[Adams on Boston]: Henry Adams, The Life of George Cabot Lodge (Houghton Mifflin, 1911), quoted in Brooks, p. 199 footnote.
[Twain on his Boston audience]: quoted in ibid., p. 8.
[Brooks on exhaustion of old reformers]: ibid., p. 120.
169 [Henry Adams]: Ernest Samuels, Henry Adams, 3 vols. (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1948–64); Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (Houghton Mifflin, 1918).
[Adams trying to drive away students]: quoted in Brooks, p. 254 footnote.
[Mrs. Lightfoot Lee and power]: Henry Adams, Democracy (Farrar, Straus and Young, n.d), p. 10.
[Henry James]: Leon Edel, Henry James (J. B. Lippincolt, 1953–72), vol. 1; Maxwell Geismar, Henry James and the Jacobites (Houghton Mifflin, 1963).
170 [James’s alleged lampooning of Peabody]: Edel, vol. 3, pp. 142–43.
[Parrington on James’s concern only with nuances]: Parrington, vol. 3, p. 241.
[James as “pragmatizing”]: quoted in Brooks, p. 228.
[James’s (not necessarily intended) “figure in the carpet”]: Geismar, pp. 137–39.
[“Best and brightest”]: quoted in Brooks, p. 188.
[Howells]: Kenneth S. Lynn, William Dean Howells: An American Life (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971).
[Twain]: Justin Kaplan, Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain (Simon and Schuster, 1966); Roger B. Salomon, Twain and the Image of History (Yale University Press, 1961); Philip S. Foner, Mark Twain: Social Critic (International Publishers, 1958).
171 [Huck on the Mississippi]: Mark Twain, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (American Publishing, 1903), p. 161.
[Huck’s escapism]: Albert E. Stone, Jr., The Innocent Eye: Childhood in Mark Twain’s Imagination (Yale University Press, 1961), esp. ch. 5.
[Huck on Aunt Sally’s effort to “sivilize” him]: Twain, p. 375.
[“I’d got to decide, forever”]: ibid., p. 279. On Huck’s decision, see also Leo Marx, The Machine in the Garden (Oxford University Press, 1964), pp. 337–38.
[“NOTICE” to the reader]:Twain, p. iii.
[Norris]: Ernest Marchand, Frank Norris (Octagon Books, 1981); William B. Dillingham, Frank Norris: Instinct and Art (University of Nebraska Press, 1969).
[McTeague]: Frank Norris, McTeague: A Story of San Francisco (Doubleday, Doran, 1928).
172 [The Octopus]: Frank Norris, The Octopus: The Epic of the Wheat: A Story of California (P. F. Collier, 1901), quoted at p. 473.
[Huck on the steamboat smashing through the raft]: Twain, p. 133.
“Toiling Millions Now Are Waking”
173 [De Leon on the Declaration of Independence]: quoted in David Herreshoff, American Disciples of Marx (Wayne State University Press, 1967), pp. 167–68.
[Marx on wages labor as a probational state]: quoted in Stuart Bruce Kaufman, Samuel Gompers and the Origins of the American Federation of Labor, 1848–1896 (Greenwood Press, 1973), p. 28.
[Early development of American socialism]: Howard H. Quint, The Forging of American Socialism (University of South Carolina Press, 1953), esp. ch. 1; Herreshoff, chs. 3–4.
174 [Woodhull & Claflin’s Weekly]: most issues in New-York Historical Society; Communist Manifesto in issue of December 30, 1871; see also, Herreshoff, pp. 83–84, 86.
175 [National Labor Union]: Gerald N. Grob, Workers and Utopia (Northwestern University Press, 1961), ch. 2.
[Socialists on letting “wage slavery” go on]: Kaufman, p. 85.
[Union membership, 1878]: see Philip S. Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States (International Publishers, 1947–65), vol. 1, pp. 439–40.
[Labor troubles of 1870s]: Philip S. Foner, The Great Labor Uprising of 1877 (Monad Press, 1977); Garraty, op. cit., ch. 4; Jeremy Brecher, Strike! (South End Press, 1972), ch. 1; Herbert Gutman, Work, Culture and Society in Industrializing America (Alfred A. Knopf, 1976), ch. 6.
[Molly Maguires]: Louis Adamic, Dynamite (Viking Press, 1934), ch. 2.
176 [Adams on railroad strikes]: Edward Chase Kirkland, Charles Francis Adams, Jr. (Harvard University Press, 1965), pp. 54–55.
[National trade unions]: Norman J. Ware, The Labor Movement in the United States, 1860–1895 (D. Appleton, 1929); Lloyd Ulman, The Rise of the National Trade Union (Harvard University Press, 1955); John Philip Hall, “The Knights of St. Crispin in Massachusetts, 1869–1878,” Journal of Economic History, vol. 18, no. 2 (June 1958), pp. 161–75.
[Knights of Labor and the strikes of 1884 and 1886]: Brecher, ch. 2; Grob, chs. 3. 4; Gerald N. Grob, “The Knights of Labor and the Trade Unions, 1878–1886,” Journal of Economic History, vol. 18, no. 2 (June 1958), pp. 176–92; Foner, History of the Labor Movement, vol. 1, ch. 21, pp. 504–12 and vol. 2, chs. 3–5; James MacGregor Burns, “Labor’s Drive to Majority Status,” unpub. dissertation, Williams College, 1939.
[Garraty on Powderly]: Garraty, p. 162.
[Powderly on the word “class “]: quoted in Harold C. Livesay, Samuel Gompers and Organized Labor in America (Little, Brown, 1978), p. 77.
[“Toiling millions now are waking”]: quoted in Adamic, p. 62.
177 [Haymarket Massacre]: Henry David, The History of the Haymarket Affair (Farrar & Rinehart,1936); Adamic, ch. 6; Philip S. Foner, The Autobiography of the Haymarket Martyrs (Humanities Press, 1969).
[Anarchist circular]: reprinted in Adamic, p. 70.
[“Then we’ll all go home”]: quoted in ibid., p. 73.
178 [David on the Haymarket “martyrs”]: David, p. 534.
[The American Federation of Labor]: Livesay, Kaufman; Foner, History of the Labor Movement, vol. 2, chs. 9, 12; Grob, Workers and Utopia, chs. 8, 9; John Laslett, “Reflections on the Failure of Socialism in the American Federation of Labor,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 50, no. 4 (March 1964), pp. 634–51.
178 [Strasser’s dialogue with the senator]: quoted in Garraty, p. 170.
[Gompers’s early life and apprenticeship]: Samuel Gompers, Seventy Years of Life and Labor (E. P. Dutton, 1925). vol. 1, book 1; Livesay, chs. 1–3.
[“Study your union card, Sam”]: Karl Laurrell, quoted in Gompers, vol. 1, p. 75. [Gompers on improving material conditions]: quoted in Kaufman, p. 174.
180 [“The only desirable legislation for the workers”]: Twentieth Century Fund, Labor and theGovernment (McGraw-Hill, 1935), pp. 14–15.
[Gompers and Social Darwinism]: Gompers, vol. 2, ch. 26; George B. Cotkin, “The Spencerian and Comtian Nexus in Gompers’ Labor Philosophy: The Impact of Non-Marxian Evolutionary Thought,” Labor History, vol. 20, no. 4 (Fall 1979). pp. 510–23.
The Alliance: A Democracy of Leaders
[“Largest democratic mass movement”]: Lawrence Goodwyn, The Populist Moment (Oxford University Press, 1978), p. vii.
181 [Crop lien system]: Lawrence Goodwyn, Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America (Oxford University Press, 1976), pp. 26–31.
[“Laboring men of America”]: W. Scott Morgan, History of the Wheel and Alliance and the Impending Revolution (W. Scott Morgan, 1889), p. 24, quoted in Martha A. Warner, Kansas Populism: A Sociological Analysis (M.A. thesis, University of Kansas, 1956), p. 94.
182 [Founding and structure of Farmers’ Alliance]: Goodwyn, Democratic Promise, pp. 33–40; Topeka Advocate, July 22, 1891; John D. Hicks, The Populist Revolt (University of Nebraska Press, 1961), pp. 128–29; Homer Clevenger, “The Teaching Techniques of the Farmers’ Alliance,” Journal of Southern History, vol. 11, no. 4 (November 1945), pp. 504–18.
[Lamb]: Goodwyn, Democratic Promise, pp. 40–41;Roscoe C. Martin, The People’s Party in Texas: A Study in Third Party Politics (reprint; University of Texas Press, 1970), pp. 44–45.
[Great Southwest Strike and the Alliance]: Goodwyn, Democratic Promise, pp. 54–65.
[Growth of Alliance membership]: ibid., pp. 65, 73.
[Cleburne convention and demands]: ibid, pp. 77–83, demands quoted at p. 79; Hicks, pp. 105–6.
183 [Macune]: Hicks, pp. 106–9; Goodwyn, Democratic Promise, pp. 83�
��86; Annie L. Diggs, “The Farmers’ Alliance and Some of Its Leaders,” The Arena, no. 29 (April 1892), pp.598–600; C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South, 1877–1913 (Louisiana StateUniversity Press, 1951), p. 190.
[“Freedom from the tyranny of organized capital”]: quoted in Goodwyn, Democratic Promise, p. 90.
[Waco, 1887]: ibid., pp. 89–91; Hicks, pp. 107—9.
[Farmers like “ripe fruit”]: William L. Garvin and S. O. Daws, History of the National Farmers’ Alliance and Cooperative Union of America (J. N. Rogers, 1887), pp. 49–50, quoted in Hicks, p. 110.
184 [Georgia Alliance and the “jute trust”]: C. Vann Woodward, Tom Watson: Agrarian Rebel (Macmillan, 1938), pp. 136, 141–42; Alex M. Arnett, The Populist Movement in Georgia (Columbia University Press, 1922; reprinted by AMS Press, 1967), p. 100; see also Steven Hahn, The Roots of Southern Populism (Oxford University Press, 1983).
[Kansas Alliance and the “twine trust”]: Goodwyn, Democratic Promise, pp. 94–107; W. F. Rightmire, “The Alliance Movement in Kansas,” Kansas State Historical Society Collections, vol. 9 (1906), pp. 3–4; W. P. Harrington, “The Populist Party in Kansas,” Kansas State Historical Society Collections, vol. 16 (1925), pp. 405–6; American Nonconformist (Winfield, Kansas), April 4, 11, 1889.
[Sectionalism of postwar Democratic and Republican parties]: Goodwyn, Democratic Promise, pp. 4–10.
[Kansas People’s Party]: Topeka Advocate, June 18, 1890; Rightmire, p. 5; Harrington, pp. 410–11; Hicks, pp. 155–56.
185 [Simpson]: Paul Dean Harper, The Speechmaking of Jerry Simpson (M.A. thesis, Kansas State College of Pittsburg, 1967), pp. 30–44; O. Gene Clanton, Kansas Populism (UniversityPress of Kansas, 1969), pp. 82–87.
185 [Simpson on debate with Hallowell]: quoted in Clanton, p. 86.
[Diggs on Alliance women]: Annie L. Diggs, “The Women in the Alliance Movement,” The Arena, no. 32 (July 1892). pp. 163–64.
[Diggs]: Ross E. Paulson, “Annie LePorte Diggs,” in Edward T.James, ed., Notable American Women, 1607–1950 (Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971), vol. 1, pp. 481–82; Walter T. K. Nugent, The Tolerant Populists: Kansas Populism and Nativism (University of Chicago Press, 1963), p. 135.
[Lease]: Diggs, “Women in the Alliance Movement,” pp. 165–67; Clanton, pp. 73–78; American Nonconformist, September 25, 1890.
[“Pinning sheets of notes”]: Clanton, p. 74.
186 [“A golden voice”]: William Allen White, The Autobiography of William Allen White (Macmillan, 1946), p. 218.
[Diggs on Lease’s voice]: Diggs, “Women in the Alliance Movement,” p. 166.
[“Less corn and more Hell!”]: quoted in Elizabeth Barr, “The Populist Uprising,” in William E. Connelley, History of Kansas: State and People (American Historical Society, 1928), vol. 2, p. 1166.
[Kansas Populists in the elections of 1890 and 1892]: Goodwyn, Democratic Promise, pp. 200–201; 317–18; Nugent, pp. 91–93, 123–24.
[“First People’s party government on earth”]: Clanton, p. 129.
[“Incendiary Haymarket inaugural”]: quoted in ibid., p. 131.
[Kansas tug-of-war]: ibid., pp. 131–36; Barr in Connelley, pp. 1184–98.
187 [Goodwyn on the People’s Party]: Goodwyn, Populist Moment, pp. 126–27.
[Woodward on complexities of race]: Woodward, Watson, p. 220.
[Populism and American blacks]: Goodwyn, Democratic Promise, ch. 10; Norman Pollack, ed., The Populist Mind (Bobbs-Merrill, 1967), part 4, ch. 2.
[Watson]: Woodward, Watson, passim.
188 [“I did not lead the Alliance”]: quoted in ibid., p. 140.
[Watson’s 1890 campaign for Congress]: ibid., pp. 146–50, 156–61; Arnett, pp. 113–14.
[“Nebuchadnezzar’s furnace”]: quoted in Arnett, p. 114.
[Watson in Congress]: Woodward, Watson, ch. 12.
[Watson on economic basis for black-white division]: Watson, “The Negro Question in the South,” The Arena, no. 35 (October 1892), pp. 540–50, in Pollack, pp. 361–74, quoted at p. 371.
[Watson’s 1892 electoral defeat]: Woodward, Watson, pp. 227–43; Arnett, pp. 143–55.
[Texas Alliance Exchange]: Goodwyn, Democratic Promise, pp. 125–42.
189 [Sublreasury as instrument of political revolt]: ibid., p. 243.
[Founding of People’s Party of Texas]: ibid., pp. 285–91; Martin, pp. 36–41.
[Donnelly’s St. Louis address]: quoted in Goodwyn, Democratic Promise, p. 265.
[Omaha convention]: ibid., pp. 270–72; George B. Tindall, “The People’s Party,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of U.S. Political Parties (Chelsea House, 1973), vol. 2, pp. 1714–16.
[People’s Party platform, 1892]: Pollack, pp. 60–66, quoted at pp. 63, 64.
[Populist campaign and election results]: Tindall in Schlesinger, vol. 2, pp. 1716–18; Theodore Saloutos, Farmer Movements in the South, 1865–1933 (University of California Press, 1960), pp. 133–35.
[“A regular walking omelet”]: quoted in Barr in Connelley, p. 1183.
6. THE BROKERS OF POLITICS
192 [“Government… for the benefit of Senators”]: Henry Adams, Democracy (Farrar, Straus and Young, n.d.), pp. 22–23.
[Emerson and Burroughs on Whitman’s eyes]: quoted in Mark Van Doren, “Walt Whitman,” in Dumas Malone, ed., Dictionary of American Biography, vol. 20 (Scribner’s, 1936), p. 146.
[Parrington on Whitman]: Vernon L. Parrington, Main Currents in American Thought (Harcourt, Brace, 1927), vol. 3, p. 69.
[ Whitman’s familiarity with Mill and Tocqueville]: see Roger Asselineau, The Evolution of Walt Whitman (Harvard University Press, 1960–62), vol. 2, pp. 331–32.
[Whitman on “our great experiment”]: quoted in Parrington, vol. 3, p. 72.
192–3 [“I chant … the common bulk”]: quoted in Asselineau, vol. 2, p. 154.
193 [“Divine average”]: see “Starting from Paumanok,” in Whitman, Leaves of Grass (Doubleday, Doran, 1929), p. 17.
[Whitman on Whitman, “a kosmos”]: “Song of Myself,” in ibid., pp. 43–44. [Whitman in the Brooklyn Eagle]: Whitman, The Gathering of the Forces, Cleveland Rodgers and John Black, eds., 2 vols. (Putnam’s, 1920).
[Whitman on equality, including female]: “Preface to 1855 Edition,” in Leaves of Grass, p. 491. See also F. O. Matthiessen, American Renaissance (Oxford University Press, 1946), ch. 13.
[“Pride, competition, segregation”]: Democratic Vistas (1871) in Whitman, Prose Works, 1892, Floyd Stovall, ed. (New York University Press, 1963–64), vol. 2, pp. 361–426, quoted at p. 422.
[“The People!”]: ibid., p. 376. [“Pervading flippancy and vulgarity”]: ibid., p. 372.
[Whitman on need for natural leaders]: see Asselineau, vol. 2, pp. 154–55.
194 [Marx on class flux in the United States]: “The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte,”in Robert C. Tucker, ed., The Marx-Engels Reader (W. W. Norton, 1972), p. 444.
[Mr Gore and Mrs. Lee on democracy in America]: Adams, pp. 53, 54.
The Ohioans: Leaders as Brokers
94–5 [Republican convention, 1868]: quoted in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed., History of U.S. Political Parties (Chelsea House, 1973), vol. 2, pp. 1337, 1340.
195 [Journalist on Ohio “conspiracy”]: Rollin Hartt, “The Ohioans,” Atlantic Monthly, vol. 84 (1899), p. 690.
[Pre-Civil War Ohio politics]: Stephen E. Maizlish, The Triumph of Sectionalism: The Transformation of Ohio Politics, 1844–1856 (Kent State University Press, 1983).
[Hartt on Ohio]: “The Ohioans,” p. 682.
196 [“A neighborly place”]: Walter Havighurst, Ohio: A Bicentennial History (W. W. Norton, 1976), p. 138.
[Ohio boxing the compass]: Hartt, p. 684.
[Ohio cities]: Havighurst, p. 121.
[Growth of city populations]: John Sherman, Recollections of Forty Years (Werner, 1895), vol. 1, p. 71.
[City culture and industry]: Havighurst, pp. 109–18, 150; William Rose, Cleveland: The Making of a City (World
, 1950); Writers’ Program, Cincinnati (Wiesen-Hart Press, 1943; reprinted by Somerset Publishers, 1973).
197 [Impact of railroads]: Hartt, p. 680; Sherman, vol. 1, p. 70.
[“Smoke means business”]: Hartt, p. 681.
[Cities and blacks]: David Gerber, Black Ohio and the Color Line (University of Illinois Press, 1976); W. A. Joiner, A Half Century of Freedom of the Negro in Ohio (1915; reprinted by Books for Libraries Press, 1977).
[Basis of old Ohio civilization]: Havighurst, p. 115.
[Young Ohio leaders]: Felice A. Bonadio, North of Reconstruction: Ohio Politics, 1865–1870 (New York University Press, 1970), pp. 24–27.
198 [Faith of the new leaders]: ibid., p. 30.
[Array of Ohio leadership]: see William Dean Howells, Stories of Ohio (American Book, 1897), chs. 24–25.
[Ohio’s “treacherous”politics]: Bonadio, p. 22. On Ohio leadership and politics generally, see collections in Ohio Historical Society, especially the Charles Kurtz Papers and the William Henry Smith Papers.
[“Every man for himself]: Cox to Aaron Perry, January 25, 1867, quoted in Bonadio, p. 73.
[Garfield]: Margaret Leech and Harry J. Brown, The Garfield Orbit (Harper & Row, 1978); Allan Peskin, Garfield (Kent State University Press, 1978); Theodore Clarke Smith, The Life and Letters of James Abram Garfield (Yale University Press, 1925), vol. 1; James D. Norris and Arthur H. Shaffer, eds., Politics and Patronage in the Gilded Age: The Correspondence of James A. Garfield and Charles E. Henry (State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1970).
199 [Sherman]: Theodore E. Burton, John Sherman (Houghton Mifflin, 1906); Sherman, Recollections.
200 [Hayes]: Harry Barnard, Rutherford B. Hayes and His America (Bobbs-Merrill. 1954); H.J. Eckenrode, Rutherford B. Hayes: Statesman of Reunion (Dodd, Mead, 1930).
[“Not too much hard work”]: quoted in Barnard, p. 242.
[Hayes on reform of appointments]: diary entry of March 28, 1875, in Charles R. Williams, ed., Diary and Letters of Rutherford Birchard Hayes (Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1922–26), vol. 3, p. 269.
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