The Tri-State Defender collection, LeMoyne-Owen College, Memphis, TN.
Blues and Soul magazine, 1968–1975, author’s own collection. Michigan Chronicle, 1962–1972, Detroit Public Library, Detroit, MI.
Pittsburgh Courier, 1960–1968, University Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
Cuttings on segregation, Memphis life, Beale Street, Stax Records, the Memphis Invaders, Isaac Hayes and other related subjects, courtesy of the Preservation and Special Collection Department, McWherter Library, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN.
The COINTELPRO Papers, The FBI Education Center, Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, DC.
Home Select Committee on Assassination (HSCA) 1976–1979, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
NAACP Collection, cataloguing the activities of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and its related activities, 1909–1979, University Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
The Papers and Correspondence of the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr, The Martin Luther King, Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change, Atlanta, GA.
FBI and Memphis Police Department documents released under the Freedom of Information Act and made available via www.vault.fbi.gov and other specialist sites.
Secondary Sources
Abernathy, Ralph David, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2010.
Beiffus, Joan Turner, At the River I Stand, Memphis: St Luke’s Press, 1990.
Blackstock, Nelson, COINTELPRO: The FBI’s Secret War on Political Freedom, New York: Pathfinder Press, 1976.
Bowman, Rob, Soulsville U.S.A.: The Story of Stax Records, New York: G. Schirmer Inc., 2003.
Branch, Taylor, At Canaan’s Edge: America in the King Years 1965–1968, New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006.
Carpenter, Bill, Uncloudy Days: The Gospel Encyclopaedia, San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 2005.
Donner, Frank J., The Age of Surveillance, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1980.
DiEugenio, James & Lisa Pease (eds), The Assassinations: Probe Magazine on JFK, MLK, RFK, and Malcolm X, Port Townsend: Feral Press, 2003.
Dyson, Michael Eric, I May Not Get There with You: The True Martin Luther King, Jr., New York: Free Press, 2000.
Freeman, Scott, Otis!: The Otis Redding Story, New York: St Martin’s Press, 2001.
Gentry, Curt, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets, New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1991.
George, Nelson, The Death of Rhythm and Blues, New York: Random House, 1988.
Gordon, Robert, Respect Yourself: Stax Records and the Soul Explosion, New York: Bloomsbury, 2014.
Gordon, Robert, It Came from Memphis, Pocket Books: New York, 1995.
Guralnick, Peter, Last Train to Memphis: The Rise of Elvis Presley, London: Little Brown, 1994.
Guralnick, Peter, Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom, New York: Harper & Row, 1986.
Hamilton, Marybeth, In Search of the Blues, London: Jonathan Cape, 2007.
Howard, Josiah, Blaxploitation Cinema, Surrey: Fab Press, 2008.
Hauser, Thomas, Muhammad Ali: His Life and Times, London: Robson Books, 1991.
Hughes, Charles L., Country Soul: Making Music and Making Race in the American South, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.
Pepper, William F., An Act of State: The Execution of Martin Luther King, New York: Verso, 2003.
Jones, Roben, Memphis Boys: The Story of American Studios, Jackson, MI: University of Mississippi Press, 2010.
Kamin, Ben, Room 306: The National Story of the Lorraine Motel, East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press, 2012.
Kot, Greg, I’ll Take You There: Mavis Staples, the Staple Singers and the March Up Freedom’s Highway, New York: Scribner, 2014.
Kotz, Mick, Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws That Changed America, Boston: Mariner Books, 2006.
O’Reilly, Kenneth, Racial Matters: The FBI’s Secret File on Black America, 1960–1972, New York: Free Press, 1991.
Powers, Georgia Davis, I Shared the Dream: The Pride, Passion, and Politics of the First Black Woman Senator from Kentucky, Far Hills, NJ: New Horizon Press, 1995.
Ribowsky, Mark, Dreams to Remember: Otis Redding, Stax Records and the Transformation of Southern Soul, New York: Liveright, 2015.
Ritz, David, Divided Soul: The Life of Marvin Gaye, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985.
Sides, Hampton, Hellhound on His Trail, London: Allen Lane, 2010.
Salvatore, Nick, Singing in a Strange Land: C.L. Franklin, The Black Church, and the Transformation of America, New York: Little Brown & Co., 2005.
Ward, Brian, Just My Soul Responding: Rhythm and Blues, Black Consciousness, and Race Relations, London: UCL Press, 1998. Warner, Jay, Just Walkin’ in the Rain: The True Story of the Prisonaires: The Convict Pioneers of R&B and Rock & Roll, Los Angeles: Renaissance Books, 2001.
Wexler, Jerry & David Ritz, Rhythm and the Blues: A Life in American Music, London: Jonathan Cape, 1993.
Whiteis, David, Southern Soul-Blues, Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2013.
INDEX
Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem see Alcindor
Abernathy, Ralph 109, 110, 127, 184
and Martin Luther King 98, 103–7, 206
and Juanita Miller 204
at funeral of Martin Luther King 144
at Resurrection City 208–10
sued by Tarlease Mathews 141, 142
Able, Emerson Jr 249–52
Academy Awards (Oscars) 177
Ace, Johnny 2
Acey, Professor David 126
Acklin, Barbara 223
Adams, Johnny 223
Afrocentrism 277
Agent 500 see McCollough
Ahlgren, Frank R. 19
Aiken, Ben 50
Alcindor, Lew (Kareem Abdul-Jabbar) 246, 247
Ales, Barney 222
Alexander, Arthur 222
Alexander, James 17, 73, 281
Ali, Muhammad 106, 117, 247, 292
All Platinum Records 218
All Stars see Walker, Junior
Allen, Ora Denise see LaSalle
Allen, Rance 198, 289
Altshuler, Bob 166
American Civil Liberties Union 84
American Civil War 52
American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees 42, 43, 156
American Independent Party 159
American Red Cross 5–7
American Sound Studio 9, 52, 57, 150, 237, 271
Angel, Ronnie ‘Stoots’ 30
Animators’ Union 58
Anson, Robert Sam 192
Antonioni, Michelangelo 276
Apollas, The 50
Apollo Theater, Harlem 22, 56, 229, 265
Ardent Studios 284, 288
Arkin, Lt Eli 89, 115
Arlington, Roy 185
Armstead, Jo 289
Army School of Photography 121
ARTEF theatre company 171
ATCO 219
Atlantic Records 19, 21, 32, 53–60, 185, 188, 192, 226, 269
acquired by Warner Brothers 50, 51
and Aretha Franklin 182
and Margie Joseph 263
and Dusty Springfield 271
at NATRA convention 224
parting from Stax 61, 270, 281, 289
sending Wilson Pickett to Stax 53
working with Stax 57, 58, 186, 227
Avant, Clarence 189, 190, 192
Axton, Charles ‘Packy’ 29, 30, 194
Axton, Estelle 27, 31, 185, 238, 287, 288
and Atlantic Records 189
and Ernest Withers 122
and WDIA 44
deal with Gulf & Western 192, 193
leaving Stax 194, 237
running Satellite 28, 72, 79, 86
Bacharach, Burt 282
Bailey, Loree 103, 157
Bailey, Walter 103, 157
Baker, Anita 135
Baker, Lavern 52
Ballard, Florence 56
Banks, Bessie 222
Banks, Darrell 168, 263, 270
Banks, Homer 28, 68, 133, 137, 152, 205, 289
Banks, Ron 270
Baptist Memorial Hospital 45, 157, 267
Barger, Lt John 118
Bar-Kays, The 15, 23, 33, 45, 153, 160, 198, 208, 279, 280, 282, 283
deaths of members 16, 19, 22
funeral of 35, 36
Barnes, J.J. and the Dramatics 270
Barr, William 19
Basie, Count 103
Basilio, Carmen 216
Bass, Fontella 263
Bateman, Robert 219, 220
Baylor, Johnny 114, 217–21, 224, 227–9, 288, 289, 291
Beale Street 2, 3, 7, 12, 13, 19, 53, 66, 68, 71, 77, 79, 90–3, 102, 122, 124, 125, 127, 263
Beale Street Players 83
Beamon, Bob 245
Beatles, The 12, 135, 266, 271
Beifuss, Joan Turner 90
Belafonte, Harry 89, 144
Bell, Al (Alvertis Isbell) 25, 73, 151, 152, 158, 169, 181–90, 198, 199, 221, 278, 290
and Baylor/Woodard 218, 219, 227
and civil rights 183, 184, 238
and Hot Buttered Soul 176, 282
and Willie Mitchell 100
driving force at Stax 186
office thermometer 181, 182, 199, 270
race relations at Stax 31, 161, 162, 193–5
trying to save masters 51
Bell, Archie and the Drells 223
Bell, Reverend Ezekiel 46
Bell, William 26, 28, 31, 51, 122, 173, 187, 197, 270
and Martin Luther King 152
and Vietnam 79, 85–7, 110
as top Stax songwriter 73
founding Peachtree 163
leaving Stax 228, 289
Bennett, Shelbra 208
Benson, JoJo 223
Benton, Brook 124
Bergard, Fr Coleman 107
Berger, Bettye 153, 154, 162
Bergman, Ingrid 134
Berry, Ben Heard 232, 237
Bevel, James 116
Beverley Glen Records 135
Bial, Daniel 141
Big Brother and the Holding Company 278
Billboard (magazine) 31, 58, 132, 173, 192, 220
Binder, Steve 272, 273
Binford, Lloyd 134
Black, Bill 252
Black, Cilla 222
Black Monday campaign 84
Black Moses see Hayes, Isaac
Black National Anthem 197
Black Organising Project (BOP) 83, 84
Black Panthers 83, 88, 159, 168, 175, 210, 227, 233, 249
Black Power movement 40, 118, 159, 195, 222, 227, 238
and Juanita Miller 203, 204
and Vietnam 82–5, 87
at Olympic Games 246–9
at Resurrection City 209–11
infiltrated by FBI 111, 113, 126
music of 78, 79, 198, 199
politics of 168, 172, 226
protest marches and riots 92, 93, 233, 234
Black United Front 277
Blackfoot, J. (John Colbert) 207, 208, 253
Blackstone Rangers 159, 211
Blackwell, George 219
Bland, Bobby 2, 3, 44, 125, 135
Blossoms, The 273
Blue Seal Pals 9
blood transfusion, controversies over 5, 6, 13
Bloomfield, Michael 280
Bluhdorn, ‘Hurricane Charlie’ 190–4
buying Paramount 191
controlling Stax 193
Bond, Julian 223
Bongalis 114
Booker T. and the M.G.’s (see also Jones, Booker T.) 2, 51, 100, 167, 173, 193, 278
as Stax house band 24, 187, 270
death of Al Jackson 292
success with ‘Green Onions’ 31, 80, 260
working on film music 169
Booker T. Washington High School 22, 29, 30, 80, 81, 91, 94, 166, 215, 249, 287
Borders, Reverend William Holmes 199
Bowman, Rob 26, 28, 54, 132, 219, 237
Box Tops 45, 57
Bragg, Johnny 208
Branch, Ben 68, 97–107, 145, 250–2
and the Downhomers 97
Branch, Taylor 47, 90, 91
Brandon, Bill 59
Briggs, Fred 263
Brittenum, Marianne 261
Brooks, Verdell 115
Brown, Bill 79, 80, 82, 287, 288
Brown, Earl 273
Brown, H. Rap 87, 190, 227
Brown, James 10, 18, 22, 24, 33, 34, 78, 79, 125, 160, 198, 223, 287
and the Famous Flames 10, 33, 160
Brown, Maxine 59, 187, 218
Brown, Ruth 125
Brown, Shirley 135, 136, 284, 289
Brundage, Avery 247, 249
Bryant, Don 264
Buddha Records 135
Burk, Arnold D. 192
Burke, Solomon 33, 60
bus boycotts 99, 123
Butler, Jerry 25
Butler, Willie Pearl 203
Butterball, D.J. 186
Butterfield, Paul 74
Byles, Earlie 162
Byrds, The 86
C., Fantastic Johnny 223
Cabbage, Charles 85, 87, 88, 93, 104, 118, 240
Cake, Pat T. 24
Caldwell, Ronnie 22
Campbell, Glen 264, 282
Canes, The 148
Canipe, Guy 147–51, 163
Cannon, Gus 71
Capitol Movie Theater 28
Carlos, John 245, 246, 248, 249, 253
Carmichael, Stokely 78, 87, 117
Carnegie Hall, New York 6
Carousel Ballroom 74
Carr, James 1, 8–12, 207
Carter, Curtis 84
Carver High School 91, 232
riots at 83, 84, 232
Caserta, Peggy 280
Cauley, Ben 16, 17, 281
Centenary United Methodist Church 67
Chabrol, Claude 174
Chamberlain, Clyde 19, 23
Chaplin, Charlie 134
Charles, Ray 52, 103, 169
Cheap Trick (band) 19
Checker, Chubby 53
Cherry, Hank 12
Cherry-Keys, The 54
Chess Records 101
Chicago Sun-Times (newspaper) 172
Chickasaw Syncopators 252
Chiffons, The 148
Church of God in Christ 294
Cinémathèque Français, La 174
Civil Rights Act 1964 138
Civil Rights Commission 126
civil rights movement 30, 34, 43–7, 68, 79, 82, 87–9, 98, 116, 122–4, 138, 141, 151, 153, 163, 183, 195, 202–6, 211, 256–9
Clapton, Eric 60, 74
Clark, Lt Earl 117, 118
Claunch, Quinton 9, 11
Clay, Judy 87, 173, 187, 188
Clayborn Temple AME Church 34, 91, 92, 105, 156
Cleaver, Eldridge 233
Club Handy 3, 100, 263
Club Paradise 124, 125, 263
Cohen, Aaron 221
Coit, James 78
Colbert, John see Blackfoot
Cole, Echol 39–47
Coltrane, John 169
Columbia Pictures 174
Columbia Records 257, 290
Commercial Appeal (newspaper) 126, 149, 159, 250
Community on the Move for Equality (COME) 68, 104, 140
Compton Communicative Arts Academy 196
Conley, Arthur 33, 51
Continental Artists Attractions 153
Cooder, Ry 11
Cooke, Sam 68, 132, 133, 187, 207, 259, 262
Corn, David 113
Correc-tone Records 56
Cosby, Bill 144, 174, 189, 223, 226
Counterintelligence Program (COINTELPRO) 84, 89, 112, 124, 126, 159, 238
Covay, Don ‘Pretty Boy’ 50, 53–5, 57, 188
Crain, Willie 41
Cream (ba
nd) 73
Creations, The 265
Crocker, Frankie ‘Loveman’ 218
Cronkite, Walter 151
Cropper, Steve 20, 26, 30, 31, 54, 100, 101, 148, 151, 162, 185, 193, 194, 294
Crutcher, Bettye 131, 133–8, 144, 157, 289
Cunningham, Blair 34, 282
Cunningham, Carl Lee 15–17, 22, 23, 34, 36, 282
Cuoghi, Joe 13
Curry’s Club 100
Curtis, King 224, 226, 227
Dade Records 59
Danois, Ericka Blount 290
Darin, Bobby 136, 137
Dassin, Jules 165, 168–72, 174
Davis, Don 132, 143, 175, 176, 193
Davis, Jewell 115
Davis, Larry 83
Davis, Miles 216
Davis, Ossie 144, 168
Davis, Sammy Jr 144
Dawson, Willie 244
Daye, Johnny 125
Dee, Ruby 169, 173
Dees, Sam 135
Del Rios, The 86
Dial Records 153
Dickinson, Jim 31, 250, 251
Diggs, Dr Lemuel Whitley 5, 6
Dmytryk, Edward 171
Doctor Branch Products Inc. 101
Dodds, Nella 190
Dodson, Larry 36, 282
Dogg, Swamp 284
Domino, Fats 43
Dorsey, Thomas ‘Barrelhouse’ 101, 102
Douglass High School 100
Douglass Theater 24
Dowd, Tom 224, 272
Downhomers see Ben Branch
Doyle, Nathaniel Jr (aka Nat Johnson) 293
Dramatics, The see Barnes, J.J.
Drapels, The 261
Drifters, The 52, 148
Drinkard Singers, The 87, 188
Druaghon’s Business College 6
Drucker, Jesse 8
Drue, John Jr 208
Duke, Doris 136, 284
Duke-Peacock label 219, 224
Dunn, Donald ‘Duck’ 30, 31, 100, 101, 162, 294
Dylan, Bob 74
Dyson, Professor Michael Eric 126, 132
Earth, Wind and Fire 174, 253
Ebert, Roger 172
Eckstine, Billy 198
Edwards, Harry 246
Eisenhower, Dwight D. ‘Ike’ 183, 259
Elizabeth II, Queen 259
Ellis Auditorium 124, 134
Emeralds, The 80
Emotions, The 263, 273
Enterprise Records 289
Epic Records 151
Epstein, Henry see Stone
Ertegun, Ahmet and Nesuhi 51
Eskridge, Chauncey 106
Estes, Sleepy John 71
Evans, Fred ‘Ahmed’ 233
Evans, Lee 245
Evers, Medgar 123
Factory Club 19
Fair Play Committee 217, 222, 224, 226, 228
Faisal, King 290
Faisal bin Musaid, Prince 291
Faith, Gene 114
Falcons, The 55, 185
Fame Studios 52, 58, 263, 270
Memphis 68 Page 32
