by Sean Martin
43
‘Vatican File Shows Pope Pardoned Massacred Knights’, The Times, 30 March 2002.
44
Idries Shah, The Sufis (Octagon Press, 1964), p.226.
45
Quoted in Mark Hedsel, The Zelator (Random House, 1998), p.131.
46
Michael Baigent & Richard Leigh, The Temple and the Lodge (Jonathan Cape 1989), p.84.
47
Baigent & Leigh, ibid., p.88.
48
Alan Butler & Stephen Dafoe, The Warriors and the Bankers (Templar Books, 1998).
49
Seward, op. cit., p.222.
50
Quoted in Peter Partner, The Murdered Magicians (OUP, 1981), p.92.
51
Baigent & Leigh, op. cit., pp.127–31.
52
Umberto Eco, Foucault’s Pendulum (Secker & Warburg, 1989), p.619.
53
Baigent, Leigh & Lincoln, op. cit., pp.413–4.
Appendix I: Chronology
c.1070 Birth of Hugues de Payen; Foundation of the Hospitallers
1095 (November) Pope Urban II calls for a crusade to recapture Jerusalem
1099 (July) Jerusalem captured by the First Crusade
1104 Hugh of Champagne arrives in Outremer (possibly with Hugues de Payen)
1114 Bishop of Chartres refers to a military order called the ‘Militia of Christ’
c.1119 Traditional founding date of the Templars
1120 (January) Council of Nablus: Templars accepted in the East
1127 First meeting between Hugues de Payen and St Bernard of Clairvaux
1129 (January) Council of Troyes. The Latin Rule of the Temple established
1131 In Praise of the New Knighthood by St Bernard
1135 Earliest records of Templars acting as bankers
c.1136 Death of Hugues de Payen (possibly 1131); Hospitallers begin militarisation
1136–37 Templars first established in the Amanus March
1139 Omnes datum optimum (possibly as late as 1152)
1144 Milites templi (possibly as early as 1134)
1145 Militia Dei
1147–49 The Second Crusade
1148–49 Templars granted Gaza
1153 Fall of Ascalon to the Franks
Mid 1160s Hierarchical statutes or retrais added to the Rule
Late 1160s Statutes on conventual life, the holding of chapters, and penances added to the Rule
1168 Templars refuse to participate in the Egyptian campaign
1173 Assassin envoy murdered by the Templars
1187 (1 May) Battle of the Springs of Cresson; (4 July) Battle of Hattin; (2 October) Jerusalem falls to Saladin
1188 Council of Gisors: the ‘Cutting of the Elm’
1189–92 The Third Crusade
1192 Templars move headquarters to Acre
1191–92 Templars occupy – and for a short time, own – Cyprus
1191–1216 Templars and Leo of Armenia in conflict over the Amanus March
1198 Foundation of the Teutonic Knights
1202–04 The Fourth Crusade
1208 Innocent III accuses the Templars of necromancy; Start of the Albigensian Crusade
1217–21 Building of the castle of ’Atlit (Pilgrim’s Castle)
1218–21 The Fifth Crusade
1228–29 Crusade of Frederick II
1239–40 Crusade of Theobald of Champagne
1240–41 Crusade of Richard of Cornwall
1240 Rebuilding of Safad begins
1241–42 Siege of the Hospital compound at Acre
1243 Eviction of Imperial forces from Tyre
1244 (16 March) Fall of Cathar stronghold at Montségur; (23 August) Loss of Jerusalem; (17 October) Battle of La Forbie
1248–54 Crusade of St Louis
1250 (8 February) Battle of Mansurah
1257–67 Additional clauses on penances added to the Rule
1266 Fall of Safad to the Mamluks
After 1268 Catalan Rule of the Templars
1271–72 Crusade of Edward of England – truce negotiated with Mamluks
1274 Council of Lyon
1277 Maria of Antioch sells her rights to the throne of Jerusalem to Charles of Anjou
1277–82 Civil War in Tripoli
1291 (May) Fall of Acre to the Mamluks; (August) Templars evacuate Tortosa and ’Atlit
1299 Fall of La Roche Guillame
1300 Templars attack Egyptian coastal towns
1300–01 Abortive attempt to retake the Holy Land
1302 Loss of Ruad and massacre of the Templar garrison
1305 First allegations made against the Order by Esquin de Floyran
1306 Templars support Amaury in coup in Cyprus; Jacques de Molay returns to the West
1307 (13 October) Arrest of the Templars in France; (19 October) Parisian hearings begin; (24 October) Jacques de Molay’s first confession; (22 November) Pastoralis praeeminentiae calls for Templars everywhere to be arrested; (24 December) De Molay retracts his confession before Papal committee
1308 (February) Clement suspends proceedings; (27 June) 72 Templars confess before Clement; (August) Papal Commissions launched; De Molay interviewed at Chinon
1309 (22 November) Papal commission begins its proceedings; (26 & 28 November) De Molay appears before commission
1310 (April) Templar defence begins; (10 May) Burning of 54 Templars as relapsed heretics near Paris
1311 (5 June) Papal hearings finally end; (16 October) Council of Vienne begins
1312 (22 March) Vox in excelso abolishes the Temple; (2 May) Ad providam transfers Temple property to the Hospital; (6 May) Considerantes dudum allows provincial councils to judge cases
1314 (18 March) Burning of Jacques de Molay and Geoffroi de Charney; (20 April) Pope Clement V dies; (24 June) Battle of Bannockburn; (29 November) Philip the Fair dies
1319 Ad ea exquibis recognises the Knights of Christ
1571 Presumed destruction of the Templar archive on Cyprus by the Ottomans
Appendix II: Grand Masters of the Temple
There is no definitive list of Templar Grand Masters. If one ever existed, then it is possible that it was amongst the documents destroyed by Jacques de Molay shortly before the arrests of 1307. The earliest known list dates from 1342.
c.1136–c.1149 • Robert de Craon
c.1149–c.1152 • Everard des Barres*
c.1152–1153 • Bernard de Tremelay
1153–1156 • André de Montbard*
1156–1169 • Bertrand de Blancfort
1169–1171 • Philip de Nablus*
c.1171–1179 • Odo de St Amand
1181–1184 • Arnold of Torroja
1185–1189 • Gerard de Ridefort
1191–1192/3 • Robert de Sablé
1194–1200 • Gilbert Erail
1201–1209 • Philip de Plessis
1210–1218/19 • Guillame de Chartres
1219–1230/32 • Peter de Montaigu
c.1232–1244 • Armand de Périgord
c.1244–c.1247 • Richard de Bures*
c.1247–1250 • Guillame de Sonnac
1250–1256 • Reginald de Vichiers
1256–1273 • Thomas Bérard
1273–1291 • Guillame de Beaujeu
1291–1292/93 • Theobald Gaudin
c.1293–1314 • Jacques de Molay
*Disputed.
Many Grand Master lists omit Richard de Bures (see Note 23, above).
The Masterships of Everard des Barres and André de Montbard have been called into question by Baigent, Leigh and Lincoln in The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail.53 As regional masters and Grand Masters often signed themselves as ‘magister templi’, it has often led to confusion about precisely who was Grand Master and who was merely a regional master.
All the Masters died in office, with the exception of Everard des Barres, who resigned to become a monk at Clairvaux, where he was still living in 1176, and Philip de Nablus, who apparently a
lso resigned. While Hugues de Payen died in his bed, other Masters were not so lucky: Bernard de Tremelay died during the siege of Ascalon; Gerard de Ridefort at Acre; Guillame de Sonnac at Mansurah; Guillame de Beaujeu during the Fall of Acre; Jacques de Molay was executed as a relapsed heretic. Odo de St Amand and Armand de Périgord both died in Muslim jails.
Gilbert Erail was the only Grand Master to be excommunicated (later rescinded by Pope Innocent III).
In the nineteenth century, a Masonic document surfaced claiming to list all the Grand Masters of the now-underground Templar movement, starting with Jean-Marc Larmenius, who is alleged to have taken over from Jacques de Molay in 1314. It is generally regarded as extremely spurious, and is not quoted here.
Appendix III: The Charges Against the Templars
Although by June 1308 127 charges had been made against the Templars, the initial charges of the previous October fall into these nine basic categories:
1. That during the reception ceremony, new brothers were required to deny Christ, God, the Virgin or the Saints on the command of those receiving them.
2. That the brothers committed various sacrilegious acts – trampling, spitting, urinating – either on the Cross or on an image of Christ.
3. That the receptors practised obscene kisses on new entrants, on the mouth, navel, base of the spine or buttocks.
4. That Templar priests did not consecrate the host, and that the brothers did not believe in the sacraments.
5. That the brothers practised idol worship of a cat or a head, called Baphomet.
6. That the brothers practised institutional sodomy.
7. That the Grand Master, or other high-ranking officials, absolved fellow Templars of their sins.
8. That the Templars held their reception ceremonies and Chapter meetings in secret and at night.
9. That the Templars abused the duties of charity and hospitality and used illegal means to acquire property and increase their wealth.
For an exhaustive study of the trial, see Malcolm Barber, The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge University Press, 1978). Edward Burman’s Supremely Abominable Crimes (Allison & Busby, 1994) focuses on the Paris hearings of 1310.
Barbara Frale’s book on the Chinon Parchment, which should throw considerable new light on the trial, is forthcoming.
Bibliography
Orthodox
Malcolm Barber, The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge University Press, 1978); The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple (Cambridge University Press, 1994)
Malcolm Barber & Keith Bate (translators & editors), The Templars: Selected Sources (Manchester Medieval Sources Series, Manchester University Press, 2002)
Edward Burman, Supremely Abominable Crimes:The Trial of The Knights Templar (Allison & Busby, 1994); The Templars: Knights of God (Inner Traditions, 1990)
Helen Nicholson, Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights: Images of the Military Orders (Leicester University Press, 1993); Love, War and the Grail:Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights in Medieval Epic and Romance, 1150–1500 (Brill, 2000); The Knights Templar: A New History (Sutton, 2001)
Peter Partner, The Murdered Magicians (Oxford University Press, 1981)
Piers Paul Read, The Templars (Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1999)
Desmond Seward, The Monks of War: The Military Religious Orders (Penguin Books, 1992)
Judi Upton-Ward (trans.), The Rule of the Templars:The French Text of the Rule of the Order of Knights Templar (Boydell Press, 1992)
Speculative
Michael Baigent, Richard Leigh & Henry Lincoln, The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail (Jonathan Cape, 1982)
Michael Baigent & Richard Leigh, The Temple and the Lodge (Jonathan Cape, 1989)
Françine Bernier, The Templars’ Legacy in Montreal, the New Jerusalem (Frontier Sciences Foundation, 2002)
Alan Butler & Stephen Dafoe, The Warriors and the Bankers (Templar Books, 1998); The Templar Continuum (Templar Books, 1999)
Erling Haagensen & Henry Lincoln, The Templars’ Secret Island (Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 2002)
Christopher Knight & Robert Lomas, The Second Messiah (Random House, 1997)
Keith Laidler, The Head of God: The Lost Treasure of the Templars (Weidenfeld & Nicholson, 1998); The Divine Deception (Headline, 2000)
Jean Markale, The Templar Treasure at Gisors (Inner Traditions, 2003)
Lynne Picknett and Clive Prince, The Templar Revelation (Bantam, 1997)
Karen Ralls, The Templars and the Grail (Quest Books, 2003)
Andrew Sinclair, The Sword and the Grail (Century, 1993); The Secret Scroll (Sinclair Stevenson, 2001)
Related Interest
W.B. Bartlett, The Assassins: The Story of Islam’s Medieval Secret Sect (Sutton, 2001)
Nigel Bryant (trans.), The High Book of the Grail: A Translation of the Thirteenth-Century Romance of ‘Perlesvaus’ (D.S. Brewer, 1978)
Edward Burman, The Assassins (Crucible, 1987)
E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades: The Baltic and the Catholic Frontier 1100–1525 (Macmillan, 1980)
Umberto Eco, Foucault’s Pendulum (Secker & Warburg, 1989)
Wolfram von Eschenbach, Parzival (Trans.AT Hatto Penguin Books, 1980)
Malcolm Godwin, The Holy Grail (Bloomsbury, 1994)
Joinville & Villehardouin, Chronicles of the Crusades (Penguin Books, 1963)
Helen Nicholson, The Knights Hospitaller (Boydell, 2001)
Mike Paine, The Crusades (Pocket Essentials, 2001)
Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus 1050–1310 (Macmillan, 1967) The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades (Oxford University Press, 1995)
Sir Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades (3 Vols) (Penguin Books 1990–91)
Yuri Stoyanov, The Other God: Dualist Religion from Antiquity to the Cathar Heresy (Yale University Press, 2000)
Idries Shah, The Sufis (Octagon, 1964)
William Urban, The Teutonic Knights: A Military History (Greenhill Books, 2003)
William Watson, The Last of the Templars (Harvill, 1978)
Internet
www.templarhistory.com
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