by Jim Newton
24 initial estimates for fighting the entire war: Center for Public Integrity, “Special Report: Windfalls of War,” at http://projects.publicintegrity.org/wow/.
25 seemed profoundly true: Other costs, including the long-term health care of those wounded, as well as the lost productivity of the dead and those unable to work again, pushed some estimates of American expense in Iraq to more than $3 trillion (see, for instance, Linda J. Bilmes and Joseph E. Stiglitz, Washington Post, March 9, 2008).
26 full participation in politics: Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 50 (2010).
27 lined up before a tree and shot: De Witte, Assassination of Lumumba, pp. 120–21.
28 aides to the two presidents, attended as well: Memorandum for Record, Jan. 19, 1961, John F. Kennedy 1960–61 (2) folder, box 2, Augusta–Walter Reed Series, Post-presidential Papers, DDEPL.
29 his final moments in office: Ibid.
30 “Let every nation know”: Kennedy Inaugural Address, Jan. 20, 1961, APP.
31 “hear, hear”: David Eisenhower, Going Home, p. 6. Susan Eisenhower describes the return home differently in her book, Mrs. Ike, and it is no surprise that two siblings, still young at the time, would recall the evening differently. I have relied on David’s account because John Eisenhower, their father, says it conforms to his memory as well.
32 “Dad was not a happy ex-president”: John Eisenhower, interview with author, Oct. 7, 2010.
33 “Damn, they’ve had me busy”: Ibid.
34 but he was not immune to it: Slater, The Ike I Knew, p. 240.
35 “are not particularly flattering”: DDE to Anderson, Sept. 6, 1961, President Eisenhower 1957–62 (3) folder, box 287, Anderson Papers.
36 “men who confuse”: DDE to McCone, Feb. 13, 1968, John McCone 1968 folder, box 12, Name Series, Post-presidential Papers.
37 “I certainly have learned a lot since”: There are various renderings of this exchange. This comes from a Nov. 8, 1966, interview of DDE by Malcolm Moos in Kennedy folder, box 2, Augusta–Walter Reed Series, Post-presidential Papers.
38 and stretched over years: Rives, “Ambrose and Eisenhower,” at http://hnn.us/articles/126705.html.
39 “I feel sure that the book”: John Eisenhower to DDE, July 20, 1965, AP-1 Pat Morin folder, box 2, Post-presidential Papers.
40 critical of his war and presidential records: Rives, “Ambrose and Eisenhower.”
41 “was a comfort to me and my family”: Exchange of letters of Aug. 10 and 15, 1963, Kennedy 1962–67 (1) folder, box 2, Augusta–Walter Reed Series, Post-presidential Papers.
42 “join as one man”: David Eisenhower, Going Home, p. 121.
43 “a little bit bewildered”: John Eisenhower, interview with author, Oct. 7, 2010.
44 “is just plain dumb”: David Eisenhower, Going Home, p. 149.
45 fulminated about “kooks” and “hippies”: Craig Allen, Eisenhower and the Mass Media, p. 197.
46 “in essence, futile”: DDE to Karson, draft, Feb. 3, 1966, K (3) folder, box 36, 1966 Principal File, Post-presidential Papers.
47 deleted the revealing sentence: DDE to Harlow, Feb. 7, 1966, K (3) folder, box 36, 1966 Principal File, Post-presidential Papers.
48 “He is now even more mature”: DDE to Humphrey, July 21, 1967, Politics 1967–68 folder, box 2, Augusta–Walter Reed Series, Post-presidential Papers.
49 “He is a man of great courage”: Morin article submitted for Eisenhower review, Sept. 30, 1968, PU-3 Written About the General (1) folder, box 27, 1968 Principal File, Post-presidential Papers.
50 make a statement for Nixon, as did John: John Eisenhower, interview with author, Oct. 7, 2010.
51 soon-to-be family connection: David Eisenhower, Going Home, p. 256.
52 “in the White House in January 1969”: New York Times, July 19, 1968.
53 “let’s win this one for Ike”: Nixon address accepting the nomination, Aug. 8, 1968, APP.
54 “He was an old man”: David Eisenhower, Going Home, p. 269.
55 on March 28, 1969, Dwight Eisenhower died: John Eisenhower, Strictly Personal, pp. 336–37.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABBREVIATIONS AND SHORTHAND DESCRIPTIONS
APP: The American Presidency Project. Online reproductions of public presidential material, including transcripts of news conferences, some correspondence, and public statements. The project, housed at the University of California, Santa Barbara, is accessible online at http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
CSL: California State Library, Sacramento DDEPL: Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, Kans.
FRUS: Foreign Relations of the United States (references to this material specify the title and volume; in many instances, documents in FRUS and those from various libraries are duplicative; citations in the text refer to where I located them)
HI: Hoover Institution, Stanford, Calif.
HP: Hopkins Papers. This shorthand refers to the Johns Hopkins collection of Eisenhower’s presidential papers (a subset of the Eisenhower Library’s holdings devoted mostly to Eisenhower’s correspondence). The Hopkins collection is available online at http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential-papers/index.htm.
HSTL: Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, Mo.
MD, LOC: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Whitman File: This is common shorthand for reference to Dwight D. Eisenhower, Papers as President, Main White House File, DDEPL. (Note: Within the Whitman file are two notable diary series. The DDE Diary Series contains official documents, correspondence, and details of Eisenhower’s schedule. The ACW Diary Series is a collection of Whitman’s notes and observations of Eisenhower as president.)
SELECTED BOOKS
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Acheson, Dean. Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department. New York: W. W. Norton, 1969.
Adams, Sherman. Firsthand Report: The Story of the Eisenhower Administration. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1961.
Albertson, Dean. Eisenhower as President. New York: Hill and Wang, 1963.
Allen, Craig. Eisenhower and the Mass Media: Peace, Prosperity, and Prime-Time TV. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993.
Allen, George E. Presidents Who Have Known Me. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960.
Alsop, Joseph, and Turner Catledge. The 168 Days. New York: Doubleday, 1938.
Ambrose, Stephen E. Eisenhower, the President. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.
———. Eisenhower, Soldier and President. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990.
———. Ike’s Spies: Eisenhower and the Espionage Establishment. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1999.
Anderson, Jon Lee. Che: A Revolutionary Life. New York: Grove Press, 1997.
Angelo, Bonnie. First Mothers: The Women Who Shaped the Presidents. New York: Perennial, 2001.
Arnaz, Desi. A Book. New York: Warner Books, 1976.
Atkinson, Rick. An Army at Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942–1943. New York: Henry Holt, 2003.
———. The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944. New York: Henry Holt, 2007.
Axelrod, Alan. Patton: A Biography. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
Bain, Richard C., and Judith H. Parris. Convention Decisions and Voting Records. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1973.
Bekes, Csaba, Malcolm Byrne, and Janos M. Rainer, eds. The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A History in Documents. Budapest: Central European University Press, 2002.
Beschloss, Michael R. Eisenhower: A Centennial Life. New York: HarperCollins, 1990.
Bill, James A., and William Roger Louis, eds. Musaddiq, Iranian Nationalism, and Oil. London: Tauris, 1988.
Bird, Kai, and Martin J. Sherwin. American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. New York: Vintage Books, 2005.
Blumenson, Martin. Patton: The Man Behind the Legend, 1885–1945. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1985.
Blumenson, Martin, ed. The Patton Papers, 1940–1945. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1957.
Botti, Timothy J. Ace in the Hole: Why the United States Did Not Use Nuclear Weapons in the Cold War, 1945 to 1965. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1996.
Boyle, Peter G. Eisenhower: Profiles in Power. Harlow, U.K.: Pearson Education, 2005.
Branch, Taylor. Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988.
Branyan, Robert L., and Lawrence H. Larsen. The Eisenhower Administration, 1953–1961: A Documentary History. New York: Random House, 1971.
Brownell, Herbert. Advising Ike: The Memoirs of Attorney General Herbert Brownell. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993.
Butcher, Harry C. Three Years with Eisenhower: The Personal Diary of Captain Harry C. Butcher, USNR, Naval Aide to General Eisenhower, 1942 to 1945. London: Heinemann, 1946.
Carson, Rachel. Silent Spring. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1962.
Chernus, Ira. Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2002.
Childs, Marquis. Eisenhower: Captive Hero: A Critical Study of the General and the President. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1958.
Conboy, Kenneth, and James Morrison. Feet to the Fire: CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia, 1957–1958. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1999.
Craig, Campbell. Destroying the Village: Eisenhower and Thermonuclear War. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.
Craig, Campbell, and Fredrik Logevall. America’s Cold War: The Politics of Insecurity. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2009.
Cray, Ed. General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2000.
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Cullather, Nick. Secret History: The CIA’s Classified Account of Its Operations in Guatemala, 1952–1954. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999.
DeGregorio, William A. The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents. Fort Lee, N.J.: Barricade Books, 2005.
D’Este, Carlo. Eisenhower: A Soldier’s Life. New York: Henry Holt, 2002.
———. Patton: A Genius for War. New York: HarperCollins, 1995.
De Witte, Ludo. The Assassination of Lumumba. Translated by Ann Wright and Renee Fenby. New York: Verso, 2001.
Dobbs, Michael. One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008.
Dockrill, Saki. Eisenhower’s New-Look National Security Policy, 1953–61. London: Macmillan, 1996.
Douglas, William O. The Autobiography of William O. Douglas: The Court Years, 1939–1975. New York: Random House, 1980.
Dudziak, Mary L. Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000.
Eisenhower, David. Going Home to Glory: A Memoir of Life with Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1961–1969. With Julie Nixon Eisenhower. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010.
Eisenhower, Dwight D. At Ease: Stories I Tell to Friends. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1967.
———. Crusade in Europe. New York: Doubleday, 1948; Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
———. The Eisenhower Diaries. Edited by Robert H. Ferrell. New York: W. W. Norton, 1981.
———. Letters to Mamie. Edited and with commentary by John S. D. Eisenhower. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1977.
———. Mandate for Change: The White House Years, 1953–56. New York: Doubleday, 1963.
———. Waging Peace: The White House Years, 1956–1961. New York: Doubleday, 1965. Eisenhower, John S. D. General Ike: A Personal Reminiscence. New York: Free Press, 2003.
———. Strictly Personal: A Memoir. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1974.
Eisenhower, Susan. Mrs. Ike: Memories and Reflections on the Life of Mamie Eisenhower. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1996.
Ellis, Joseph. His Excellency: George Washington. New York: Random House, 2004.
Evans, M. Stanton. Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America’s Enemies. New York: Crown Forum, 2007.
Ewald, William Bragg, Jr. Eisenhower the President: Crucial Days, 1951–1960. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1981.
Farago, Ladislas. The Last Days of Patton. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1981.
Feldman, Glenn, ed. Before Brown: Civil Rights and White Backlash in the Modern South. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004.
Friedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York: W. W. Norton, 1962.
Friedman, Joel William. Champion of Civil Rights: Judge John Minor Wisdom. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009.
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———. The Fifties. New York: Villard, 1993.
Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and The Sea. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1952.
Herman, Arthur. Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America’s Most Hated Senator. New York: Free Press, 2000.
Holbo, Paul S., and Robert W. Sellen. The Eisenhower Era: The Age of Consensus. Hinsdale, Ill.: Dryden Press, 1974.
Holt, Marilyn Irvin. Mamie Doud Eisenhower: The General’s First Lady. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007.
Hoopes, Townsend. The Devil and John Foster Dulles. Boston: Little, Brown, 1973.
Hughes, Emmet John. The Ordeal of Power: A Political Memoir of the Eisenhower Years. New York: Atheneum, 1975.
Immerman, Richard H. The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1982.
Jervis, Robert. The Meaning of the Nuclear Revolution: Statecraft and the Prospect of Armageddon. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1989.
Jian, Chen. China’s Road to the Korean War: The Making of the Sino-American Confrontation. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.
Karnow, Stanley. Vietnam: A History. New York: Viking, 1983.
Katcher, Leo. Earl Warren: A Political Biography. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967.
Kennedy, David M. Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Kharlamov, M., and O. Vadeyev, eds. Face to Face with America: The Story of Nikita S. Khrushchev’s Visit to the USA. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2003.
Khrushchev, Nikita. Khrushchev in America. New York: Crosscurrents Press, 1960.
Kinzer, Stephen. All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2008.
Kistiakowsky, George B. A Scientist at the White House: The Private Diary of President Eisenhower’s Special Assistant for Science and Technology. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976.
Kluger, Richard. Simple Justice. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976.
Korda, Michael. Ike: An American Hero. New York: HarperCollins, 2007.
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Lattimo
re, Owen. Ordeal by Slander. New York: Carroll and Graf, 2004.
Leckie, Robert. Conflict: The History of the Korean War. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1962.
Lilienthal, David E. The Journals of David E. Lilienthal. Vols. 2–4. New York: Harper and Row, 1964–69.
Lisio, Donald J. The President and Protest: Hoover, MacArthur, and the Bonus Riot. New York: Fordham University Press, 1994.
Macmillan, Harold. Riding the Storm, 1956–1959. London: Macmillan, 1971.
Manchester, William. American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur, 1880–1964. Boston: Little, Brown, 1978.
Mao Zedong. Manuscripts Since the Founding of the People’s Republic. Beijing: Central Press of Historical Documents, 1987.
Mazo, Earl. Richard Nixon: A Political and Personal Portrait. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1959.
McCallum, John. Six Roads from Abilene: Some Personal Recollections of Edgar Eisenhower. Seattle: Wood and Reber, 1960.
McCarthy, Joseph. Major Speeches and Debates of Senator Joe McCarthy, Delivered in the United States Senate, 1950–1951 (reprinted from the Congressional Record). New York: Gordon Press, 1975.
Medhurst, Martin J., Robert L. Ivie, Philip Wander, and Robert L. Scott. Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1997.
Morgan, Kay Summersby. Past Forgetting: My Love Affair with Dwight D. Eisenhower. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975.
Morris, Roger. Richard Milhous Nixon: The Rise of an American Politician. New York: Henry Holt, 1991.
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Newman, Roger. Hugo Black: A Biography. New York: Pantheon Books, 1994.
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Nichols, David A. A Matter of Justice: Eisenhower and the Beginning of the Civil Rights Revolution. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2007.
———. Eisenhower 1956: The President’s Year of Crisis, Suez and the Brink of War. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011.
