State of Failure

by Jonathan Schanzer

  52.Noam Chomsky, Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel & the Palestinians (Cambridge, MA: South End Press, 1999), p. 55.

  53.Christison, Perceptions of Palestine, p. 177.

  54.“Highlights of Main Events 1977–79,” Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, December 21, 2012, www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20

  Relations%20since%201947/1977-1979/HIGHLIGHTS%20OF%20MAIN%20

  EVENTS%201977-1979.

  55.“A Sabbath of Terror,” Time, March 20, 1978, www.time.com/time/magazine

  /article/0,9171,919454,00.html.

  56.“Camp David Accords,” Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, December 21, 2012, www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Camp+David

  +Accords.htm.

  57.Christison, Perceptions of Palestine, p. 205.

  58.Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, p. 587.

  59.Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Pocket Books, 1990), p. 423.

  60.Betty Glad, “The United States’ Ronald Reagan,” in Leadership and Negotiation in the Middle East, ed. Barbara Kellerman and Jeffrey Z. Rubin (New York: Praeger, 1988), pp. 217–218.

  61.Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, p. 589.

  62.Chomsky, Fateful Triangle, p. 213.

  63.Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, pp. 600–616.

  64.Robert Schulzinger, U.S. Diplomacy since 1900 (Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 343.

  65.Chomsky, Fateful Triangle, pp. 107–108.

  66.William E. Smith, “Terror Aboard Flight 847,” Time, June 24, 2001, www.time

  .com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,142099,00.html.

  67.Stanley Meiselt and Dan Fisher, “Israeli Jets Attack PLO’s HQ in Tunis,” Los Angeles Times, October 2, 1985, http://articles.latimes.com/1985-10-02/news

  /mn-16021_1.

  68.King Hussein, “The Jordanian-Palestinian Peace Initiative: Mutual Recognition and Territory for Peace,” Journal of Palestine Studies 14, no. 4 (Summer 1985): 15–22.

  69.Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, p. 666.

  70.Taillandier, “Middle East Connected Attacks on Americans,” www.gloria-center

  .org/2001/12/taillandier-htm-2001-12-05/.

  71.Taillandier, “Middle East Connected Attacks on Americans,” www.gloria-center

  .org/2001/12/taillandier-htm-2001-12-05/.

  72.Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, p. 682.

  73.David Lea, A Survey of Arab Israeli Relations 1947–2001 (Routledge, 2002), p. 17.

  74.Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, pp. 712–713.

  75.“Palestinian Declaration of Independence (1988),” Al-Zaytouna Centre for Studies & Consultations, December 21, 2012, www.alzaytouna.net/en/resources

  /documents/palestinian-documents/97756-palestinian-declaration-of-independence

  -1988.html#.UNT5fOQSeN4.

  76.“US Decision on PLO Hailed Worldwide,” Los Angeles Times, December 15, 1988, http://articles.latimes.com/1988-12-15/news/mn-527_1_u-s-congressional-leaders.

  77.Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, p. 714.

  78.The Arab League was founded in 1945 as a regional body for the countries of the Middle East and North Africa to coordinate on political, economic, and security matters.

  79.Smith, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, p. 291.

  80.Ahmed Janabi, “Arafat’s Costly Gulf War Choice,” Al Jazeera, August 22, 2009, http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/plohistoryofrevolution/2009/2009/08

  /200981294137853350.html.

  81.Tricia McDermott, “Arafat’s Billions: One Man’s Quest to Track down Unaccounted-For Public Funds,” CBS News, November 9, 2003, www.cbsnews.com

  /stories/2003/11/07/60minutes/main582487.shtml.

  82.“In Jordan, Arafat Refutes Rumor of Saddam Hussein’s Demise,” New York Times, February 17, 1991, www.nytimes.com/1991/02/17/world/war-in-the-gulf-in-jordan

  -arafat-refutes-rumor-of-saddam-hussein-s-demise.html.

  83.Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, p. 737.

  84.Lea, A Survey of Arab Israeli Relations 1947–2001, p. 19.

  85.James Baker, “Letter of Assurance to the Palestinians,” United States Institute for Peace, December 21, 2012, www.usip.org/files/file/resources/collections/peace

  _agreements/letter_of_assurance.pdf.

  86.Schulzinger, U.S. Diplomacy Since 1900, p. 366.

  87.“Chronology of Events June 1992– December 1994,”Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs,” December 21, 2012, www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20

  Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1992-1994/CHRONOLOGY%20

  OF%20EVENTS-%20JUNE%201992-DECEMBER%201994.

  88.Bill Clinton, My Life (New York: Knopf, 2002), p. 546.

  89.“Communiqué Following the Meeting of the Foreign Ministers of Israel-Egypt-Jordan–the US Secretary of State and a PA Representative,” Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, December 21, 2012, www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations

  /Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1995-1996/Communique

  %20following%20the%20meeting%20of%20the%20foreign%20mi.

  90.Taillandier, “Middle East Connected Attacks on Americans,” www.gloria-center

  .org/2001/12/taillandier-htm-2001-12-05/.

  91.“Words of Warning,” PBS, December 18, 1996, www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle

  _east/december96/letter_12-18a.html.

  92.“Chronology of Events 1998_1999,” Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, December 21, 2012, www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20

  Relations%20since%201947/1998-1999/CHRONOLOGY%20OF%20EVENTS

  -%201998-1999.

  93.John M. Broder, “White House Is Quietly Pro-Barak,” New York Times, May 17, 1999, www.nytimes.com/1999/05/17/world/white-house-is-quietly-pro-barak

  .html.

  94.“Remarks by President Clinton to the Palestinian National Council and Other Palestinian Organizations,” Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, December 21, 2012, www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations

  %20since%201947/1998-1999/119%20Remarks%20by%20President%20

  Clinton%20to%20the%20Palestinia.

  95.Benny Morris, “Camp David and After Part 1,” New York Review of Books, June 2002, www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2002/jun/13/camp-david-and-after-an

  -exchange-1-an-interview-wi/.

  96.“The Clinton Parameters,” Israel Palestine Center for Research and Information, December 21, 2012, www.ipcri.org/files/clinton-parameters.html.

  97.“President Bush Condemns Terrorist Attack in Israel,” US Department of State, June 1, 2001, http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/nea/rt/3244.htm.

  98.“Arafat Condemns Bombing, Calls for Ceasefire,” CNN, June 2, 2001, http://

  edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/06/02/israel.explosion.03/index.html.

  99.“Reuters Statement on False Claim it Used Old Video,” CNN, September 20, 2001, http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/20/reuters.statement/index.html.

  100.“President Bush Condemns Assassination of Rehavem Zeevi,” US Department of State, October 17, 2001, http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/nea/rt/5428.htm.

  101.“United States Position on Terrorists and Peace in the Middle East,” US Department of State, November 19, 2001, http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former

  /powell/remarks/2001/6219.htm.

  102.“President Discusses Middle East,” The White House, January 25, 2002, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020125-4.html.

  103.“President Bush Calls for New Palestinian Leadership,”
US Department of State, June 24, 2002, http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/11408.htm.

  104.“‘Quartet’ Joint Statement,” US Department of State, July 16, 2002, http://2001

  -2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/11882.htm.

  105.“August 12th Press Briefing,” US Department of State, August 12, 2002, http://

  2001-2009.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/12731.htm.

  106.“Bush Outlines Middle East Peace Plan,” CNN, June 24, 2002, http://articles.cnn

  .com/2002-06-24/politics/bush.mideast.speech_1_palestinian-state-borders-and

  -certain-aspects-palestinian-parliament?_s=PM:ALLPOLITICS.

  107.“Hopeful Moment for Progress towards Middle East Peace,” US Department of State, March 24, 2003, http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/18717.htm.

  108.“Roadmap for Peace in the Middle East: Israeli/Palestinian Reciprocal Action, Quartet Support,” US Department of State, July 16, 2003, http://2001-2009.state

  .gov/r/pa/ei/rls/22520.htm.

  109.“President Bush Presses for Peace in the Middle East,” US Department of State, May 9, 2003, http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/20497.htm.

  110.“Remarks at the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee’s National Convention,” US Department of State, June 14, 2003, http://2001-2009.state.gov

  /secretary/former/powell/remarks/2003/21573.htm; “Joint Press Conference with Palestinian Prime Minister Abbas,” US Department of State, June 20, 2003, http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/remarks/2003/21807.htm.

  111.“Prime Minister Abbas’ Resignation,” US Department of State, September 6, 2003, http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/nea/rls/24106.htm.

  112.“Assistant Secretary of State William J. Burns’ Opening Remarks at the Ad Hoc Liaison Committee Meeting,” US Department of State, December 8, 2004, http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2004/39555.htm.

  113.“Palestinian Elections,” US Department of State, January 9, 2005, http://2001

  -2009.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/40775.htm.

  114.“President Bush Meets with Palestinian President Abbas,” US Department of State, May 26, 2005, http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/46824.htm.

  115.“President Welcomes Palestinian President Abbas to the White House,” The White House, October 20, 2005, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news

  /releases/2005/10/20051020.html.

  116.“Israel Completes Gaza Withdrawal,” BBC, September 12, 2005, http://news.bbc

  .co.uk/2/hi/4235768.stm.

  117.“Security and the Palestinian Elections,” US Department of State, January 11, 2006, http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2006/58926.htm.

  118.Scott Wilson, “Hamas Sweeps Palestinian Elections, Complicating Peace Efforts in Mideast,” Washington Post, January 27, 2006, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn

  /content/article/2006/01/26/AR2006012600372.html.

  119.“Statement on Palestinian Elections,” US Department of State, January 26, 2006, http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2006/59870.htm.

  120.“US-Palestinian Relations,” House International Relations Committee, March 2, 2006, www.c-spanvideo.org/program/191430-1.

  121.“Statement on Palestinian Assistance,” US Department of State, April 7, 2006, http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2006/64237.htm.

  122.Email correspondence with James Prince, March 27, 2013.

  123.“President’s Statement on S.2370 the Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006,” The White House, December 21, 2006, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov

  /news/releases/2006/12/20061221-4.html.

  124.“Statement with Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert After Their Meeting,” US Department of State, February 19, 2007, http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2007/feb/80659.htm.

  125.“Memorandum for the Secretary of State,” The White House, June 1, 2007, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/06/20070601-16.html.

  126.“Hamas Takes Control of Gaza Strip,” USA Today, June 15, 2007, www.usatoday

  .com/news/world/2007-06-14-gaza_N.htm.

  127.“President Bush Discusses the Middle East,” The White House, July 16, 2007, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/07/20070716-7

  .html.

  128.“Announcement of Annapolis Conference,” US Department of State, November 20, 2007, http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/nov/95458.htm.

  129.“President Bush Attends Annapolis Conference,” US Department of State, November 27, 2007, http://2001-2009.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/2007/95695.htm; “The Annapolis Conference,” Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs, December 21, 2012, www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Historic+Events/The+Annapolis

  +Conference+27-Nov-2007.htm.

  130.“Remarks at the United Nations Security Council,” US Department of State, December 16, 2008, http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/12/113242.htm.

  131.“Remarks at the U.S.-Palestinian Public-Private Partnership Promoting Economic and Educational Opportunities for the Palestinian People,” US Department of State, December 3, 2007, http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2007/12/96142

  .htm.

  132.“Transcripts of Bush, Abbas Remarks,” Wall Street Journal, April 24, 2008, http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2008/04/24/transcript-of-bush-abbas-remarks/.

  133.“Remarks at a Conference in Support of Palestinian Civil Security and Rule of Law,” US Department of State, June 24, 2008, http://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary

  /rm/2008/06/106196.htm.

  134.“The President’s News Conference,” The American Presidency Project, February 9, 2009, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=85728.

  135.Gwen Ackerman and Viola Gienger, “Clinton Says Two-State Answer to Mideast Conflict ‘Inescapable,’” Bloomberg, March 3, 2009, www.bloomberg.com/apps

  /news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aVcCyrU_g5wc&refer=home.

  136.“Remarks by the President at Cairo University,” The White House, June 4, 2009, www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-at-Cairo-Univ

  ersity-6-04-09/.

  137.“Remarks at the US-Islamic World Forum,” US Department of State, February 14, 2010, www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/02/136678.htm.

  138.“Remarks by Vice President Biden and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas,” The White House, March 10, 2010, www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office

  /remarks-vice-president-biden-and-palestinian-authority-president-mahmoud

  -abbas.

  139.Adrian Bloomfield, “Obama Snubbed Netanyahu for Dinner with Michelle and the Girls, Israelis Claim,” Telegraph, March 25, 2010, www.telegraph.co.uk/news

  /worldnews/barackobama/7521220/Obama-snubbed-Netanyahu-for-dinner-with

  -Michelle-and-the-girls-Israelis-claim.html

  140.“Report: Obama Promised Abbas a Palestinian State within Two Years,” Haaretz, April 29, 2010, www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/report-obama-promised

  -abbas-a-palestinian-state-within-two-years-1.287415.

  141.Dan Ephron, “The Wrath of Mahmoud Abbas,” Newsweek, April 24, 2011, www

  .thedailybeast.com/articles/2011/04/25/mahmoud-abbas-interview-palestinian

  -leaders-frustration-with-obama.html.

  142.Interview with Aaron David Miller, Washington, DC, March 11, 2013.

  Chapter 3 Guerrilla Governance

  1.Hans Wehr, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (London: MacDonald & Evans, 1980), p. 693.

  2.Martin Kramer, “Khalidi of the PLO,” Sandbox, October 30, 2008, www.martin

  kramer.org/sandbox/2008/10/khalidi-of-the-plo/.

  3.Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University P
ress, 1997), p. 178.

  4.Said K. Aburish, Arafat: From Defender to Dictator (London: Bloomsbury, 1998), pp. 40–41.

  5.Yasser Arafat interview with Playboy, September 1988; Andrew Gowers and Tony Walker, Behind the Myth: Yasser Arafat and the Palestinian Revolution (New York: Olive Branch Press, 1992), pp. 28–29.

  6.Aburish, Arafat, p. 51.

  7.Gowers and Walker, Behind the Myth, p. 29.

  8.Aburish, Arafat, p. 52.

  9.Ibid., pp. 49–50.

  10.Danny Rubinstein, The Mystery of Arafat (South Royalton, VT: Steerforth Press, 1995), pp. 52–53; Ehud Yaari, Strike Terror: The Story of Fatah (New York: Sabra Books, 1970), pp. 67–86.

  11.Yaari, Strike Terror, pp. 98–111.

  12.Charles D. Smith, Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), p. 196.

  13.J. Paul De B. Taillon, Hijacking and Hostages: Government Responses to Terrorism (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), p. 15.

  14.Raphael Israeli, PLO in Lebanon: Selected Documents (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983).

  15.Rashid Khalidi, The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2006), p.176.

  16.“British Bank of the Middle East, 1976,” Time, March 11, 2010, www.time.com

  /time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1865132_1865133_1865218,00.html.

  17.Yonah Alexander and Joshua Sinai, Terrorism: The PLO Connection (New York: Crane Russak, 1989), pp. 32–33.

  18.Herbert Krosney, “Defector Says PLO Is Corrupt,” Globe and Mail, September 20, 1979 (accessed via LexisNexis).

  19.Fouad Moughrabi, “The Palestinians After Lebanon,” Arab Studies Quarterly 5, no. 3 (Summer 1983): 214.

  20.Jillian Becker, The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1984), p. 268.

  21.Neil Livingstone and David Halevy, Inside the PLO: Covert Units, Secret Funds, and the War Against Israel and the United States (New York: Morrow, 1990), p. 168.

  22.Becker, The PLO, p. 275.

  23.Ibid.

  24.Khalidi, The Iron Cage, p. 176.

  25.Barbara Rosewicz and Gerald Seib, “Aside From Being a Movement, the PLO Is a Financial Giant,” Wall Street Journal, July 21, 1986 (accessed via ProQuest).