Blood of Spain

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Blood of Spain Page 97

by Ronald Fraser


  Federación Nacional de Trabajadores de la Tierra (FNTT), 45, 92

  criticizes agrarian reform decree, 372

  accounts for half UGT strength, 552

  dismantled after 1934 strike, 555

  Federación Universitaria de Estudiantes (FUE):

  street fights with falangists, 80

  Fernández, Amador, 244n.

  Fifth Regiment, 255–6, 257, 258

  creation of, 257n.

  and Popular Army, 340

  Food supply, 106

  wheat zones in nationalist hands, 348

  in Barcelona, 374, 449, 483; ‘byzantine arguments’ about, 375–6

  in Tarragona, 375–6

  factor in Catalan war-weariness, 376

  UGT complaints about, 376n.

  in Badalona, 449, 452; and collectivized workers, 450; failure to secure equitable distribution, 453

  in Vizcaya, 402

  in Madrid, 458

  at end of war, 488

  and peasantry in Cuenca, 488n.

  Foreign Legion, Spanish, 174, 175

  air lift, 108

  and deserters, 155, 465–6

  on Talavera front, 257

  composition of, 465 and n., 571

  peasant recruits in, 466

  used to put down Asturian rising, 556

  France, 189, 327

  aid to republic, 126, 127

  and Non-Intervention, 127, 135, 216

  Italian fears of, 127

  fears isolation, 127

  closes border with Spain, 127, 190

  ‘indifference of’, 449

  seen as enemy by nationalists, 470n.

  ‘move only when attacked’, 483

  ‘cowardly’, 483

  recognizes Franco regime, 489

  ‘another betrayal’, 503

  PCE views on, 325, 327, 328, 329, 482–3

  POUM views on, 340

  Franco, Carmen Polo de, 205–6, 207

  Franco, Gen. Francisco, 205, 208, 274, 275, 309, 318

  head of Saragossa military academy, 565

  promotions of, 566n.

  refuses to join Sanjurjo rising, 568

  and army purge, 568

  and October 1934, 556, 569

  urges state of siege, February 1936, 45, 570

  posted to Canary Islands, 45, 100, 570

  caution of, 570

  indicated by Prieto as likely leader of rising, 99

  letter to Casares Quiroga, 574

  and participation in planned rising, 574

  proclamation, 18 July 1936, 61

  takes command of Army of Africa, 126

  sends missions to Germany, Italy, 126

  assured of German aid, 126

  sends aid for Mola, 127

  broadcast, 128, 201

  and repression, 167, 168

  appointed generalisimo and head of government, 201, 202–3

  confusion about appointment, 203

  broadcasts aims of new state, 203

  obvious choice as leader, 203–4

  dubious of conscripts, 283n.

  conduct of war, 301, 471–2

  faith in leadership, 312

  believes Primo de Rivera in Russian hands, 316n.

  reasons for Unification of Carlists and Falange, 317n.

  removes civilian contenders for power, 317n.

  crushes Falange populist elements, 317

  ‘regrets’ not shooting Hedilla, 317n.

  head of only authorized political movement, 317

  and class war, 320

  use of crusade, 320n.

  and air raids, 442–3n.

  first cabinet, 469

  prepared to renounce German aid ‘and fight guerrilla war’, 470

  turns away from Catalonia, 471

  battle of the Ebro, 475

  Catalan offensive, 480

  enemy surrender, 499, 500

  victory communique, 507

  Franco, Col. José (republican), 423, 424 and n.

  Franco, Nicolás:

  and brother’s appointment as Caudillo, 202–3

  Franco, Ramón, 239

  Franco Salgado-Araujo, Gen. Francisco, 443n.

  Friends of Durruti, aims of, 381 and n.

  Frente Rojo (PCE), 347, 372, 460n.

  Fuensalida (Toledo), 92 and n.

  Fueros:

  of Navarre, 541 and n.

  of Basque country, 398, 537

  Galán, Capt. Fermín, 571

  Galicia, military rising, 106

  Gállego, Capt. José, 246

  Gallo, M., 314n.

  Gamero del Castillo, Pedro, 469

  Gamír Ulibarri, Gen. Mariano, 405, 408, 422

  Gandía (Valencia), 504, 505

  García Atadell, Agapito, 178

  García Lorca, Federico, 456

  assassination of, 165 and n., 205, 208, 305

  García Morato, Joaquín, 302n.

  García-Nieto, C., 38, 558n.

  García Oliver, Joan, 62, 66, 110, 138, 142, 190, 338, 380, 545n., 548n.

  and imposition of libertarian communism, 112, 184

  in Generalitat ‘manoeuvre’, 375n.

  Generalitat, 138, 142, 153, 180, 189, 211 and n., 223, 230, 234, 336, 341

  origin of, 533

  decrees, 211

  saves churches, 152

  controls banks, 180

  government September, 1936, 186, 212

  crisis December, 1936, 375n.

  dissolves local committees, 376

  and war industry, 225, 226, 227n., 383n.

  and Aragon, 350

  and dissolution of workers’ patrols, 376

  Germany, 127, 198, 279

  aid to Franco, 108 and n., 126, 328, 329; value of, 279

  and monarchist emissaries, 126

  and Franco’s emissaries, 126

  concern for repayment of aid, 470

  Gerö, Erno (‘Pedro’), 377

  Gibraltar, 65, 108 and n., 155, 274, 275

  falangist claims on, 315n.

  Gibson, I., 165n., 170n.

  Gijón (Asturias), 69, 70, 244n., 253, 418

  in military rising, 106, 238; Simancas barracks, 238, 241; and assault on, 241; effect of resistance, 241, 245

  war committee, 239, 240, 241, 243, 245–6;

  and military organization, 246; reinforced after October 1934, 247

  Gil Robles, José María, 85, 86, 103, 517

  as CEDA leader, 43

  mistakes of, 84, 85, 421

  accused of wanting a fascist regime, 85–6

  advocates constitutional reform, 86n.

  says country cannot live anarchy, 90

  and CEDA’s ‘suicidal egoism’, 519

  as war minister, 568

  seeks army support for martial law, 570

  asks premier to declare same after February 1936 elections, 570

  wants to reinforce Azaña’s authority, 92n.

  and government under Prieto, 92n.

  position weakened, 92n.

  in exile, 317n.

  and October 1934, 553n., 554

  Giménez Fernández, Manuel, 298

  Giral, José, 58, 75, 270

  and Popular Front committee, 185n.

  Girón, J., 247n.

  Goded, Gen. Manuel, 69

  and surrender, 69, 71, 72

  africanista, 566n.

  posted to Balearic Islands, 570

  Goicoechea, Antonia, 103, 126–7

  Gomá, Cardinal Isidro, 169

  Gómez Ossorio, José, 493

  Goñi, M., 534n.

  Gonzalez Casanova, J., 531n.

  Grado (Asturias), 246n.

  Granada, 129, 155, 165n., 305

  in military rising, 106n.

  air raids, 175n.

  Grañén (Huesca), 134

  Grossi, M., 554n., 555n.

  Guadalajara, 117, 122

  Guadalajara, battle of, 271, 286, 312, 469

  Guadarrama mountains, 116–18

  Guardia civil, 51, 6
0, 88, 89, 96, 155, 172

  origins of, 567

  strength of, 567; strength in 1936, 570n.

  fires into peasant demonstration, 92 and n.

  during military risings: in Barcelona, 63, 68, 69, 110; in Pamplona, 64; in Oviedo, 69, 247, 253; in Baena, 129–32 passim

  after defeat of military in Barcelona, 71, 110

  plan to bring into Barcelona, 142

  with Popular Front forces, 120, 133

  with insurgents, 122

  in San Roque, 156

  in Los Navalmorales de Pusa, 256

  Guernica (Vizcaya):

  blitz of, 398–401

  and band, 438

  and Franco, 443n.

  Guerrillas:

  in Asturias discredited as concept, 246

  lack of, 328, 339

  after fall of Asturias, 426–30

  Guión (Córdoba), 273

  Guipúzcoa, 119, 189, 190, 191

  and militias, 189n.

  Haya, Carlos de, 302n.

  Hedilla, Manuel, 316, 318

  sentenced to death, 317 and n.

  Heiberg, M., 539n.

  Hermet, G., 326n., 563n.

  Hernández, Lt Garcia, 571

  Hernández, Jesús (PCE leader), 193, 321, 331n., 492, 559, 560

  Hernández, Miguel, 292, 456

  Hills, G., 566n.

  Hitler, Adolf, 327

  aid for Franco, 108n., 126

  marches into Rhineland, 127; into Austria, 441; into Prague, 499

  recognizes nationalist regime, 270

  and start of Second World War, 483

  ‘cowardly’, 483

  Huelva, military rising, 106n.

  Huesca, 119, 348

  Ibáñez, Major Bruno, 160, 161, 162–3, 277, 490n.

  promoted civil governor of Córdoba, 306

  and sacked, 306

  relieved of civil guard command, 307

  Ibarruri, Dolores (La Pasionaria), 193, 292, 388, 456, 497n.

  calls for defence of Madrid, 262, 265–6

  and enemy tanks, 268

  and women combatants, 286

  Iglesias, Ignacio (POUM), 243, 345n.

  Iglesias, Pablo, 176, 495

  Insurgents (see also Nationalist zone):

  lack political ideas, 109, 202

  capture passes in Guadarrama, 126

  defence junta, 201–2

  annul agrarian reform, 202 and n., 280

  outlaw political and union activity, 202

  International Brigades, 202, 257n., 297

  formation of, 259n.

  arrival in Madrid, 263

  in defence of Madrid, 266, 267

  withdrawal of, 480n.

  Irujo, Manuel de, 56, 189n., 192

  and Nin, 386, 387, 389

  Irún (Guipúzcoa), 189, 190, 252n.

  Italy, 127, 198, 209, 279

  aid to Franco, 108 and n., 127, 328, 329; value of, 279

  and monarchist emissaries, 126

  and Franco’s emissaries, 126

  naval officers, 199–200

  violations of Non-Intervention, 259n.

  in capture of Málaga, 301, 304; and repression in Málaga, 304

  Guadalajara defeat, 312

  and Basque army surrender, 410–12

  demands labour charter, 470

  end of war in Alicante, 506

  Iturralde, J. de, 417n.

  Izquierda Comunista, 383n., 388

  Jackson, G., 37n., 529n., 530n.

  Jagi-Jagi, 192–3, 536

  Jarama, battle of, 271

  Jellinek, F., 242n.

  Jiménez de Asúa, Luis, 176

  Juan de Borbón, don, 202, 317n.

  Junod, Dr Marcel, 401

  Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (JONS):

  foundation of, 86

  national-syndicalist revolution, 87

  unification with Falange, 55, 86, 87

  similarities with Falange, 87n.

  Juventud de Acción Popular (JAP):

  members join Falange, 45, 84, 85, 92

  Juventudes Socialistas (JS):

  declare for revolution, 552

  and collaboration with bourgeoisie, 563

  marxism of, 563

  Juventudes Socialistas Unificades (JSU), 49

  foundation of, 45, 559n.

  and street violence, 45, 92

  May Day 1936, slogans, 100

  deprives socialist party of support, 496

  socialist sector wants to split, 497

  membership of, 497

  socialists withdraw from, 498n.

  in Asturias, 245n.

  communist youth ‘better prepared’, 563

  Kaminski, H. E., 286

  Kaplan, T., 39n., 287n.

  Koestler, Arthur, 302n.

  Koltsov, Mikháil, 264, 270 and n.

  Kropotkin, Prince, 364n., 547

  La Acebeda (Madrid), 126

  La Batalla (POUM), 185, 344, 345, 374

  and Stalin, 373

  suppression of, 385

  La Fatarella (Tarragona), 373

  La Felguera (Asturias), 242, 246, 542

  La Linea (Cádiz), 274, 275

  La Nación (monarchist), 81

  La Noche (libertarian), 374

  La Villa de don Fadrique (Toledo):

  communist land seizure in, 93

  Landworkers’ Federation, see Federación

  Nacional de Trabajadores de la Tierra

  Largo Caballero, Francisco, 40, 59, 102, 192, 259, 263

  UGT secretary general, 39

  refuses to join proposed national government, 45, 54

  ‘Spanish Lenin’, 75, 102n., 463

  calls for revolution, 100

  position contributes to PSOE paralysis, 100

  and republican government, 185n.

  forms Popular Front government, 185

  ‘war before revolution’, 185–6, 321

  dissolves Madrid defence junta, 298

  and fall of Málaga, 304

  ousted as premier, 331, 383

  and army of the north, 396n.

  and Vizcaya, 403n.

  ‘disastrous’ leadership of, 463

  ‘living in past’, 496

  ‘socialist tasks impossible in bourgeois democracy’, 552 and n.

  and October 1934, 555 and n.

  and Popular Front pact, 559–60

  Leal, J., 513n.

  Left Republican party:

  and religious problem, 528

  dependent on working-class support, 92

  no mass recruitment, 182

  members tear up party cards, 54, 262

  concern for cultural problems, 529

  non-members’ views: ‘anti-clericalism’ of, 59, 526; ‘failure to satisfy people’s needs’, 80; and military rising, 83, 100; ‘tolerates no political competition’, 85; and repression, 456

  Lenin, V. I., 39, 102n., 334, 335, 346, 456, 558

  Lérida, 228

  Leval, G., 358n., 364n., 367n., 369n., 370n.

  Liberals:

  19th-century, 35

  land disentailment, 36–7

  Liberal republicans:

  political organization of, 41

  Lister, Enrique, 456

  in Aragon, 390, 391

  in Levant, 393n.

  and division’s arms, 393

  Lizarza, A., 573n.

  Lliga Catalana, 443

  accepts 1936 electoral defeat, 83, 535

  Lora del Río (Seville), 158n.

  Lorenzo, C., 150n., 187, 236n., 250n., 543n.

  Los Navalmorales de Pusa (Toledo), 256, 584

  landownership in, 256

  Machado, Antonio, 456

  Macià, Francesc:

  proclaims (1931) Catalan republic, 40 and n., 41n., 530–31 and n.

  Madrid, 48–9, 53, 54, 92, 99–100, 100–102, 118n., 120, 122, 141, 155, 174–9, 180, 195–9, 202, 284, 286–8, 290–91, 312, 332, 337, 454–61, 485–8, 492–4, 499, 549

  military rising, 72�
�3, 75–80, 106 and n.

  building strike, 99

  inter-union assassinations, 99

  May Day demonstration 1936, 99–100

  garrison, 117

  soldiers sent to front, 117

  water supply, 126

  population of, 523

  Model prison, 175–6, 274

  air raids, 175 and n.

  Porlier prison, 178n., 179, 196, 508

  Bellas Artes checa, 195, 197, 298

  Atocha station, 198, 295

  unpreparedness of, 259

  on eve of nationalist offensive, 259–62

  union battalions, 260, 261

  defence of, 255, 258, 259–71; Russian fighters, 262; nationalist operation plan discovered, 263; massacre of prisoners at Paracuellos and Torrejón, 263; and International Brigades, 263, 264, 266, 267; revolutionary spirit, 264; and civilians, 264, 266, 267, 270; communists raise population’s morale, 265; Durruti column, 266; Popular Army, 266; militias accept staff orders, 266; Soviet aid, 266; enemy reach University city, 267; Moorish troops, 267; blowing up armoured car, 267; and enemy tanks, 268; Antonio Coll, 268; popular initiative in training tank crews, 268; enemy held, 269; air raids, 269; effects of air raids, 269; Durruti fatally wounded, 269; peasant refugees, 270; stalemate, 270; fusion of armed forces and civilians, 270

  prolonged war now certain, 300–301

  education in, 294–5

  revolution in, 295, 458

  ‘tunnel’, 295–7; and ammunition production, 296–7

  exchange with Catalonia, 297

  war-weariness in, 454

  faith in victory, 458

  ‘neutrality’, 458

  refugees, 455

  shelling of, 455–6

  evacuation of children, 456

  ‘anti-republicanism’, 459

  right-wingers, 459

  and ‘practical realities’, 459–60

  draft-dodgers, 459

  mobilization of rearguard, 460, 486

  anti-communism in, 486

  end of war, 486–502 passim

  ideals ‘no longer clear’, 487

  fifth column, 487, 502

  bombed with bread, 488

  fall of, 501–2

  Madrid Defence junta, 260, 269

  CNT change of posts, 295

  creation of, 263

  as government, 297

  communist dominance in, 297

  internal conflicts, 297

  last meeting, 298

  dissolved, 298

  Madrid, National Defence Council (Casado junta):

  creation of, 491

  aims of, 491

  communist forces attack, 492 and n.

  supporters’ view of future, 492

  casualties, 493

  fighting ends, 493

  reprisals, 493

  and peace negotiations, 499

  libertarian scorched earth threat, 500

  ‘rhetoric of’, 500

  Maíz, B. F., 102n., 573n., 574n.

  Makhno, Nestor, 136, 346

  Málaga, 155, 275, 306, 313, 375

  inter-union assassinations, 99

 

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