violent repression by, 99, 105, 108–20, 122–29, 141–60
see also Germany, Nazi
Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 260–61, 296
Netherlands, 199, 264, 285
Neuman, Hans, 263–65
Neurath, Konstantin von, 123, 137, 138
New Republic, 185
Newsweek, 6
New York American, 21, 68
New York Evening Post, 40, 55, 75
New York Herald Tribune, 200
New York Times, 167, 176, 273, 286
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 36
Night of the Long Knives, 155–63, 164, 166–67, 181, 211, 212, 215
NKVD, 217–19
Norway, 279–80, 284–85
Nuremberg, 4, 128–29, 134–36, 172–75, 190, 222, 223, 227, 232
Nuremberg Trials, 239, 248
Oberammergau, 164–65
Oechsner, Dorothy and Fred, 276–77
Of Time and the River (Wolfe), 184
Olympia, 195
Operation Barbarossa, 299–300
Operation Sealion, 298
Ossietzky, Carl von, 124
Otto (German journalist), 166–67
Owens, Jesse, 193–94
Papen, Franz von, 76, 89, 98, 158–60
Paris, 10, 47, 51–52, 53, 161–62, 163, 164, 167, 288, 289
Parsons, Marselis, 234
Pattern of Conquest (Harsch), 309
Patzak, Valentin, 318
Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 8, 309, 312–313
Perkins, Max, 184
Philadelphia Public Ledger, 40, 55, 73
Phillips, William, 215–16
Phipps, Eric, 140
Pihl, Charlotte, 305
Pihl, Paul, 305
Pius XII, Pope, 207
Plettl, Martin, 94
Plotkin, Abraham, 77–79, 90–91, 94, 108
Poland, 6–7, 80–81, 116, 151–52, 198, 217, 246, 248, 257–74, 284, 301, 325
Polish Army, 6–7, 267, 268
Polish Corridor, 80–81, 267
Portugal, 321–22, 326
Prague, 258, 295, 325, 326
Prenn, Daniel, 66
Press Club, 305–6
Propaganda Ministry, German, 109–10, 158, 262, 271, 272, 286, 293, 306, 307
prostitution, 73, 78, 192, 273, 274
Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, 60
racism, 17–18, 41, 78, 91–92, 189, 193–94
radio broadcasts, 271–72, 275, 279–80, 292–96, 305, 307–8, 319, 326
Raeder, Erich, 2, 4
Randolph, John, 223–24
Randolph, Margaret, 223–24
Rath, Anna, 135–36
Rathenau, Walter, 61
Raubal, Geli, 82–83
Rauschning, Hermann, 151
refugees, 6–7, 106–8, 110, 114, 125, 137, 227–28, 245–46, 263–65, 272, 296, 321
Reichenau, Walther von, 287
Reichsbank, 91, 104, 114–15
Reichstag, 48, 50, 54–55, 63, 64, 71, 75–76, 90, 94, 95, 96–97, 101–2, 105–6, 118, 119, 137, 253, 289, 312–13, 316
Reichstag fire (1933), 105, 106
Reichswehr, 23, 157, 163, 179, 226
Remarque, Erich Maria, 106, 107
Respondek, Erwin, 238–39
Reynolds, Quentin, 132–36
Rheinbabin, Rochus von, 197
Rhineland, 16–18, 199, 251–52
Rhine River, 16, 223, 272
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 260, 265, 281–282, 284, 316
Riddleberger, James, 233
Riefenstahl, Leni, 195–96
Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, The (Shirer), 7, 293, 324–25
Robbins, Warren, 29
Rockefeller, John D., 62
Röhm, Ernst, 157–60, 161, 163, 164, 165
Romania, 298–99
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 31, 118–22, 137, 139, 142, 205, 209, 210–11, 217, 231, 236, 237, 246, 249, 251, 252, 281, 283–84, 293, 294, 298, 299, 305, 310, 313, 316, 326
Roosevelt, Nicholas, 32
Roosevelt, Theodore, 31
Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., 31
Root, Elihu, 31
Roper, Daniel, 120
Rosenberg, Alfred, 25, 36, 153, 175
Rosenman, Samuel I., 191
Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra), 296–98
Rousseau, Ted, 321
Royal Air Force (RAF), 272–73, 297, 298, 300–301
Royal Navy, 274, 284
Ruhr Valley, 16–18, 28, 139, 148
Russell, William, 262–67, 268, 272, 273, 275, 276, 277–80, 325
SA (Sturmabteilung), 24, 41, 42–43, 60, 70–71, 76, 99–100, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108–10, 113, 128, 134–36, 138, 139–40, 151, 152, 155–63, 164, 211, 238, 242–43, 264, 291–92
Sackett, Frederic M., 66–67, 80–81, 90, 93, 95, 105, 118–19
Sahm, Heinrich, 126
St. Germain, Treaty of, 237
Saint-Trond, 285–86
Sandburg, Carl, 130–31
San Francisco Examiner, 42
Saturday Evening Post, 83
Sayre, Francis B., 245
Schacht, Hjalmar, 91, 104, 114–15, 126
Scheubner-Richter, Max Erwin von, 25, 43, 323
Schirmer, Hans, 293
Schleicher, Kurt von, 76–77, 89–90, 93–95, 156, 158, 159, 166
Schleswig-Holstein, 267
Schmidt, Paul, 314
Schmidt, Willi, 167
Schröder, Kurt von, 94
Schulenburg, Friedrich Werner von der, 66
Schultz, Sigrid, 1–2, 3, 4, 18, 101, 158, 171–72, 231–32, 269–70, 271, 290–291, 299, 302, 303, 325
Schultze, Walter, 43
Schulze-Boysen, Harro, 297
Schuman, Frederick, 145–49
Schurman, Jacob Gould, 62–63
Schurz, Carl, 141–42
Schwimmer, Rosika, 60
Sedgwick, John, 30
Seherr-Thoss, Hermann, 231
Seherr-Thoss, Muriel White, 231
Service Cross of the German Eagle, 206–7
Shanke, Ed, 315–16, 319
Sherrill, Charles, 190, 191
Shirer, Tess, 161, 163, 226–27
Shirer, William, 7, 132, 161–64, 168, 171, 172–74, 192, 225–26, 241, 257–61, 265–66, 271–72, 274–77, 284, 285–88, 290, 293, 300, 301–2, 303, 308–9, 310, 324–25
Shuster, George, 125
Slutsky, Abram, 218
Smith, Henry Justin, 11, 22, 29, 32–33, 35
Smith, Howard K., 220–22, 224–25, 226, 255, 257, 303, 305, 306, 307–8, 325
Smith, Kätchen, 15, 198–99, 201, 203–4, 247
Smith, Katharine “Kay,” 7, 13–14, 15, 16–17, 32, 38–39, 132, 196–97, 199–200, 201, 202, 203, 216, 247, 250, 295
Smith, Truman, 7, 13, 14–15, 38–39, 132, 196–207, 211, 215, 216, 239, 246, 250, 257, 281, 295, 325
Sobernheim, Curt, 102–3
Sobernheim, Lilli, 102–3
Social Democrats, 71, 73, 76, 105, 142
Socialist Party, 21, 27, 35, 54, 55, 64, 70, 73, 75, 122, 157
Sonnenburg concentration camp, 123–24
Soviet Union, 70, 121, 150, 161, 166, 207, 217–19
economic conditions in, 183–84
German invasion of, 66, 229, 291, 295, 297, 298–300, 309–12
intelligence operations of, 181–84, 197, 269–98, 325–26
Poland invaded by, 259–60, 267
U.S. relations with, 2, 3, 7, 210–11, 325
Sowing the Wind (Dodd), 179
Spain, 137, 161, 213–15, 252
Spanish Civil War, 213–15, 252
Spengler, Oswald, 226
SS (Schutzstaffel), 70, 76, 140, 155–60, 168, 170, 174, 178, 179, 233–34, 238, 242–43, 268–69, 315
Stadler, Glen, 320
Stalin, Joseph, 183, 218, 219, 252, 260, 297, 299, 310, 311–12
State Department, U.S., 17–18, 28–29, 49–50, 128, 191, 215–16, 217, 218, 233–35, 252–53, 257, 260, 26
1, 304, 306, 316, 321
Stauffenberg, Claus von, 249
Stauss, Emil Georg von, 80
Steinkopf, Alvin, 319
Stern, Alfred, 325–26
Stillwell, Joseph, 247
Stimson, Henry L., 81
stock market crash (1929), 63–64, 66–67, 295
Strasser, Gregor, 76–77, 83–94, 90, 156, 324
Strasser, Otto, 4, 82
Stratton, Richard, 278
Strauss, Richard, 47
Streicher, Julius, 234
Stresemann, Gustav, 50
Stürmer, 234
Sudetenland, 225, 238–40, 258, 262
suicide, 45, 46, 82–83, 92, 212, 302, 306
swastika (Hakenkreuzen), 25, 62, 99, 106, 134, 210, 224, 227, 294
Switzerland, 214–15, 318
Talbot, Phillips, 245
Thayer, Charles, 70, 244–45
Thompson, Dorothy, 7, 55–56, 61, 83–86, 97, 106–7, 164–68
Thompson, Friedl, 247
Thompson, Paul, 247
Through Embassy Eyes (Dodd), 130, 181
Through the Fatherland on Bicycles (Kaltenbach), 294
Thuermer, Angus, 178, 241–44, 245, 261, 302–3, 314, 315, 320, 322
Thyssen, Fritz, 91
Tiergarten, 39, 47, 110, 139–40, 261
Tilden, William “Big Bill,” 66
Times (London), 160, 231
Toland, John, 208, 212
Tolischus, Otto, 273
Town and Country, 48, 63
Traitor, The (Shirer), 162, 293
Trefz, Friedrich, 24–25
Triumph of the Will, 195
Udet, Ernst, 179, 202, 204, 205
United Press, 18–19, 175, 221, 268, 272, 276, 303, 306
United States:
anti-Semitism in, 59–61, 111, 131
British relations with, 2, 254, 274, 283, 284, 299, 310, 313
communism in, 168–69, 207, 325
as democracy, 69, 137, 176, 309
Great Depression in, 118, 161
immigration to, 69, 87, 137, 263–65
industrial production of, 274, 299
isolationism in, 49, 97–98, 207, 237, 251, 252–54, 294, 305, 309
Jewish community in, 78–79, 189–91, 210
military preparations of, 204–5, 246–51, 274, 280–81, 299
popular culture of, 20, 50–52, 56, 65–67
race relations in, 17, 41, 78, 91–92
Soviet relations with, 2, 3, 7, 210–11, 325
in World War I, 5, 11, 12, 31–32, 35, 41, 256–57
in World War II, 4, 217, 242, 256–57, 274, 275, 280–84, 293, 299, 305, 309, 312–13, 316, 327
Universal News Service, 132, 163
Unter den Linden, 6, 14, 16, 243, 281
van der Lubbe, Marinus, 105
Versailles, Treaty of, 10, 16, 21, 80, 96, 116, 121, 138–39, 147, 176, 199, 252, 287
Vienna, 106, 225–26
Villard, Oswald Garrison, 125
Vinogradov, Boris, 181–84, 217–19, 325
Völkischer Beobachter, 41, 143, 189
Vossische Zeitung, 65
Wagner, Richard, 30, 40
Wannsee Conference (1942), 7–8
War Department, U.S., 197–98
Washington Herald, 50
Washington Times, 20
Watson, Thomas, 231
Watt, Donald B., 144–45
Wedemeyer, Albert C., 246–51
Wehrmacht, 239, 246–51, 261, 267–69, 287
Weimar Republic, 1–92
anti-Semitism in, 59–62, 78–80, 91–92
collapse of, 3, 9–11, 91–92, 183, 323–24
constitution of, 9, 105
crime in, 58–59
culture of, 1–2, 10–11, 20, 46–53, 56, 65–67, 168
decadence of, 4–5, 10, 11, 19–20, 51–53, 58–59, 73
economy of, 4, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 20, 28–29, 39, 41–42, 47, 49–50, 54, 62–67, 68, 70, 71, 73–74, 77–78, 91, 96, 99–100, 105, 121, 220
education in, 70, 72–73
French relations with, 16–18, 28, 49–50, 74, 80
in Great Depression, 63–67, 70, 77–78, 96, 220
inflation rate in, 4, 9, 10, 41–42, 49, 65, 91
Jewish community in, 61–62, 65, 66, 78–79, 91–92
as parliamentary democracy, 9–10, 26, 68–69, 70, 308
political situation in, 9–12, 19, 20, 23–29, 64, 73
press coverage of, 56–57, 59
reparations paid by, 16, 21, 28, 49–50, 63–64, 74
unemployment rate in, 64, 68, 77–78, 99–100
U.S. loans to, 50, 62–64, 105
U.S. relations with, 4–5, 7, 11–16, 23, 49–50, 62–64
Welles, Sumner, 237–38, 281–82, 283, 284
Wendell, Otty, 319
Westphalia, Treaty of (1648), 286–87
White, Henry, 231
Why Hitler Came into Power (Abel), 147–149
Wieck, Dorothea, 179
Wiegand, Karl Henry von, 18–22, 27, 46, 50–51, 57, 61, 67–70, 86–87, 91–92, 93, 163, 171, 208–9, 254–55
Wilde, Oscar, 307
Wilder, Thornton, 130
Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany, 18–19, 179
Willicombe, Joseph, 177
Willkie, Wendell, 305
Wilson, Hugh, 12–13, 15, 16, 17, 61, 206, 228, 234–38, 239, 240, 245–46, 281
Wilson, Kate, 12, 15
Wilson, Woodrow, 120
Winner, Percy, 75
Wolfe, Thomas, 6, 184–87, 188, 191–92, 193
Wolff, Nathaniel, 109
World War I:
German defeat in, 2, 9–10, 13, 18–19, 22, 139, 147, 287–88, 324
World War II compared with, 237–38, 251, 256, 266–67, 287
World War II:
air power in, 202, 204–5, 272–73, 274, 297, 298, 299, 300–301, 320
blitzkrieg warfare in, 248, 251, 267–69
civilian casualties in, 285–86, 301
Eastern Front of, 8, 299–302, 309–12
French defeat in, 257, 287–88, 289
military strategy in, 246–51
outbreak of, 261, 262–70
“phony war” in, 272
Western Front of, 287–88, 298
Wosseng, Wolfgang, 256
Yale University, 14, 32, 51
You Can’t Go Home Again (Wolfe), 188, 191–92
Young, Owen D., 63–64, 119
Young Plan, 63–64
Yugoslavia, 298–99
Zuckmayer, Carl, 10, 47
Author Bio
Andrew Nagorski, award-winning journalist, is vice president and director of public policy at the EastWest Institute, a New York–based international affairs think tank. During a long career at Newsweek, he served as the magazine’s bureau chief in Hong Kong, Moscow, Rome, Bonn, Warsaw, and Berlin. He is the author of four previous books and has written for countless publications. He lives in Pelham Manor, New York.
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PRAISE FOR HITLERLAND
“Andrew Nagorski, a deft storyteller, has plumbed the dispatches, diaries, letters, and interviews of American journalists, diplomats, and others who were present in Berlin to write a fascinating account of a fateful era.”
— Henry Kissinger
“Andrew Nagorski once again turns his perceptive, seasoned foreign correspondent’s eye to a dramatic historical subject. This eye-opening account of the Americans in 1920s and 1930s Berlin offers a totally new perspective on a subject we thought we already
knew.”
— Anne Applebaum, author of Gulag: A History
“Andrew Nagorski’s Hitlerland is a fresh, compelling portrait of Nazi Germany, as seen through the eyes of a fascinating array of Americans who lived and worked there during Hitler’s rise to power. The extraordinary saga of Putzi Hanfstaengl, a Harvard graduate who became Hitler’s court jester, is just one of the many page-turning stories that make Hitlerland a book not to be missed.”
— Lynne Olson, author of Citizens of London
“The rise of Hitler and the Nazi state, one of the most consequential and profound narratives in all of world politics, receives compelling new treatment in Andrew Nagorski’s outstanding Hitlerland. By illuminating the disparate experiences of the era’s preeminent American diplomats, journalists, intellectuals, and others, Nagorski has created an engrossing, harrowing, and vividly drawn mosaic of eyewitness accounts to one of history’s most phenomenal catastrophes.”
— Gordon M. Goldstein, author of Lessons in Disaster: McGeorge Bundy and the Path to War in Vietnam
“At times deliciously gossipy, at times thoroughly chilling, Hitlerland offers countless novel insights into Germany’s evolution from struggling democracy in the 1920s to totalitarian dictatorship in the 1930s. The intimate portraits from Hitler down add an almost tangible sense of the foibles, ambitions, insecurities, and perversities of the relatively small top Nazi elite whose actions plunged our world into a catastrophe from which we are yet fully to recover. The Americans themselves come alive as a group of intense, enterprising journalists and diplomats faced with the greatest challenge of their lives.”
— Misha Glenny, author of The Balkans 1804–1999
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