by Feiling, Tom
* Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt, The Politics of Organized Crime and the Organized Crime of Politics: A Study, (Lexington Books, 2006), p. 133.
* James Zackrison, ‘Colombia’, in Yonah Alexander, ed., Combating Terrorism: Strategies of Ten Countries (University of Michigan Press, 2002), p. 127.
* Ibid., p. 130.
* According to declassified documents prepared by the CIA and released by the National Security Archive in Washington, DC in January 2010; see ‘Body Count Mentalities: Colombia’s False Positives Scandal’, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 266, 7 January 2009.
* Boris Salazar, ‘Jojoy y la guerra perversa de Colombia’, Razón Pública, 27 September 2010.
* See http://www.nationmaster.com/country/co-colombia/mil-military
† David Bushnell, The Making of Modern Colombia: A Nation in Spite of Itself (University of California Press, 1993), p. 256.
* Forrest Hylton, Evil Hour in Colombia (Verso, 2006), p. 91.
* Mauricio Puello Bedoya, ‘ “Jojoy”, una cara de Colombia’, Razón Pública, 27 September 2010.
* According to Iván Darío Alzate Martínez, the director of UCAD (Unidad Coordinadora de Atención y Orientación a la Población Desplazada), which was set up to help returnees to San Carlos.
* ‘Origen del paramilitarismo en Antioquia’, as explained by then-Senator Gustavo Petro, is available to view on YouTube.
† ‘35.000 no éramos los miembros de las autodefensas, ¡jamás!’, Semana, 9 February 2011.
* ‘Colombia Identifies Almost 10,000 Bodies in Unmarked Graves’, Guardian, 27 May 2011.
* As cited by the economist Luís Jorge Garay: see ‘El proyecto de Ley de Víctimas aprobado en la Cámara tiene rasgos de inconstitucionalidad’, La Silla Vacía, 8 January 2011.
* ‘Fiscalía tiene documentados 173.183 homicidios cometidos por “paras” ’, El Espectador, 13 January 2011; also see Breaking the Silence: In Search of Colombia’s Disappeared (Latin America Working Group Education Fund and the US Office on Colombia, 2010).
† ‘Varias ONG piden a la UE condenar las desapariciones forzadas en Colombia’, Semana, 8 April 2011.
* ‘Las Bacrim tendrán unos seis mil hombres, en seis estructuras’, interview with Álvaro Villaraga, co-ordinator of the organization DDR (Demobilization, Disarmament and Reintegration), Semana, 18 January 2011.
* ‘La seguridad, en entredicho’, La Verdad Abierta, 3 May 2011.
* According to a report by the NGO Corporación Nuevo Arco Iris, the bandas criminales have about 6,000 members, in six main structures, though membership is fluid and constantly changing. ‘¿Y ahora quién responde por las víctimas de las bandas criminales?’, La Silla Vacía, 8 February 2011.
* I recommend Spanish-speaking readers interested to know more about the story of Simón Trinidad and Jorge 40 to read Líbranos del Bien, a fictionalized account written by Alonso Sánchez Baute and published by Alfaguara in 2008.
* According to a survey conducted by the Comisión de Seguimiento a la Política Pública sobre Desplazamiento Forzado and reported in ‘El Botín de las Tierras’, Semana, 11 December 2010. Ireland covers an area of approximately 27,000 square miles.
* ‘Juan Manuel Santos: “It is time to think again about the war on drugs” ’, Guardian, 12 November 2011.
* Instituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo Rural.
* ‘Historia de una cruzada’, Semana, 15 January 2011.
† He was citing a report prepared by the Agustín Codazzi Geographical Institute in 2001; see ‘Mensaje de Alfonso Caño’, January 2011, at http://horadecambios2006.blogspot.com
* ‘Desigualdad extrema’, Semana, 12 March 2011.
† ‘Armed Conflict in Colombia: A Concession to Reality’, The Economist, 26 May 2011.
* I have embellished Tomás’ account with material from John Hemming, The Search for El Dorado (Michael Joseph, 1978), pp. 32–5.
* Ibid., p. 70.
* Ibid., pp. 35–9.
* Ibid., p. 173.
* The wind power of the Guajira region has the potential to generate electricity to meet the demand for power in Colombia twice over.
* John Hemming, The Search for El Dorado (Michael Joseph, 1978), p. 11.
* Jacinto Pineda Jiménez, Veinte años de los acuerdos de paz entre los esmeralderos: Una reflexión desde la paz y el desarrollo (ESAP Boyacá, 2010).
* ‘Fighting Colombia’s Green War: Treasure of the Emerald Forest’, Independent, 29 April 2006.
* The story of Saigo Takamori’s battle with the Meiji government was dramatized in the 2003 film The Last Samurai.
* ‘El Cerrado Colombiano’, Semana, 6 November 2010.
* J. F. Hornbeck, US–Latin American Trade: Recent Trends (CRS Report for Congress, May 2004); Open Veins of Latin America is Eduardo Galeano’s classic exposé of how the developed world has robbed Latin America of its natural wealth.
* ‘El top de los actos ilegales que cometen los bogotanos’, El Tiempo, 28 November 2010.
† ‘En Bogotá la justicia cojea … y no llega’, El Tiempo, 29 September 2010.
* ‘FF.MM. le regalan a las Farc un árbol de Navidad’, El Espectador, 17 December 2010.
† Presidencia de la República de Colombia, press release, 24 December 2010.
* ‘Colombia Takes Steps on Killings but Security Forces Still Culpable – UN Expert’, UN News Centre, 27 May 2010.
† ‘Tolemaida Resort’, Semana, 2 April 2011.
* Luís Eduardo Celis, ‘Violencia contra el sindicalismo en Colombia: Una larga y triste historia’, Razón Pública, 31 January 2011.
† Cal Colgan, ‘In the Recent Free Trade Deals, What About Colombian Workers?’ The Nation, 14 October 2011.
* See ‘Santos condecoró con Orden de Boyacá a Tony Blair’, El Universal, 27 April 2011; and ‘ “Colombia está pasando por un buen momento”: Tony Blair’, El Tiempo, 28 April 2011.
* I’ve referred to Operation Amazonas, but some of those named were targeted as part of other DAS operations, such as Operation Risaralda and Operation Arauca.
† ‘Argentina’s Former Dictator Jorge Videla Given Life Sentence’, Guardian, 23 December 2010.
* The phrase was coined by Father Javier Giraldo, who founded the NGO Justicia y Paz – Justice and Peace – in 1988. Justicia y Paz maintains a comprehensive database of human rights violations in Colombia. Giraldo is also the author of Colombia: The Genocidal Democracy (Common Courage Press, 1996).
* According to a collation of results from the World Values Survey between 1995 and 2008; see Jaime Díez Medrano, ‘Interpersonal Trust’, JDS Data Bank, 2012.
