01025A, in FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala, p. 92.
11 based in Miami: Cullather, Secret History, p. 75.
12 total came to $2.735 million: Budget Summary, folder 2, box 76, CIA Job 79–01025A, in FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala, p. 109.
13 $3 million three months later: Dulles to Wisner, memo, Dec. 9, 1953, folder 6, box 167, CIA Job 79–01025A, in ibid., p. 155.
14 succumbed to Communist influence: Cullather, Secret History, p. 56.
15 “The Guatemalan regime has been frequently accused”: New York Times, May 18, 1954.
16 vessels bound for Guatemala: Immerman, CIA in Guatemala, pp. 158–59.
17 “Should this ammo ship arrive”: CIA Guatemala Station to Operation PBSUCCESS Headquarters, telegram, May 21, 1954, folder 6, box 8, CIA Job 79–01025A, in FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala, p. 295.
18 Eisenhower did not respond: Cullather, Secret History, p. 83.
19 imagined him to lead: CIA Guatemala Station to Operation PBSUCCESS Headquarters, telegram, June 8, 1954, folder 3, box 11, CIA Job 79–01025A, in FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala, p. 316.
20 “Even before H-hour”: Cullather, Secret History, p. 88.
21 without attempting to defeat his army: Memo Prepared in CIA (apparently by Richard Bissell, for Allen Dulles), June 20, 1954, folder 1, box 154, CIA Job 79–01025A, in FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala, p. 359.
22 killed or captured: Cullather, Secret History, p. 90.
23 Eisenhower at the White House: Cullather’s CIA history places this meeting on June 23, but the president’s schedule shows it at 2:30 p.m. on June 22. The official history also neglects to mention Foster Dulles’s presence at the meeting; again, the schedule indicates otherwise.
24 “cowering in their barracks”: Cullather, Secret History, p. 97. See also CIA Guatemala Station to Operation PBSUCCESS Headquarters, telegram, June 23, 1954, folder 5, box 11, CIA Job 79–01025A, in FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala, p. 374.
25 bombs were exploding: Cullather, Secret History, pp. 99–101.
26 “Our first victory has been won”: CIA Guatemala Station to CIA Headquarters, telegram, June 28, 1954, folder 5, box 11, CIA Job 79–01025A, in FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala, p. 396.
> 27 a great triumph for American diplomacy: Hagerty, June 28, 1954, entry in Diary, p. 79.
28 cost precisely $3 million: Memorandum Prepared in the CIA, May 12, 1975, folder 3, box 153, CIA Job 79–01025A, in FRUS 1952–54, Guatemala, p. 450.
29 “Guatemala right now is the most interesting”: Anderson, Che, p. 134.
30 failure to “arm the people”: Ibid., p. 151.
31 “Politically, things aren’t going so well”: Ibid., p. 133.
32 “I have for announcement”: Newton, Justice for All, p. 324.
33 acknowledged the next day: Correspondence from Oct. 1 and Oct. 2, 1953, DDE Diary, October 1953 (4), box 3, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
34 “The new Chief Justice”: Black to Hugo and Sterling Black, Oct. 15, 1953, Hugo Black Jr. file, 1953–54, Black Family Papers, MD, LOC.
35 the constitutionality of Jim Crow: Legal file, Supreme Court, Oct. term 1953; Conference notes, Dec. 12, 1953, Segregation Case File, Robert Jackson Papers. Also “Memorandum for the File in re Segregation Cases,” pt. 2, May 17, 1954, William O. Douglas Papers, MD, LOC.
36 “basic premise”: The description of the Dec. 12, 1953, conference relies on the conference notes of various justices, including Jackson, Douglas, and Burton. All are available at MD, LOC. Burton’s are contained in his diary, Douglas’s in a file labeled “Segregation Case File.”
37 were in the minority: “Memorandum for the File in re Segregation Cases,” pt. 2.
38 from whether to strike down segregation to how to do it: Jan. 15, 1954, entry, 1954 Diaries, Burton Papers.
39 likely in the spring: DDE and Brownell, conversation, Jan. 25, 1954, Phone Calls Jan.–May 1954 (3), box 5, DDE Diary Series, Whitman File.
40 representing the state of South Carolina: Warren, Memoirs, p. 291.
41 “These are not bad people”: Ibid.
42 “the war hero who had destroyed”: Nichols, Matter of Justice, pp. 103–9.
43 not that Warren made up the exchange: Brownell, Advising Ike, p. 174.
44 “When the word ‘unanimously’ ”: Warren, Memoirs, p. 3.
45 “The Supreme Court has spoken”: New York Times, May 20, 1954.
