Düsselthal 413–14
Dutch Republic 101; as alliance partner 15, 51–2; as model for Brandenburg policy 40–41, 43; economic significance for western provinces 180; William II’s flight to Holland in November 1918 613–14
East Prussia see Ducal Prussia
Ebel, Johann Wilhelm 423
Ebert, Friedrich 621, 622, 623, 625, 653–4
Edelmann, Johann Christian 254–5
Eden, Anthony 673
Ehrhardt, Hermann 628–9
Eichel, August Friedrich 245
Eichhorn, Emil 625–6
Eichhorn, Johann Albrecht Friedrich von 396, 439–40
Elbe river 2, 93
Elisabeth, Tsaritsa of Russia 197, 199, 204, 245, 662
Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Bevern, Queen of Prussia 109–10, 111, 188–9, 193
Emmerich 210
Engel, Andreas 115–16
Engels, Friedrich 464, 488, 498–9
Enlightenment 247–83
Eosander, Johann Friedrich 73
Ephraim, Veitel Heine 257–8
Ermland 232
Ernst, Margrave of Brandenburg 42
Estates of Brandenburg-Prussia: political role of 14, 21; resistance to the Elector’s foreign policy 28–9; fiscal privileges of 28–9, 37; conflict with the central executive after the Northern War 54–64; decline in political power 61–4, 93–4; endurance of provincial authority 113–14; involvement in religious controversy 118; in the era of reform 278; and General Code 281–2; role in East Prussian upheavals of 1812–13 360–62; increasingly plutocratic character after 1815 408–9
Eupen-Malmédy 428
Eylert, Rulemann Friedrich 416
executive structures of the Brandenburg-Prussian state: early consolidation 15; confessional and political factionalism 14, 26–9, 87; concentration during and after the Northern War of 1655–60 43–4, 58, 61–4; centralizing reforms under Frederick William I 85–94; limited scope of in early 18th century 111–14; factionalism in the Napoleonic era 301–304; efforts to streamline in Napoleonic era 321–3, 341–2; limits of reform in same 338–44; fissures after 1815 facilitate Austrian interference 396–7, 498; Cabinet Order of 1852 506
Falkenhayn, Erich von 610
Fäsch, Johann Rudolf 181
Fassmann, David 80
Fehrbellin 44–7, 50, 220
Ferdinand II, Habsburg Emperor 19, 22, 25
Ferdinand III, Habsburg Emperor 49
Fichte, Johann Gottlob 264, 377, 386, 663
Firmian, Archbishop Anton 142
First World War 607–11; anti-Prussian sentiments in troop contingents 609; extension of Law of Siege to Empire 609
Flottwell, Eduard Heinrich 411, 439
Fontane, Theodor 168, 381, 681–3
France: role in the Jülich-Kleve crisis 16; in Thirty Years War 19, 139; as supporter of Brandenburg territorial claims in 1648 48; as ally and enemy during reign of Louis XIV 51–2; as model for administrative reforms 86, 90; as model, ally and enemy for Frederick II 111, 184–5, 198–200; impact of Seven Years War on 211; war scares in 1830 and 1840 394–5, 396; news of revolution in 1848 468; opposes Prussia-led union in 1848–50 499; mobilization against (1859) 511; neutral in Austro-Prussian conflict 533; after Königgrätz 547–9; Spanish succession crisis 548–50; war of 1870–71 550–52; hostility to the German Empire after 1870 553–4
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor 218
Francis Joseph, Austrian Emperor 532, 542, 595
Francke, August Hermann 124–6, 128–36, 138
Frankfurt/Main 130, 542
Frankfurt/Oder 23, 154, 221, 252
Frederick I, Burgrave of Nuremberg, Elector of Brandenburg 4
Frederick I, King in Prussia, formerly Frederick III Elector of Brandenburg 67–77, 78, 83, 84, 102–3, 140–141
Frederick II, ‘the Great’xxv, 19, 73, 84, 98, 101; conflict with his father 101–11; and religion 136, 217–19; and the nobility 157; economic policy 175–9, 213–15; personality 183–90; invasion of Silesia 192–200; battle tactics 200–204; and Russia 212; social policy 213–14; patriotic enthusiasm for 219–30; attitude to Poland 233–9; and the Prussian state 239–46; as practitioner of enlightenment 252–5, 282; and League of Princes 217, 285; as model for Napoleon 307; in Nazi memory 661, 663; Hitler’s regard for 662; fluctuating place in German official memory after 1945 680, 686
Frederick III, Emperor 517, 542, 589
Frederick V, Elector Palatine 28, 40, 139
Frederick VII of Denmark 491, 492, 523, 524
Frederick Augustus II, Elector of Saxony, aka King Augustus III of Poland 192–3
Frederick Augustus I, King of Saxony 310
Frederick Charles, Prince, of Prussia 528
Frederick Henry of Orange, Stadtholder 40
Frederick William, Crown Prince see Frederick III, Emperor
Frederick William, ‘the Great Elector’ xxiv, 322; consolidation of army and state 38–66; conflict with his father 101–2; 120, 121–4; confessional foreign policy 139–40; in Nazi memory 661
Frederick William I, King: and the repudiation of court culture 75, 78–84; administrative reform 85–94, 111–14, 245–6; and the grain economy 92–3; obsession with the military 95–7; conflict with his son 101–11; and the Pietists 131–4; and Salzburg Protestants 141–4; and the nobility 157; and relations with Austria 191–2 in Nazi memory 661
Frederick William II 84, 267–9, 280; and foreign policy 285–7, 292–4
Frederick William III: foreign policy in the Napoleonic era 298–310; public and private persona 314–20; involvement in reform 312–14, 318–20, 325, 327, 333; foreign policy 1809 345–7; opposes insurrection against French 349–50, 353, 354, 357–8, 362; opts for anti-French alliance 362–3; Wars of Liberation 365; turn to conservatism 402–3, 436; and Poles in Prussia 410; advocacy of Prussian Church Union 415–16; conflict with Old Lutheran separatists 417–19; and evangelization of Jews 425–6
Frederick William IV 76, 397; personality, political outlook 436–40; attitude to Catholicism 437–8; ecclesiastical policy 438; romanticism of 438–9; quashes liberal speculation 440–42; popular opposition and caricature 448–9; opens the United Diet of 1847 460–61; response to revolution in 1848 471–2, 474–5, 476–7, 479, 488–9; commitment to national cause 489–91, 494–5, 497–8, 556; creates Prussian ‘House of Lords’ 560–61; sympathy with Polish national aspirations 577
Freemasonry 248, 252, 268, 270, 275
Frick, Heinrich 641
Friedländer, David 261, 267, 336, 337
Friedrich, Caspar David 383
Friedrichsburg (West Africa) 38, 41, 98
Friedrichswalde 179
Fuchs, Paul von 52
Füssel, Martin 117
Gastein, Convention of (1865) 532–3
Gayl, Wilhelm von 644, 645, 652
Gedicke, Lampertus 132
Gedike, Friedrich 249
gender relations: at the Brandenburg court 28, 76–7, 83; among the nobility 169–71; among peasantry 171–4; at the court of Frederick II 188–9; in the Berlin enlightenment 264; at the court of Frederick William II 267–8; and the Wars of Liberation 375, 376–8
General Law Code (Allgemeines Landrecht of 1794) 242, 255, 281–3, 418, 427, 430
General Directory 87–9, 93, 241, 245, 328
Gentz, Friedrich 266, 379
George William, Elector 14, 20–29, 41, 55, 76, 101, 105, 310
Gerhardt, Paul 121
Gerlach, Ernst Ludwig von 571
Gerlach, Leopold von 330, 364, 386, 437, 444, 462, 481
German Confederation 389–91, 501
German Empire, constitution of 1871: place of Prussia in 556–60; the Prussian monarch in 587–96
Gersdorff, Rudolf von 669–70
Gigas, David 121
Gleim, Johann Wilhelm Ludwig 221, 225–6, 250–51
Glogau 240
Gneisenau, August Wilhelm Neidhardt von 325, 350–51, 353, 373, 403, 440, 661, 674
&nb
sp; Goebbels, Josef 647, 651, 655–7, 658, 660–62
Goering, Hermann 650, 664
Goerres, Joseph 421
Goldbeck, Heinrich Julius von 319
Goltz, August Friedrich Ferdinand von der 346, 350
Gossler, Christoph 182
Götzen, Sigismund von 27
Gotzkowsky, Ernst 181–2
Grattenauer, Karl Wilhelm 265–6
Gregory XVI, Pope 420
Groeben, Karl von der 437
Groener, Wilhelm 622–3, 625, 654
Grolman, Karl Wilhelm Georg von 325–6, 372, 386, 403
Gross Friedrichsburg 41, 93
Gross Salze 176, 177
Grossbeeren, Battle of (1813) 367, 371, 681
Grosz, George 627
Grumbkow, Friedrich Wilhelm von 105, 111, 188
Grün, Karl 455
Gruner, Justus 349, 355, 403
Grunholzer, Heinrich 453–4, 455
Grzesinski, Albert 642, 645, 650–51
Gulbransson, Olav 593–4
Gumbinnen 357, 429
Gundling, Jakob Paul von 80–83
Gustavus Adolphus, King 22, 23
gymnastic movement (Turnbewegung) 351–2, 377, 384–5, 401–2
Habsburg monarchy 5; opposed to Brandenburg expansion 50, 52–3; and royal Prussian title 70–71, 191–2; and the invasion of Silesia 190–201; involvement in Polish partitions 231–2; foreign policy in revolutionary era 294, 296, 304; in Wars of Liberation 365–6
Halberstadt 48, 154, 159, 220, 221, 244, 251, 298
Halle 127–37, 176, 253, 272
Hamann, Johann Georg 138, 250
Hanover, Electorate (later Kingdom of) 217, 278, 299–300, 389, 393, 496, 535, 536–7, 542, 545; focus of provincial identity after 1866 684
Hansemann, David 461–2, 477, 479
Hardenberg, Karl August von: activities before 1806 278–80, 301–2, 303–4, 318, 320–21; critique of ‘cabinet system’ 321–3; constitutional reforms 334–5, 340; economic reforms 339–41; Jewish emancipation 336–7, 424, 663; State Indebtedness Law 342, 458, 459, 504; publicity and communication 342–4; opposes insurrection against French 353–4, 362; loyalty to Prussia 386; conservative opposition to 338–40, 402–3, 404
Haugwitz, Friedrich Wilhelm von 212, 293, 301, 302
Hauptmann, Gerhard 563–4
Havelberg 45, 147–8
Havelland district 3, 30, 35, 45–6, 91
Hecker, Johann 134
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 138, 431–5, 615–16, 652
Heimannsberg, Marcus 633–4, 646
Heine, Heinrich 452, 462–3, 464–5
Heinitz, Friedrich Anton von 177, 241
Herero: uprising 604; extermination of 604–7
Herklot, Karl Alexander von 315
Hermes, Hermann Daniel 272
Hertzberg, Ewald Friedrich Graf von 285–6, 289
Herz, Henriette 264, 266
Hesse-Darmstadt 391, 536, 542, 567
Hesse-Kassel 218, 389, 496–7, 542
Heyde, Johann Friedrich 222
Heydt, August von der 505
Hildesheim 295
Hillmer, Gottlob Friedrich 272
Hindenburg und Beneckendorff, Paul von: ascendancy during First World War 609–11; blocks leftist initiatives in 1918/1919 623–4; insubordination 628; loses faith in Brüning 643–4; role in dissolution of democratic Prussia 644–6; decides against a coup d’état 648–9; appoints Hitler 650; place in Prussian history 653–4; at ‘Day of Potsdam’ (1933) 656–7; burial honours 658
Hippel, Theodor Gottfried 363
history: awareness of within the Brandenburg elite 65–6, 71, 186, 431–2
Hitler, Adolf 642, 649, 650, 651, 654, 655–9
Hobbes, Thomas 36
Hochkirch, Battle of (1758) 204, 206–7
Hohenfriedberg, Battle of 194, 195
Hohenzollern dynasty: Franconian origins 4; marital alliances 9–10, 15; styles of kingship 84; tension between the generations 101–11
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Prince Leopold of 548
Holocaust: Prussia and 666–7
Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation 4–6, 57–8, 200, 215–16, 242–3, 287, 293, 294, 295, 296
Hoym, Carl Georg Heinrich von 177
Hubertusburg, Peace of 186, 206
Hufeland, Gottfried 271
Humboldt, Wilhelm von 264, 280, 331–3, 336, 389, 403, 481
Hungary 285, 533
Independent Social Democrats (USPD) 622, 624, 625
Italian War (1859) 511, 513
Itzig, Daniel 257–8
Itzig, Isaac Daniel 261
Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig 351–2, 377, 384–5, 401, 730 (n. 93)
Jakoby, Johann 443
Jena, Battle of (1806) 296–8, 307
Jews: readmitted under Great Elector 123–4; evangelization of 135, 137, 260; and enlightenment 257–7; legal restrictions on 258–9; occupational structure 259–60; emancipation 336–8, 341, 427–8, 583; as military volunteers 374–5, 381–2; and the ‘Christian state’ 424–7; project to organize on a corporate basis (1841) 445; discrimination against applicants for public office 583–7; anti-Jewish riot in Konitz (West Prussia) 586; anti-Semitism after 1918 637–8
Joachim I, Elector 6, 7
Joachim II, Elector 7–8, 9
Joachim Frederick, Elector 6, 10
John Casimir, King of Poland 49
John George, Elector 6, 8–9
John George II of Anhalt 61
John George of Brandenburg-Jägerndorf, Margrave 117–18
John Sigismund, Elector 10, 15, 16, 17, 41, 115–20
Joseph I, Emperor 191
Joseph II, Emperor 212, 217
Jülich-Kleve territorial complex: Hohenzollern claim to 10–13, 16; geopolitical situation of 10–13; international crisis of 1610 16; Estates activism in 55, 57
Junker: as type 167–9
Jutland 44, 50
Kamptz, Karl Albert von 403, 440
Kant, Immanuel 137, 247–8, 255, 270, 271
Kanter, Johann Jakob 250
Kapp, Wolfgang 629, 633, 646
Karsch, Anna Louise 226
Kashubians 239, 428
Katte, Hans Hermann von 106–10, 129, 661
Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von 197–8, 200, 212, 216
Keith, Jakob (James) 206–7
Kesseldorf, Battle of 194
Kessler, Harry 619–20, 626, 627
Kircheisen, Friedrich Leopold von 280
Klein, Ernst Ferdinand 252, 275, 331
Kleist, Andreas Joachim 167
Kleist, Christian Ewald von 221–2
Kleist, Hans von 571
Kleist, Heinrich von 47, 264, 351, 481
Kleist, Maria Elisabeth von 169
Kleist-Retzow, Hans Hugo von 508
Kleist-Schmenzin, Ewald von 668
Kleve 17, 42, 54, 55, 57, 89, 91, 150, 210, 223, 244, 277, 428
Knesebeck, Karl Friedrich von dem 324, 357
Knesebeck, Levin von 27
Knobelsdorff, Georg Wenceslaus von 241
Knyphausen, Dodo von 85
Kolbe von Wartenberg, Johann Casimir 87
Kolberg 157, 325, 347, 354, 421, 661
Kolin, Battle of 203
Kollwitz, Käthe 565
Königsberg: 17, 42, 53; as core of resistance to Elector Frederick William 54, 58–60; as site of the coronation of 1701 69–70; as centre of Lutheran resistance to Calvinist policy 121, 122; Pietism in 134, 138; commercial and political decline of 149; patriotism in 223; centre of enlightenment 247–8, 250, 261; during French occupation 347, 348; centre of insurrection in 1813 360–62; religious stirrings in 423; centre of liberal dissent 441–;2, 467; revolution of 1848 476; Jews in 584; national church congress of 1927 637; destruction and re-settlement after 1945 677–8
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