Royal Charles: Charles II and the Restoration

by Antonia Fraser

  Arrival and triumphant journey to London, (i); Parliament’s addresses to, (ii); cautious attitude, (iii); and Restoration settlement, (iv); and religious toleration, (v); and rebuilding of royal paraphernalia, (vi); and tastes of new age, (vii); financial straits, (viii); revival of Garter ceremony, (ix), (x); coronation, (xi); question of marriage and succession, (xii); marriage to Catharine, (xiii); ‘Bedchamber Crisis’, (xiv); amicable marriage relationship, (xv), (xvi), (xvii); failure to produce heir, (xviii), (xix); opens new Parliament, (xx); his Declaration of Indulgence rejected, (xxi); wins favour by concern for sea and Navy, (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv); shares people’s dislike of Dutch, (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii); declares war, (xxix), (xxx); his image damaged by Dutch War, (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv); inclined to peace, (xxxv), (xxxvi); courage and energy during Great Fire, (xxxvii); and replanning of London, (xxxviii); humiliating peace with Dutch, (xxxix); dismisses Clarendon, (xl); favours new advisers and better parliamentary management, (xli); determination to rule, (xlii), (xliii), (xliv); political contrast and conflict with James, (xlv); secretive behaviour over religion, (xlvi), (xlvii); achieves Triple Alliance, (xlviii), (xlix); financial problems, (l), (li), (lii), (liii); agrees to Union of 1670, (liv); seeks French alliance, (lv); aim at greatness abroad and security at home, (lvi), (lvii), (lviii); contempt for Commons, (lix); secret treaty with France, (lx), (lxi), (lxii); accepts French subsidies, (lxiii), (lxiv), (lxv), (lxvi), (lxvii), (lxviii), (lxix), (lxx), (lxxi); Court’s reputation for debauchery, (lxxii), (lxxiii); growing disgust with Parliament, (lxxiv), (lxxv), (lxxvi); stops Exchequer payments, (lxxvii), (lxxviii); his Declaration of Indulgence, (lxxix); renews Dutch War, (lxxx), (lxxxi), (lxxxii); Declaration of Indulgence cancelled, (lxxxiii), (lxxxiv); forced to assent to Test Act, (lxxxv); increasing tension, (lxxxvi), (lxxxvii), (lxxxviii), (lxxxix); forced to conclude Dutch War, (xc); new secret treaties with Louis XIV, (xci), (xcii); refusal to declare war on France, (xciii), (xciv), (xcv), (xcvi); growing difficulties with Parliament, (xcvii), (xcviii), (xcix), (c), (ci), (cii), (ciii); danger of assassination, (civ); and agitation over Popish Plot, (cv), (cvi), (cvii); defends Catharine against accusations, (cviii), (cix), (cx); dissolves Parliament, (cxi); opposes Exclusion, (cxii), (cxiii), (cxiv), (cxv), (cxvi), (cxvii); institutes new type of Council, (cxviii), (cxix); reconsiders means of ruling without Parliament, (cxx); dissolves it, (cxxi); political effect of sudden illness, (cxxii); refuses to meet new Parliament, (cxxiii); denies rumour of marriage to Lucy Walter, (cxxiv); calls in municipal charters, (cxxv), (cxxvi), (cxxvii); increasing boldness and severity, (cxxviii), (cxxix); abandons appeasement policy, (cxxx), (cxxxi); removes Parliament to Oxford, (cxxxii); placatory opening speech, (cxxxiii); snaring of Whigs, (cxxxiv); abrupt dissolution of Parliament, (cxxxv); happy family life in last years, (cxxxvi); rule without Parliament, (cxxxvii), (cxxxviii); financial retrenchment, (cxxxix); consolidates political base, (cxl); as ‘father of his people’, (cxli), (cxlii); and assassination plot, (cxliii); life-style, (cxliv); tranquil last year, (cxlv), (cxlvi); final illness, (cxlvii); deathbed conversion to Catholic faith, (cxlviii); farewells to family, (cxlix), (cl); death, (cli); lying-in-state and burial, (clii)

  Appearance: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); eyes, (viii); hair, (ix), (x), (xi); lined face, (xii), (xiii); moustache, (xiv); mouth, sensual, (xv); nose, (xvi); swarthy complexion, (xvii), (xviii), (xix); exceptional height, (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii); ‘ugliness’, (xxiv)

  Artistic interests: (i); architecture, (ii); building, (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); collections, (vii), (viii); fortifications, (ix), (x), (xi); garden and park planning, (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv); music, (xvi); paintings, (xvii), (xviii), (xix); redecoration, (xx), (xxi); singing, (xxii); theatre, (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv); town-planning, (xxvi)

  Charles II – contd

  Character: (i), (ii); affability, (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); affectionate nature, (viii), (ix), (x), (xi); benevolence and concern for distressed, (xii), (xiii), (xiv); ceremonial and display, (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi); children, acknowledgement of and affection for his, (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx); civility, (xxxi); claustrophobia, (xxxii); courage, (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv); deceptiveness, (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l); delaying tactics, (li), (lii), (liii); determination, (liv), (lv), (lvi); diplomacy, (lvii), (lviii), (lix), (lx), (lxi); dogs (spaniels), love of, (lxii), (lxiii); ‘easiness’, (lxiv), (lxv); extravagance, alleged, (lxvi), (lxvii), (lxviii); filial devotion, (lxix), (lxx), (lxxi), (lxxii), (lxxiii), (lxxiv), (lxxv); ‘gallantry’, (lxxvi), (lxxvii); good nature, (lxxviii), (lxxix), (lxxx); gratitude, (lxxxi), (lxxxii); gravity, (lxxxiii); hedonism (lxxxiv); horses, love of, (lxxxv); inscrutability, (lxxxvi); intellectual curiosity, (lxxxvii), (lxxxviii); intrigue, (lxxxix); jealousy, (xc), (xci); ‘knowledge, great compass of’, (xcii); laziness, apparent, (xciii), (xciv), (xcv); London, love of, (xcvi); melancholia, (xcvii), (xcviii), (xcix), (c), (ci), (cii); mercifulness, (ciii), (civ), (cv), (cvi); occasion, sense of, (cvii); patriotism, alleged lack of, (cviii); pessimism in later life, (cix), (cx); physical energy, (cxi), (cxii), (cxiii), (cxiv); pragmatism, (cxv), (cxvi), (cxvii), (cxviii), (cxix), (cxx), (cxxi); recklessness, (cxxii), (cxxiii); royal formality, aversion to, (cxxiv); reserve, (cxxv); resilience, (cxxvi), (cxxvii), (cxxviii), (cxxix); revolution, fear of, (cxxx), (cxxxi), (cxxxii), (cxxxiii), (cxxxiv), (cxxxv); sea, love of, (cxxxvi), (cxxxvii), (cxxxviii), (cxxxix); sensitivity, degenerating, (cxl); severity, (cxli); sexual nature and exploits, (cxlii), (cxliii), (cxliv), (cxlv), (cxlvi), (cxlvii), (cxlviii), (cxlix), (cl), (cli), (clii), (cliii), (cliv), (clv); shoes, attention to, (clvi)n, (clvii), (clviii); sober speech, (clix); stammer, (clx), (clxi); tact, (clxii), (clxiii); temperance, (clxiv); vacillation, (clxv), (clxvi), (clxvii); walk, (clxviii), (clxix), (clxx), (clxxi), (clxxii); wit, (clxxiii), (clxxiv), (clxxv), (clxxvi), (clxxvii), (clxxviii)

  Domestic policy: absolutism, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); Army, (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); colonialism, (xiii); economy, (xiv), (xv), (xvi); Ireland, (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx); Jews, (xxi); judiciary, (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv); land settlement, (xxv), (xxvi); local government, (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix); Navy, (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv); Parliament, (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii); religion, (liv), (lv), (lvi), (lvii), (lviii), (lix), (lx), (lxi), (lxii), (lxiii); Scotland, (lxiv), (lxv), (lxvi), (lxvii), (lxviii), (lxix), (lxx), (lxxi), (lxxii), (lxxiii)

  Foreign policy: Dutch, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi); France, (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl); Spain, (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii)

  Health: (i), (ii); fever, (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii); gout, (viii), (ix); last illness and death, (x); leg sore, (xi), (xii); seizures, (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi); smallpox, (xvii)

  Religious views and policy: Catholicism, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii); Church of England, (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii); Presbyterianism, (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv); Protestantism, (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx)

  Scientific interests: (i), (ii); astronomy, (iii), (iv); bird life, (v); botany, (vi); chemistry, (vii); clocks and watches, (viii); laboratory experiments, (ix), (x); mathematics, (xi); navigation, (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv); physics, (xvi); physiognomy, (xvii)

  Sports: fishing, (i), (ii); hawking, (iii), (iv), (v); hunting, (vi), (vii); pêle mêle, (viii); racing, (ix), (x); riding, (xi), (xii), (xiii); sailing, (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii); ‘sliding’ (skating), (xviii); swimming, (xix), (xx); tennis, (xxi), (xxii), (xx
iii); yachting, (xxiv), (xxv)

  Views and opinions: absolutism, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); astrology, (vii); boldness and age, (viii); dissenters, (ix), (x); divorce, (xi), (xii); Dutch, (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii); family relationships, (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii); French, (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi); Germans, (xxvii); lampoons, (xxviii); monarchy and succession, (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii); Parliament, (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l); politicians, (li); Privy Council, (lii), (liii); regicides, (liv), (lv), (lvi); royal prerogative, (lvii), (lviii), (lix), (lx), (lxi), (lxii), (lxiii), (lxiv), (lxv), (lxvi), (lxvii); Scots, (lxviii), (lxix), (lxx), (lxxi), (lxxii), (lxxiii), (lxxiv), (lxxv), (lxxvi), (lxxvii); Whigs, (lxxviii), (lxxix)

  Charles James (first child of Charles I), (i), (ii)

  Charles Louis, Elector Palatine, (i)

  Charles Edward Stuart, Prince, (i)n

  Charmouth, (i)

  Chatham, (i), (ii)

  Châtillon, Isabelle-Angélique, Duchesse de, (i); C’s infatuation with, (ii), (iii)

  Chelsea Royal Hospital, (i)n, (ii)n, (iii)

  Chesterfield, Philip Stanhope, 2nd Earl of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Chesterfield, Lady, (i)

  Chevalier, John, (i)n

  Chevers, Norman, (i)n

  Chicheley, Sir Thomas, (i)

  Chiffinch, Dorothy, (i), (ii)

  Chiffinch, Thomas, (i)n

  Chiffinch, William, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  Chirk Castle, (i)

  ‘Chits, the’, (i), (ii)

  Christ’s Hospital Mathematical School, (i)

  Christian IV of Denmark, (i)

  Christina of Sweden, Queen, (i)

  Churchill, John (later Duke of Marlborough), (i), (ii), (iii)

  Clarendon, Sir Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii); on Civil War issues, (xiii); in C’s Council of advisers, (xiv), (xv), (xvi); accompanies C to West of England, (xvii), (xviii); character and principles, (xix), (xx); constant disapproval of C, (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv); accompanies C to Scillies and Jersey, (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix); fails to prevent C’s departure for France, (xxx), (xxxi); opposes Scots involvement, (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi); in Holland with C, (xxxvii), (xxxviii); on Nicholas, (xxxix); on Montrose, (xl); dismay at C’s agreement to Covenant, (xli); considers restoration better to come from co-ordinated English effort, (xlii), (xliii), (xliv); on C’s debts, (xlv); attitude to Papal support, (xlvi); on C’s new regiments, (xlvii); on ‘heartbroken’ Royalists at home, (xlviii); on Cromwell’s death, (xlix), (l), (li); on uncertainty of times, (lii); and Declaration of Breda, (liii); on Restoration, (liv); dominates C’s ‘secret committee’, (lv); on Henry, Duke of Gloucester, (lvi); and James’s marriage to his daughter, (lvii); and C’s marriage, (lviii), (lix), (lx); and ‘Bedchamber Crisis’, (lxi); anxious to restore expelled Anglican bishops to Lords, (lxii); and origins of party system, (lxiii); belief in Privy Council, (lxiv), (lxv); and restoration of Scottish episcopacy, (lxvi); and Dutch War, (lxvii), (lxviii); fall and exile, (lxix), (lxx), (lxxi), (lxxii); on Shaftesbury, (lxxiii); also cited and quoted, (lxxiv), (lxxv), (lxxvi), (lxxvii), (lxxviii)

  Clarendon Code, (i), (ii); harshness towards dissenters, (iii); Anglo-Jewish benefit from, (iv)

  Classes, Act of (1650), (i), (ii), (iii)

  Claverhouse, John Graham of, (i)

  Clément, Nicholas, (i)

  Cleveland, Duchess of, see Villiers, Barbara

  Clifford, Sir Thomas, 1st Lord Clifford of Chudleigh, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v); on Four Days’ Battle, (vi); as Lord Treasurer, (vii), (viii); dislike of Triple Alliance, (ix), (x); and Treaty of Dover, (xi), (xii); and Declaration of Indulgence, (xiii); suspected Catholicism, (xiv), (xv); resignation and death, (xvi)

  Cliveden, (i)

  Cockpit Theatre, (i)

  Coke, Thomas, (i)

  Colbert de Croissy, Charles, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Colchester, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Coldstream Guards, (i)

  Coleman, Edward: accused in Popish Plot, (i), (ii); executed, (iii)

  Colepepper, John, 1st Baron, (i); in C’s Council of advisers, (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); accompanies C to Scillies and Jersey, (vii), (viii); advocates France as ideal refuge, (ix), (x)

  College, Stephen, (i), (ii)

  Collins, Captain Grenville, (i)

  Cologne, C’s stay in (1654–6), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)

  Cologne, Elector of, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Committee, The (Howard), (i)

  Condé, Louis, Prince de, (i); and Fronde wars, (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)

  Coningsby, Juliana, (i), (ii)

  Constitution Hill, (i)

  Conventicle Act (1664), (i), (ii)

  Conventicles, (i), (ii)

  Conway, Edward, 3rd Viscount, (i)

  Cook, Aurelian, (i), (ii)

  Cooper, Anthony Ashley (later Lord Ashley and Earl of Shaftesbury, qq.v.), (i), (ii); and Restoration, (iii); Chancellor of Exchequer, (iv)

  Cooper, Samuel, (i)

  Corporation Act (1661), (i)

  Cortachy, (i)

  Country Wife, The (Wycherley), (i), (ii)

  Courtin, Honoré, (i)

  Covenant, Oath of the, C subscribes to (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x)

  Coventry, Sir John, (i)

  Coventry, Sir William, (i); and move against Clarendon, (ii); fall of, (iii)

  Cowley, Abraham, (i); cipher secretary to Henrietta Maria, (ii), (iii); quoted, (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Cranborne, (i)

  Crashaw, Richard, (i)

  Craven, William, Earl of, (i), (ii)

  Crawford, Alexander Lindsay, Earl of, (i)

  Crawfurd, Raymond, (i)n, (ii)

  Cripplegate, (i)

  Critic, The (Sheridan), (i)

  Crofts, James, see Monmouth, James, Duke of

  Cromwell, Henry, (i), (ii)

  Cromwell, Oliver, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii); as Member for Cambridge, (ix), (x); Western campaign in Civil War, (xi); defeats Scots at Preston, (xii); attitude to Scots, (xiii); in virtual control of Parliament, (xiv); and trial of Charles I, (xv); conquest of Ireland, (xvi), (xvii), (xviii); Scottish campaign, (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii); illness in Edinburgh, (xxiv); Worcester victory, (xxv), (xxvi); Lord Protector, (xxvii), (xxviii); desired by Queen Christina, (xxix); question of kingship, (xxx); Mazarin’s warmth towards, (xxxi), (xxxii); and Catholic toleration, (xxxiii), (xxxiv); death, (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii); effects of death, (xxxix), (xl); corpse exhumed, (xli); philo-semitism, (xlii); his belief in theory of Parliaments contrasted with C’s, (xliii); nascent feeling for ‘empire’, (xliv)

  Cromwell, Richard, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)

  Cropredy Bridge, battle of (1644), (i)

  Crowne, John, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Cupid Sleeping (Caracciolo), (i)

  Da Silva, Eduarte, (i)

  Dalnaspidal, battle of (1654), (i)

  Dalrymple, Sir John, (i)

  Dalyell, Thomas, (i)

  Danby, Earl of (formerly Thomas Osborne, q.v.), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi); Lord High Treasurer, (vii), (viii); economic retrenchment, (ix); building up of Court party, (x); alleged bribery, (xi); pro-Dutch policy, (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv); attempts to promote ‘Non-Resistance’ Act, (xvi); support for Dutch marriage project, (xvii), (xviii); urges war against France, (xix), (xx); opposition to him, (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv); and Popish Plot, (xxv); betrayal of secret letters to Louis XIV, (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii); arrest and resignation, (xxix); imprisonment, (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii); release, (xxxiv)

  Danckerts, Henry, (i)

  Dangerfield, Thomas, (i)

  Darnley, Lord, (i), (ii), (iii)

  Datchet, (i)

  Davenant, Sir William, (i), (ii), (iii)

>   Davis, Moll, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)

  De la Cloche, James, claim to be C’s first child, (i)

  De Ruyter, Admiral Michael, (i), (ii)

  De Witt, Johann, (i); and Dutch War, (ii), (iii); assassination, (iv)

  Defoe, Daniel, (i)

  Delft, (i)

  Della Porta, G. B., (i)

  Denham, Sir John, (i), (ii)

  Denmark, (i); considered as refuge for C, (ii); nominal alliance with Dutch, (iii)

  Denton, William, (i)

  Deptford, (i)

  Derby, Charlotte de la Trémouille, Countess of, (i)

  Derby, James Stanley, 7th Earl of, (i); defeat at Wigan, (ii); conducts C to Boscobel, (iii); capture and death, (iv), (v)

  Des Granges, David, (i)

  Desborough, John, (i), (ii)

  D’Ewes, Simonds, (i)

  Dewhurst, Sir John, (i)n

  ‘Dialogue between the Two Horses’ (Marvell), (i), (ii)

  Digby, George, 1st Baron (later Earl of Bristol, q.v.), (i), (ii), (iii); at Henrietta Maria’s Court, (iv); unwelcome to Engagers, (v)

  Dobson, William, portrait of C, (i), (ii)

  Dolesam, Philip, (i)

  Domestick Intelligence, (i)

  Dorset, Countess of, as C’s governess, (i)

  Dorset Garden Theatre, (i), (ii)