Blood of Spain

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Blood of Spain Page 99

by Ronald Fraser


  in military rising, 57–8

  and militias, 189

  in Vizcaya, 190

  and war, 189

  a ‘Spanish problem’, 191

  ‘neutrality’, 191, 406

  arms, 189, 192 and n.

  and assassinations, 190, 407 and n.

  surrender of San Sebastián, 190

  law and order, 191

  ‘real enemy the left’, 191–3, 406

  and Carlists, 191

  assassination of militants by insurgents, 191

  seizes gold, 192n.

  ‘civilian mentality’ of, 409

  independent Basque republic, 410

  ‘war ended with Bilbao’s fall’, 410

  pact with Italians, 410–12; and justification of, 412

  non-members’ views: ‘hostility to social change’, 190; ‘feared victory would advance socialism’, 194; ‘middle class, religious and conservative’, 194; ‘alliance with left created a drama’, 194; treatment of prisoners, 414; ‘too concerned with Spanish polities’, 536; ‘conservative, confessional and racialist’, 539; ‘maketo’, 539

  Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista (POUM):

  and revolution, 45

  democratic-socialist content of, 561 and n.

  formation of, 559n.

  and pre-war petty bourgeoisie, 561

  anti-fascist struggle, 101, 561

  PCE tries to exclude from Popular Front pact, 560

  signs pact, 560

  candidates refused, 560

  reasons for signing pact, 561–2

  ‘mistake to consolidate Popular Front’, 562

  in military rising, 107

  relations with CNT, 110, 340, 342

  strength of, 182n., 340–41

  unions join UGT, 182, 341

  in Reus, 227

  and power, 183, 340, 344

  calls for constituent assembly, 183–4

  ‘mistake of wanting total revolution in Catalonia’, 243

  ‘fixated on revolution,’ 340

  differences in Valencia, 340, 384n.; and Madrid, 384n.

  in CENU, 294n.

  proposes ‘red army’, 340

  maintains separate militia, 340

  FOUS, 340, 341n.

  political mistakes of, 341–4

  joins Generalitat, 341, 343; and evicted from, 342, 376;

  and Popular Front government, 341

  ‘demagogy’ of, 342–3

  dictatorship of proletariat, 343

  critical of anarchist collectives, 344

  Moscow show trials, 344, 384

  position on petty bourgeoisie in revolution, 345

  and socializations, 345

  calls again for workers’ government, 376

  and May events, 378–82

  non-trotskyist, 383 and n.

  outlawed, 386

  leaders’ trial, 389

  non-members’ views: ‘not trotskyist’, 346; ‘responsibility for May events’, 378; ‘fascists’, 383; and disbelief, 389; ‘most militant marxists’, 389; ‘traitors’, 390; ‘sincere revolutionaries’, 390; and repression of, 390

  Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE), 40

  veers left in 1933, 43, 552

  and October 1934 rising, 554

  ‘fails its historic mission’, 58

  refuses to join government, May 1936, 45, 58, 100; and consequences of, 58–9, 100

  supports republican government, 53

  Madrid group calls for dictatorship of proletariat, 91

  party paralysed, 100

  remains within Popular Front policy, 100

  no mass recruitment, 182, 333

  ‘sectarianism of fractions’, 461

  splits in ‘responsible for permitting rising’, 463

  as working class party, 495; and decline, 496

  ‘better Vienna than Berlin’, 553

  strength of, 557

  ‘anti-clericalism’ of, 539

  in Vizcaya, 193

  and Basque nationalism, 539

  in defence of Asturian petty bourgeoisie, 244 and n.

  non-members’ views: mistake of October 1934 rising, 75; ‘error of turning workers from republic’, 80; ‘breaks republican legality’, 85; leaders ‘frightened of revolutionary triumph’, 327; fosters ‘anti-religious sentiment’, 419; ‘bent on suicide’, 560

  Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya (PSUC), 340

  creation of, 181–2, 559n.

  and revolution, 136

  forced to leave Generalitat, 179n.

  gains strength, 181

  membership of, 182 and n.

  affiliates to Comintern, 182

  and anti-fascist bourgeoisie, 182

  proletarian hegemony, 182

  GEPCI, 183, 233

  and collectivization, 215, 234, 578

  proposes transformation into cooperatives, 578

  in Reus, 227

  and CENU, 294n.

  ‘influenced by Comintern’, 346

  isolates party, 389

  relations with POUM and CNT, 346, 376, 390

  ‘cardinal sin’ of, 346

  and May events, 377–82

  Nin’s assassination, 290

  non-members’ views: growth of, 182, 183; and petty bourgeoisie, 183, 335; ‘sabotages’ collectives, 215; and filming, 224; ‘blocks rationalization of collectives’, 230; and ‘take over’ of, 378–9; aims ‘to destroy libertarians’, 231; and ‘communism’ of, 376–7; ‘saboteurs of revolution’, 380

  Payne, S., 283n., 412n., 464n., 559n., 531n., 564n., 566n., 567n., 568n., 570n., 572n.

  Peasantry, 92

  and republic, 83–4

  left’s failure to organize, 84

  and religious question, 84

  anti-republicanism of, 86

  and ‘revolutionary action’, 94n.

  1934 strike, 555 and n.

  role of in nationalist camp, 283–5, 466

  Peirats, J., 181n., 232, 369n., 515n., 519n., 576n.

  Peiró, Joan, 450, 544n., 576n.

  and assassinations, 149

  Pemán, José María, 154, 168, 204, 206

  Pérez-Baró, A., 151n., 210, 211, 212 and n., 221n., 236 and n., 578n.

  Pérez Salas, J., 572n.

  Pérez Solis, O., 253n.

  Pestaña, Angel, 547, 548n.

  Petty bourgeoisie:

  size of, 522

  as base for fascism, 525n.

  provincial: importance of law, order and religion, 97, 525; social conditions of, 98; life style, 523, 524; in insurgent zone, 106; and dominance, 109; as employer, 149n.; ‘negative’ political weight, 522–3; supports CEDA, 523; ‘republican out of convenience’, 523; withdraws support from republic, 524; and Azaña, 524; ‘fear of anarchists’, 524; a ‘state of being’, 524; and religion, 525; base of nationalist regime, 525, 561

  urban: in Popular Front zone, 106; in Catalonia, 149; ‘anti-fascism’ of, 149, 447; threatened by revolution, 149, 444, 445; as employer, 149n.; fears non-Catalan anarchists, 151; joke, 443; unable to identify with either side, 443; ‘withdraws’, 443, 444; base of Catalan nationalism, 444; hopes disappointed, 444; and Franco, 444–5; political ideals of, 536; relief at end of war, 484; heir to 19th-century liberals, 525

  Plá y Deniel, Dr Enrique, Bishop of Salamanca, 206

  proposes concept of crusade, 417

  Pola de Lena (Asturias), 431

  Poland, Anglo-French guarantees, 499

  Política (Left republican), 462

  Political commissariat:

  creation of, 461

  commissars a ‘liability’, 461

  communist appointments, 462

  and press, 462

  role of commissars, 497

  Popular Army, 257n., 337, 348

  formation of, 259n.

  in defence of Madrid, 266

  training tank crews, 268

  and PCE, 325, 331

  promotions in, 331 and n., 333

  structures of, 330

&n
bsp; strategy, 330

  number of temporary officers in, 464n.

  morale in, 454, 457

  comparative size of, 464n.

  Battle of the Ebro, 472, 475

  and traditional warfare, 480

  classification in, 473

  diversionary landing at Motril, 475

  crosses defeated into France, 482

  ‘combined with nationalist army’, 493 and n.

  guerrilla corps, 330n.

  and libertarians, 338, 339

  and POUM, 340

  criticisms of: use of ‘traditional military strategy’, 328; posed war ‘in enemy’s terms’, 339; lack of manoeuvrability, 464; lack of strategists and commanders, 464

  Popular Front pact, 101

  formation of, 44, 559

  and programme, 44, 560

  signatories to, 44

  electoral victory, 44, 83, 89; and atmosphere after, 44, 58: in Catalonia, 62, 83; and Basque country, 83; in Madrid, 75, 76, 79, 80, 99–100; in Old Castile, 84–6, 88; in Toledo, 92; in latifundist region, 92, 93, 98–9, 161; in Salamanca, 99; in Asturias, 100

  working class transcends programme, 45, 92

  bourgeoisie’s fear, 89

  disorder, 89

  PCE’s view of its tasks, 93

  ‘possibility of peaceful development’, 561

  its ‘conservative’ programme, 98

  threatens ‘ruling class privileges’, 98

  ‘correct anti-fascist policy’, 100

  PCE support of, 100

  POUM position, 101, 562

  liberal republicans’ dominance in, 562n.

  and Soviet foreign policy, 563

  and socialist youth, 563

  in Basque country, 540

  impact on provincial bourgeoisie, 109

  Popular Front zone (see also Republic, second, during war):

  sexual equality, 286, 288

  women as combatants, 286

  women’s liberation, 287

  abortion, 287

  birth control, 287

  ‘marriage by usage’, 287

  traditional sexual roles, 287–8

  and female emancipation, 288

  repression: in Barcelona, 146, 148, 149–50;’ 152; and woodworkers’ union, 473y’ causes of assassinations, 151; clerg’s assassinated, 152; and petty bourgeoisie shock, 152, 443; in hiding from, 474; escape, 474; Badalona monks, 451; CNT statement, 146; government condemns assassinations, 170n.; comparison with nationalist zone, 276; in Baena, 132; in Espejo, 280; in Mas de las Matas, 353; in Luanco, 419; in Gijón prison, 420; and prison ship, 420, 423; treatment of priest, 420–21; in Pola de Lena, 431; in Málaga, reprisals for air raids, 303; and mob, 303; religious objects, 303; in Valencia, execution, 476–8; in Madrid, 177–9 passim, 195–7; Bellas Artes checa, 298; and control of, 177; ‘uncontrolled rampage’, 274; assassination of prisoners being evacuated, 263; refugees in embassies, 299–301; ‘tunnel of death’, 300; worst periods of, 301; effect of controlling, 301; assassination of priest, 419; house searches, 456

  Popular Olympiad, 59, 134

  Popular Tribunals, 170n.

  creation of, 176

  functioning of, 176, 177–8

  emergency tribunals, 178–9

  Portugal, 127, 279

  Pozas, Gen. Sebastián, 175, 176, 378n.

  Prat de la Riba, Enric, 532n.

  Preston, P., 109n., 553n.

  Prieto, Dr Casto (republican mayor of Salamanca), 171, 205

  Prieto, Horacio (CNT leader), 209

  Prieto, Indalecio (socialist minister), 48, 296, 390

  says disorder creating ground for fascism, 91, 99

  prevented from forming government, 92n.

  desire to re-establish republican-socialist coalition, 100

  warns government of threat of rising, 100

  broadcast on republic’s resources, 114

  and Miaja, 296–7

  ammunition production, 297

  and guerrillas, 429, 430 and n.

  Teruel, 440, 441, 460, 463

  and war aims, 460 and n., 464

  hatred of commissariat, 461

  reappoints only approved commissars, 462, 463

  effect of, 497

  Soviet aid, 462

  ‘practical politician’, 463

  ‘pessimism demoralizing’, 463

  and bishop of Teruel, 464, 465n.

  October 1934, 553, 556

  Primo de Rivera, José Antonio, 89, 104, 161, 174, 315

  execution of, 269 and n., 316

  myth that alive, 316 and n.

  his political thinking, 313

  warning of danger from right, 319

  suspicious of military conspirators, 573

  as a fascist leader, 313

  critical of Italian, German fascism, 313

  financed by Mussolini, 314n.

  Primo de Rivera, Gen. Miguel, 39, 40, 45, 92n., 564 and n.

  Primo de Rivera, Pilar, 309, 318

  Proletariat:

  growth of, 38

  awaits counter-revolutionary coup, 46

  on defensive after 1936 elections, 100, 101

  in Popular Front zone, 106

  Puente, Dr Isaac, 543 and n.

  Puigcerdá (Barcelona), 377

  Pyrenean regiment, 448

  Queipo de Llano, Gen. Gonzalo, 50, 154, 158, 203–4, 274, 275, 276, 278, 308, 568

  africanista, 566n.

  leads rising in Seville, 50, 51, 52

  first broadcast, 52

  further broadcasts, 119, 128

  and Moroccan troops, 108

  executions in Córdoba, 161; and in Seville, 164

  on failure to capture Madrid, 271

  sisters exchanged, 272

  viceroyalty of, 277

  ‘Capital and labour’, 277

  and strikes, 279

  draining marshlands, 278

  and cheap housing, 273, 279

  farming, 279–80

  and Málaga repression, 304–5

  and Major Ibáñez, 306, 308

  Quintanilla, Eleuterio, 179, 239, 550 and n.

  Redondo, Onésimo, 86, 87n., 115, 316

  killed, 171

  widow starts Auxilio Social, 310

  Republic, first (1873–4), 36

  Republic, second (1931–9):

  proclamation of, 40

  political tasks of, 41–2

  failure to achieve basic reforms, 42

  religious policy, 42, 526

  attempt to ‘wipe out’ religion, 529

  ‘sectarian, anti-religious’ position, 530

  religious education, 527

  ‘political errors’ in, 42, 529

  separation of church and state, 529 and n.

  and military rising, 83

  precautions of, 573

  bourgeois ‘boycott’, 42, 79, 85, 98

  and CNT, 542

  violence, 80

  and Castilian peasantry, 83–4

  ‘social justice’ in banks, 449

  private property guaranteed by law, 515n.

  little change in villages, 518

  caciques, 518

  during war: government calls for calm, 53; government refuses to arm the people, 53; Casares Quiroga appeals to France for aid, 127; government resigns, 54; Martínez Barrio government resigns, 57–58; Giral appointed premier, 58; arms the people, 58; demobilizes insurgent troops, 60; collapse of state power, 151; error of demobilizing soldiers, 142; gold reserves, 181n., 259n.; and sent to Soviet Union, 259n., 331n.; government dependent on Popular Front committee, 185 and n.; government leaves Madrid, 259; ammunition production, 227n.; and Catalonia, 227n.; and Madrid, 297; government ‘represents capitalist interests’, 327; ‘democratic republic’, 331; proposed workers’ government, 331n.; ‘popular republic – thirteen points’, 461; government leaves Spain, 491–2

  Requetés, 53n., 104, 117, 119, 122, 126, 164, 204–5, 311

  Reus (Tarragona) (see also Collectivization, urban), 216, 227

&
nbsp; situation after military rising, 227–8 and n.

  Popular Tribunals in, 228n. 5

  and Popular Front government, 228

  Revolution (see also specific localities, and Revolution and War):

  pre-war situation, 102

  ‘people’s revolutionary instinct’, 120

  localism of, 245, 247

  failures of, 258, 501

  and women, 286–9

  dress, 445

  and culture, 292–3

  education, 294

  and Popular Front policies, 330

  proletarian hegemony, 331 and n.

  libertarian views on, 120, 137, 210, 211, 214, 216, 229, 230, 288, 336, 352, 379; socialist youth, 137, 291; socialists, 240; POUMists, 141, 242; PCE-PSUC members, 183, 324–5, 327, 328, 329, 330, 583; Esquerra members, 141–2, 143, 145, 447–8, 449; other Catalan nationalists, 147, 150, 154

  Right Liberal Republican party (DLR), 98

  Rivas Gómez, Lt F., 131n.

  Roatta, Gen. Mario, 410, 411, 412

  Robinson, R., 92n.

  Rodríguez, Melchor:

  and communist prisons in Madrid, 178n. 297

  Rojo, Major (later Gen.) Vicente, 464

  in defence of Madrid, 270

  and officers’ training schools, 464n.

  bishop of Teruel, 464

  refusal to return to republican zone, 489

  Rous, Jean, 388

  Ruiz, David, 88n.

  Sabadell (Barcelona), 135 and n.

  Salamanca, 116, 171, 178n., 203, 205–8, 206n.

  May day demonstration 1936, 99

  military rising, 106 and n.

  Franco’s HQ, 205

  Salamanca Agrarian Bloc, 85, 414

  aims of, 517

  Salas Larrazábal, R., 564n.

  Salcedo, E., 207n.

  Sama de Langreo (Asturias), 425–6

  Popular Front committee, 238, 240, 243

  Sanjurjo, Gen. José, 567

  africanista, 566n.

  refuses to support king, 40

  compromise between Mola and Carlists, 104, 573

  rising’s national leader, 108, 573

  political plans, 109

  death, 109, 203

  leads 1932 rising, 109n., 306, 514, 533, 553, 567–8 condemned to death, 568

  aims ot stop Catalan autonomy statute, 568

  expresses right-wing officers’ attitude to republic, 568

  effects of rising in Seville, 568

  San Roque (Cádiz), 65

  in military rising, 65, 72

  attack on, 155–7

  San Sebastián, 189 and n., 259, 337

  military rising, 50–51, 106, 194

  and surrender, 189, 190

  San Sebastián revolutionary committee (1930), 40, 40–41n.

  Santa Cruz (Córdoba), 280

  Santander, 247n.

  fall of, 410

  Saragossa, 113, 132, 348, 358

  military rising, 72, 106 and n., 121

 

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