Stadelheim
Stalin, Joseph
Stalingrad
“Stalin Swing”
standing commandos
Stangl, Franz
Stark, Hans
starvation, see hunger
state prisons; forced labor; of 1942–43; progressive stages system; roots of Nazi camps and
Stauffenberg, Count
Steinbrenner, Hans
Steiner twins
Steinmeyer, Theodor
sterilization program
Stettin
Steyr-Daimler-Puch AG
Stosberg, Hans
Strasdenhof
Straus, Roger
Stumachin Lina
Stutthof; evacuation of; selections
Subhuman, The (publication)
submarines
Sudetenland; German annexation of
Suhren, Fritz
suicide; of Hitler; of Kapos; of prisoners; SS; of survivors
sulfonamide drugs
Sundays
survivors; Auschwitz; children; Dachau; death soon after liberation; in DP camps; gender and; hierarchies; of human experiments; invalid; Jews; justice for; lack of empathy for; memorials; memory and; of 1939–41; relief effort; reparation payments; repatriation of; sex workers; Soviet POWs; suicide; testimonies and memoirs
swastika
Sweden
Swedish Red Cross
Swiss Red Cross
Switzerland
Synthos
Szalet, Leon
Szymczak, Ludwig
Taffel, Menachem
Tarnów
Tas, Louis
tattoos, Auschwitz
Tauzin, Jean-Henry
T-Building
television; Holocaust depictions
testimonies and memoirs; fake, used as propaganda; secret notes and diaries; Vrba-Wetzler
Teutonic Knights
Texled
T-4 program; Action 14f13; demise of; gas chambers; selections; shift to Holocaust
Theresienstadt
Thälmann, Ernst
Thielbek
Thiemann, Helmut
Thierack, Otto-Georg
Thilo, Heinz
Third Reich; annexation of Austria and Sudetenland; anti-Semitic policy; building mania in; demise of; development of “Final Solution”; early camps; end of war; forced labor; foreign opinion on; formation of camp system; Hitler’s appointment as chancellor; Hitler myth and; Holocaust; internal tug-of-war; Kristallnacht; leaders’ elation over early war victories; of 1933; 1934–39 camps; 1939–41 camps; 1941 transition to mass extermination; 1942–43 camps; 1944 camps; 1945 camps; prewar racial policy,139–57; Röhm purge; roots of Nazi camps; terror of 1933; wartime racial policy; see also Germany; specific leaders, groups, and offices
thirst
Thomas, Georg
Thuringia
Time magazine
Topf & Sons
torture; atrocity rumors; Auschwitz; “bathing actions”; Buchenwald; bureaucracy of; Camp SS; children; Dachau; “decent” punishment; of defiant prisoners; early camps; Emsland; evidence destroyed; by female guards; flogging; hanging from a post; human experiments; of Jews; Kapos and; methods and instruments; nighttime raid; in 1934–39 camps; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; religious ceremonies and; Sachsenhausen; slaps; “sport”; “Stalin Swing”; standing commandos; women and; see also specific methods
totalitarianism; Arendt on
tourism
trade unions, destruction of
transports; to Auschwitz; escapes; evacuation; final; of Jews; of 1942–43; of 1944; of 1945; satellite camp; Soviet POWs; see also specific camps
Traunstein
Trawniki
Treaty of Versailles
Treblinka; conditions; gas chambers
trials; Allied war crimes trials; Bargatzky; denials of personal responsibility; of 1950s–70s; Nuremberg; postwar; prewar for KL crimes
triangles, colored
Tröbitz
tuberculosis
Tucholsky, Kurt
Tuppy, Karl
Turgel, Norman
twins; experiments on
typhoid fever
typhus; experiments
Uckermark
Ukraine
Ukrainian guards
Ukrainian prisoners; see also Soviet POWs; Soviet prisoners
underground camps; tunnel system
unemployment; “work-shy”
uniforms; colored triangle system; Death’s Head SS; of Kapos; mass production of; numbers; of prisoners; of SS; striped; of women
United Nations
United States; bombing raids on Germany; Jewish emigration to; liberation of camps; press; relief effort after liberation; views on KL system; World War II
Upper Silesia
urine; drinking
Vaisman, Sima
Vaivara; evacuation of
Valentin
van Dam, Richard
van Dijk, Albert
Varta
Verschuer, Otmar Freiherr von
Vetter, Hellmuth
victim swaps
Vidui
Vienna
Vierke, Wilhelm
Volf, Jiri
Völkischer Beobachter
Volkswagen
Voluntary Labor Service
VoMi (Ethnic German Liaison Office)
von Epp, Governor
von Kahr, Gustav Ritter
von Krosigk, Count Schwerin
vouchers
Vrba, Rudolf
V2 rockets
Wäckerle, Hilmar
Waffen SS
Wagner, Adolf
Wagner, Jens-Christian
Wajcblum, Estusia
Wannsee conference (1942)
Warsaw; camp; ghetto; Uprising of 1944
Wasserman, Chaykele
Wassiljew, Nikolaj
Wassing, Siegmund
watches
water; “bathing actions”; high-pressure hoses; human experiments; shortages; see also thirst
Wedding
Wehrmacht, see German army
Weimar Republic; demise of; post–World War I
Weiseborn, Jakob
Weiss, Martin
Weissler, Friedrich
Weiss-Rüthel, Arnold
Weiter, Eduard
Weltbühne
Wessel, Horst
Westerbork
Wetzler, Alfred
whippings, see flogging
Wiener, Graben
Wiesel, Elie
Wiesel, Shlomo
Wiesenthal, Simon
Wilhelm Gustloff company
Wilmersdorf
Wilna
Windeck, Jupp
Winter, Walter
winter conditions
Wirth, Christian
Wirths, Eduard
Wisner, Heinz
Wittig, Alfred
Wöbbelin
Woffleben
Wolfgangsee
Wolfsberg
Wolfsburg
Wolfsburg-Laagberg
Wolken, Otto
Wollheim, Norbert
women; in Auschwitz-Birkenau; body search; camps for; Communist; deaths; desexualization of; in early camps; in “euthanasia” program; evacuations; execution of; extermination policy and; forced labor; as forced sex workers; guards; Jewish; Kapos; menstruation; in 1939–41 camps; in 1942–43 camps; in 1944 camps; in 1945 camps; Polish; pregnant; prisoners; prison relations; prostitutes; “race defilers”; rape; in Röhm purge; in satellite camps; SS wives; sterilization of; survival rates; torture of; uniforms
wooden clogs
workhouses
“Work Makes Free” slogan
“work-shy”; see also “asocials”
World Jewish Congress
World War I; chemical warfare; German defeat and aftermath; impact of German defeat on Nazism; myth of German fraternity in; POW camps; propaganda; veterans
W
orld War II; advance of Red Army; Allied bombing; beginning of; D-day; German defeat; of 1939–41; Operation Barbarossa; turns against Germany
Wotzdorf
Wunderlich, Rudolf
Wuppertal
Württemberg
Würzburg
WVHA (SS Business and Administration Main Office); absorption of concentration camps into; collapse of; inner workings of; of 1944; of 1945; Office Group D; Pohl and; postwar trials; reducing death rates; satellite camps; theft and corruption
yellow star of David
Yeo-Thomas, Edward
Yiddish
youth; Guard Troops; Hitler Youth; Nazi obsession with; Soviet forced labor
Zablocie
Zacharski, Adam
zebra uniform
Zehlendorf
Zeidler, Paul
Zeiler, Robert
Zelikovitz, Magda
Ziereis, Franz
Zilina
Zill, Egon
Zimetbaum, Mala
Zionists
Zugspitze
Zweig, Stefan Jerzy
Zyklon B
An SA guard threatens recently arrested political prisoners in the early camp on Friedrichstrasse in Berlin on March 6, 1933, a day after the national elections. (akg-images, courtesy of ullstein bild)
Among the many improvised camps set up for political opponents in 1933 was this old tugboat on the Ochtum River near Bremen. (Staatsarchiv Bremen)
A caricature about concentration camps in the German satirical magazine Kladderadatsch from April 30, 1933: left-wingers perform hard labor using symbols of the Communists (hammer and sickle) and of pro-democratic paramilitaries (three arrows), while another prisoner contemplates the Soviet red star. (bpk/Kladderadatsch)
Photograph from the front page of the Nazi daily Völkischer Beobachter from August 10, 1933, recording the arrival in the Oranienburg camp of prominent political prisoners, including (suited, from left) the Social Democrats Ernst Heilmann and Friedrich Ebert (akg-images)
Propaganda image of “productive” labor in the Dachau camp, May 1933. The heavy road roller was pulled mainly by Jews and well-known left-wingers. (Bundesarchiv, picture 152-01-24)
Autopsy photograph from the Munich state prosecutor’s files on the suspicious death of the Jewish prisoner Louis Schloss in Dachau on May 16, 1933, which triggered legal proceedings against the camp’s commandant (Staatsarchiv Munich)
The overbearing inspector of concentration camps, Theodor Eicke (center, with cigar), during a trip to the Lichtenburg camp in March 1936 (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum [USHMM], courtesy of Instytut Pamięci Narodowej)
Eicke’s more reserved successor, Richard Glücks (center, with briefcase), during a visit to the Gross-Rosen camp in 1941 (USHMM, courtesy of Martin Mansson)
SS leader Heinrich Himmler confronts a political prisoner in the Dachau workshops during an official inspection of this “model” camp by Nazi grandees on May 8, 1936. (Bundesarchiv, picture 152-11-11/Friedrich Franz Bauer)
Propaganda photograph of prisoners walking along the main path of the rebuilt and extended Dachau camp, June 28, 1938 (akg-images, courtesy of ullstein bild)
Hanging from the arms was among the worst of the official SS punishments. This scene in the Dachau baths was drawn by a survivor in 1945. (KZ-Gedenkstätte Dachau)
This photograph, taken outside the walls of the Ravensbrück camp circa 1939–40, comes from an album the guard (center) made for her son. The inscription reads: “Mother with Britta [her guard dog] during training.” (Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Ravensbrück/Stiftung Brandenburgische Gedenkstätten)
Commandant Karl Otto Koch with his wife, Ilse, and their children outside his Buchenwald office, December 1940 (Gedenkstätte Buchenwald)
SS snapshot of Commandant Koch and some of his men at work, towering over a prisoner in Sachsenhausen, 1937 (Archive of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, Moscow, with the kind assistance of the Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen)
Theodor Eicke (center, with cigarillo) presides over an SS comradeship evening in Dachau in 1934. (Hugh Taylor Collection)
SS men at leisure, at the newly built swimming pool just outside the Esterwegen camp, in 1936 (Archive of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, Moscow, with the kind assistance of the Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen)
Prisoner “workout” in Esterwegen, 1935. The photograph appeared in an SS album presented to Karl Otto Koch and was captioned, tellingly, “At the double, or there’ll be trouble.” (Archive of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, Moscow, with the kind assistance of the Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen)
Private SS photograph of young Buchenwald sentries showing off their physical prowess and camaraderie, 1940 (Gedenkstätte Buchenwald/personal album of Gerhard Brendle)
“Political recidivists” featured in a cover story about Dachau in the Nazi weekly Illustrierter Beobachter, December 1936. The prisoner on the right is Karl Kapp, the future camp elder. (KZ-Gedenkstätte Dachau)
Dachau mug shot of the petty criminal Josef Kolacek, one of almost ten thousand “asocial” men rounded up across the Third Reich in June 1938 (International Tracing Service, Bad Arolsen)
In this staged SS photograph, female camp inmates—small in numbers until the later war years—make straw shoes in Ravensbrück, 1941. (Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Ravensbrück/Stiftung Brandenburgische Gedenkstätten)
Roll call in Buchenwald, November 1938, with some of the 26,000 Jewish men forced into concentration camps after the Kristallnacht pogrom (USHMM/American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, courtesy of Robert A. Schmuhl)
Polish prisoners outside a tent of the Buchenwald special camp in autumn 1939, after the outbreak of the Second World War; within a few months, most inmates in the camp were dead. (USHMM/American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, courtesy of Robert A. Schmuhl)
Czech prisoners use basic tools to break up the concrete foundations of the failed SS brickworks near Sachsenhausen, 1940. (Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen, Mediathek)
Dachau SS men gather near the body of Abraham Borenstein, one of the Jewish prisoners “shot trying to escape” on the camp’s plantation in May 1941. (Gedenkstätte und Museum Sachsenhausen, Mediathek)
Slave labor in the SS quarry at Flossenbürg, circa 1942 (Beeldbank WO2—NIOD)
Heinrich Himmler (second from right in the group of uniformed Nazi dignitaries) in Mauthausen in 1941, passing a prisoner carrying a rock from the quarry (Museu d’Història de Catalunya/Fons Amical de Mauthausen)
Dachau mug shot of the Austrian Jew Eduard Radinger, who was murdered in 1942 during the “euthanasia” program. On the reverse, one of the doctors responsible, Friedrich Mennecke, recorded the prisoner’s alleged crimes (e.g., “theft”) and misconduct in the camp (e.g., “laziness”). (Staatsarchiv Nuremberg, ND: NO-3060)
Taking a break from their murderous task: Dr. Mennecke (third from right) and other “euthanasia” physicians unwind at Lake Starnberg on September 3, 1941, upon their return from Dachau. (Bundesarchiv, B 162 picture-00680)
As epidemics such as typhus spread through the camps, naked prisoners wait in the Mauthausen courtyard during a mass disinfection in June 1941. (BMI/Fotoarchiv der KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen)
Hans Bonarewitz (on the cart), an alleged “professional criminal” recaptured after an escape, is led to the Mauthausen gallows in a macabre SS spectacle on July 30, 1942. (BMI/Fotoarchiv der KZ-Gedenkstätte Mauthausen)
Propaganda picture showing Soviet POWs arriving in Sachsenhausen in September 1941. Over the following months, the SS executed some forty thousand “commissars” in the concentration camps. (Národní archiv, Prague)
Some of the nine thousand Soviet POWs murdered in Sachsenhausen in September and October 1941. The image was smuggled out of the camp by an inmate. (Národní archiv, Prague)
Rudolf Höss and Auschwitz SS men relax at the Solahütte retreat in the summer of 1944.
Front row, from left: adjutant Karl Höcker; crematorium chief Otto Moll (partially obscured); Höss; commandants Richard Baer (partially obscured) and Josef Kramer; camp compound leader Franz Hössler (partially obscured); Dr. Josef Mengele (partially obscured); and two other officers. (USHMM)
A uniformed SS doctor (center) oversees the selection of 3,500 Jews deported from Subcarpathian Rus to Auschwitz-Birkenau in May 1944. Those selected for immediate extermination (in the background) are led toward the crematorium complex. (USHMM, courtesy of Yad Vashem)
Following the SS selection on arrival, Jewish women and children stand outside Birkenau crematorium III before they are gassed, May 1944. (USHMM, courtesy of Yad Vashem)
KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps Page 132
