Character & characteristics: analytical mind 218–19; appearance vi, 21, 29–30, 29, 48, 49, 64, 106, 112, 133, 168, 224, 233, 259, 324, 325, 330, 347, 348; argumentative manner 64; childhood illnesses 30, 39, 47, 335; courtesy 298; determination 159, 309–310; dislike of heat 331; eloquence 142; generosity 210, 298; gregariousness 205, 323; gullibility 284, 313, 339; honesty 100, 259; impatience 100, 159, 259; intelligence 100–101, 112; Jewishness 216; languages spoken 101, 102, 106, 158, 237, 322; modesty 100; musical interests 40, 298; oratory skills 250, 334; rashness 142–3; restlessness 205, 223; self-belief 137, 219; sense of personal responsibility 125, 216; shortsightedness 64; stubborness 30, 298; unpunctuality 138; vanity 112
Writings: Fuga in Quattro Tempi 265; ‘La guerra che torna’ (article) 302–3; Socialismo Liberale 97, 214, 229, 232, 250, 255, 279–80
Rosselli, Gianetta (née Nathan) 11, 20
Rosselli, Giovanni (‘Mirtillino’): birth 177; names and nickname 177; infancy 183, 184, 193, 210–11; family joins father during confino on Lipari 203, 210–13; visits England with mother 218; treated for amoebic dysentery 218; returns to Lipari 218; leaves Lipari with mother 230; imprisoned with mother following father’s escape from confino 237, 238; their release 239; family life in Paris 249–50, 278, 322, 326; childhood development 255, 296, 298, 307, 322, 326; in south of France with recuperating mother 292, 293; family holidays 310, 323, 324, 336; schooling 322, 348; on father’s surveillance by secret police 339; in Paris during parents’ trip to Normandy 348; father’s death 351, 352, 361; family leaves Europe for United States 361, 362, 363; life in New York 365; family returns to Italy after war 368–9; university and military service 370; at father’s reburial in Florence 373, 374; death of mother 370
Rosselli, Giuseppe (‘Joe’): appearance and character 9, 12, 15, 18, 19, 40; family background 9–10; birth and childhood 10; education 9, 10; first meets Amelia Pincherle 8–9; their courtship and engagement 9, 12–13; marriage and honeymoon 13; early married life in Vienna 14, 15, 16; musical interests and training 9, 14, 16; birth of first son 16; family returns to Rome 16, 17; birth of second and third sons 18; death of father 18; gambling and financial difficulties 15, 18, 326; breakdown of marriage 18, 19; remains in Rome after wife leaves with children 19–20; subsequent contact with family 21, 41; final illness and death 41, 45; legacy 69
Rosselli, Henrietta (née Nathan) 10
Rosselli, Melina: birth 255; childhood 299, 322, 323, 326–7, 336, 337, 358; father’s death 352; family leaves Europe for United States 361–2, 363; life in New York 365; family returns to Italy after war 368–9, 372; at father’s reburial in Florence 373; later life and death 370
Rosselli, Mirtillino see Rosselli, Giovanni (‘Mirtillino’)
Rosselli, Nello see Rosselli, Sabatino (‘Nello’)
Rosselli, Paola: birth 243; infancy 217, 243; early childhood 276, 277, 297, 306–8, 342, 348, 358, 359; father’s death 352–3; family stays with grandmother in Switzerland 359–61; family moves to England 360, 361–2; family leaves Europe for United States 361–2, 363; life in New York 364–5; family returns to Italy after war 368–9; engagement 370; at father’s reburial in Florence 373
Rosselli, Pellegrino 9–10, 11, 20
Rosselli, Raffaelo 9–10
Rosselli, Sabatino (Joe Rosselli’s father) 9–10; death 18
Rosselli, Sabatino (‘Nello’): birth 18; childhood 19–20, 21, 23, 25, 27–30, 39–41, 45, 47–8, 50; schooling 28, 39, 41; death of father 41; death of brother Aldo 57–8; co-edits Noi Giovani magazine 59; leaves school 60; enrols at university 62; volunteers for military service 62; military training 63; returns home after end of war 64–5, 69–71; resumption of university studies 65, 69–70, 73, 79–80; on editorial committee of Vita magazine 70; thesis on Mazzini 73, 100, 152, 173; disciple of Gaetano Salvemini 73–5; Circolo di Cultura group meetings 75, 83, 93, 98–9, 100, 111, 129–30; short posting as army reservist 81, 84; reaction to fascist takeover 92, 100, 114; injured in motorcycle accident 109; recuperation 109–110; works part-time for La Voce publishing house 111; reaction to Giacomo Matteotti’s murder 118–19; role in Italia Libera movement 120–21, 123–4, 125; first meets Maria Todesco 124; their courtship 124, 136, 156; attends Jewish Youth Convention in Livorno 124–5; reaction to raid on Circolo di Cultura 129–30; production of Non Mollare underground newspaper 132–6; research trip to Germany 136–8, 140; learns of Salvemini’s arrest and squadristi raid on family home 137–8, 142; meets up with mother and brother in Alto Adige 142–3; leaves Florence during St Bartholomew’s Night attacks 146, 148; stays with brother in Genoa 149–50, 152–3; research and writing of Mazzini e Bakunin 152; contributions to Il Quarto Stato magazine 155; engagement to Maria 156; attends brother’s wedding 158; brother’s arrest and imprisonment 169, 174; marriage and honeymoon 169, 172–3, 172; early married life 173–4, 175; awarded scholarship to Scuola di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea in Rome 173; publication of Mazzini e Bakunin 174; arrest and imprisonment 175–7; sentenced to five years’ internal exile 176, 183; confino on Ustica 190–201, 216; letter to Senator Boselli 199–200; freed after seven months’ confinement 200–201; works on archival research 214–15, 216; visits Benedetto Croce 215; birth of daughter Silvia 215–16; oversees reburial of elder brother’s remains 216; family moves to Turin 216, 218; publishes one issue of clandestine newspaper 216; death of uncle Gabriele 219–20; re-arrest and imprisonment following brother’s escape from confino 237, 238, 239; transferred to Ponza penal colony 241–3; continues research projects during imprisonment 242–3; released from Ponza and charges dropped 243; birth of daughter Paola 243; buys L’Apparita at Bagno a Ripoli 243; research trip to London 260–66; meets up with Maria in Switzerland 264; writing of biography of Pisacane 264, 275; reluctantly returns to Italy 265–6, 267–8, 274; intellectual and social life in Florence under fascists 274–7, 308–9, 310; publication of biography of Pisacane 275; family life in Florence 297, 306–8, 309–310, 339–40; death of Leo Ferrero 309; birth of son Aldo 310; family holidays on French Riviera 310, 323, 325; secret police’s surveillance of 312–13, 339; listens to Carlo’s broadcast from Spain 334; further planned literary projects 340; birth of son Alberto 341; travels to Normandy to meet Carlo 342, 345, 347–9, 348; their murder 349–50; autopsy and identification of body 351–2; news of death reaches Italy 352–4; wake and funeral in Paris 353–5; posthumous tributes 353, 355–6, 373–4; investigations into murders 355–7, 367–8; trial of perpetrators 368; reburial in Florence 373–4
Character & characteristics: appearance vi, 29, 30, 64, 73, 80, 132, 172, 176, 217, 259, 325, 348; determination 259–60; honesty 100, 137, 259; insecurity and self-doubt 137, 259, 340; intelligence 100–101; Jewishness 124–5, 137; languages spoken 136; modesty 100; musical interests 40; philanthropy 70; sense of personal responsibility 125, 216; stubborness 30; studiousness 64; worrying 109; writing style 340
Writings: article on Mazzini, Bakunin and the Paris Commune 111; Carlo Pisacane nel Risorgimento Italiano 243, 264, 275; Mazzini e Bakunin 152, 174, 260, 261
Rosselli, Silvia: birth 215–16; infancy 216; early childhood 217, 242, 243, 276, 277, 297, 306–8, 310, 342, 358, 359; father’s death 352–3; family stays with grandmother in Switzerland 359–61; family moves to England 360, 361–2; family leaves Europe for United States 361–2, 363; life in New York 364–5, 366; family returns to Italy after war 368–9; engagement 370; at father’s reburial in Florence 373
Rosselli Brigades (wartime partisans) 367
Rossetti, Raffaele 223, 226–7, 231, 249
Rossi, Ada 281, 286, 287, 290, 291
Rossi, Cesare 114, 126, 134
Rossi, Elide 281, 286, 289, 290–91
Rossi, Ernesto: family background 74; appearance and character 74, 286; wounded during First World War 74; disciple of Gaetano Salvemini 74, 92–3, 98; attacked by squadristi 83; reaction to fascist takeover 92–3, 114; and Giacomo Matteotti’s murder 118; leader of Italia Libera movement 120, 123, 125, 130; production of Non Mollare
underground newspaper 132–4, 135; escapes to France fearing arrest 136; on Gaetano Pilati 147; code name for 149; visits Carlo Rosselli in prison 170; resumed anti-fascist operations in Italy and France 280–82, 285; caught in secret police trap 285–6, 288, 289; attempted escape 287; trial and imprisonment 289–91, 319, 340, 353; marriage 291; reaction to Rosselli brothers’ deaths 353; released 366; serves with partisans during wartime 366; at Carlo and Nello’s reburial in Florence 373; later life and career 371; death 374
Rossi, Paolo 125
Rossi, Serenella 281, 289, 290
Rothermere, Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount 122
royal family, Italian see monarchy, Italian
Royan, France 323
Ruskin, John 6
Russell, Bertrand, 3rd Earl 121, 122
Russell, Dora, Countess 250, 305
Russian Revolution (1917) 59, 75–6; see also Bolshevism
Sagno, Ernesto 209
St Bartholomew’s Night (1925) 146–8
St Paul’s Girls’ School, London 99
Saint-Just, Louis Antoine de 96
Salandra, Antonio 89
Salò Republic 367
salute, Roman, fascists’ introduction of 92
Salvadori, Joyce 299
Salvatelli, Florinda 208–9
Salvation Army 357
Salvemini, Emanuela 34
Salvemini, Fernande (earlier Luchaire) 139, 196
Salvemini, Gaetano: appearance and character 35–6, 73, 97, 106, 139, 298, 364; background and early life 34–5; early academic career 35, 36; loses family in Messina earthquake 35, 53; political engagement 35–6; involvement in La Voce magazine 36; opposition to Libyan War 43–4; foundation of L’Unità newspaper 44; relations with Rosselli family 44, 45; shot at during Red Week riots 46; views on First World War 48–9, 62, 66; declined military service on health grounds 53; lectures at Anglo-Italian library in Florence 60; post-war resumption of academic position 73; early role in anti-fascist movement 73, 83–4; mentor to Rosselli brothers and their circle 73–5, 83, 92–3, 98–101, 112, 248, 262; elected to parliament 75, 77; challenged to duel by Mussolini 75; reaction to fascist takeover 88, 89, 92–3, 114, 126; lecture tour and Fabian summer school in England 101–2, 104–7, 106; receives threats on return to Florence 109, 114; protests with Italia Libera movement 120, 123; involvement in Non Mollare underground newspaper 134, 135; marriage to Fernande Luchaire 139; arrested in Rome 136, 137–8; imprisonment and trial 139–40; friends and lawyers attacked on his release 140; leaves Italy with incriminating documents against Mussolini 140; in exile in France and England 142, 153, 156, 211, 226, 245, 246, 248; on death of Pietro Gobetti 151; visits Marion Cave’s parents in England 156; signatory to Manifesto of Antifascist Intellectuals 161; on birth of Carlo Rosselli’s first son 177; and Carlo’s escape from confino 226, 229, 236; campaigns for release of Carlo’s wife 237–8; founder member of Giustizia e Libertà movement 249, 282, 285; publication of The Fascist Dictatorship in Italy 261; reunited with Nello in London 262, 264; on fascist propaganda machine 267; on Carlo Rosselli’s Socialismo Liberale 279; campaigns to save giellisti colleagues from death penalty 289; friendship with Lauro de Bosis 293, 294; breaks with Giustizia e Libertà 300; campaigns on behalf of Velia Matteotti 305–6; opposition to Abyssinian war 318; disagreements with Carlo 319, 338; joins Carlo’s family on trips 323, 326; on Carlo’s departure for Civil War in Spain 330; settles in United States 338, 362, 364, 366; reaction to Carlo and Nello’s deaths 353, 356, 368; returns to Italy after war 370; speaks at Marion Cave’s memorial service and Carlo and Nello’s reburial 370, 373, 374; death 374
Salvemini, Maria 35
Salvemini, Ughetto 35, 53
San Domenico 22, 146
San Marco (play; Amelia Rosselli) 45
San Sebastian, Spain 345
Santa Margherita Ligure 158
Santillán, Diego Abad de 330
Santo Stefano, prison 281
Santoni, Vera 209
Sardinia 206, 267, 280
Sarfatti, Margherita (née Grassini) 5, 37, 52, 171, 181, 263
Sarno, Pasquale 186
Savona 85, 114, 167; ‘Trial of the Professors’ 183–7, 257
Savonarola, Girolamo 143
Sbardelotto, Angelo 311
Scalarini, Giuseppe 193
Schirru, Michele 289
Schnitzler, Arthur 15; Fräulein Else 230
schools, under fascists 269, 275
Schulz, Elisabeth 339
Scuola di Storia Moderna e Contemporanea, Rome 173, 199, 260
Second International (socialist) 303
Second World War 361–2, 366–7, 371
Segre, Dino (agent ‘Pitigrilli’) 311–14, 339
Segre, Sion 310, 311, 312
Serge, Victor 298
Sesto Fiorentino 79
Settignano 22, 23; I Tatti 142, 153
Seville, Spain 13
Sforza, Carlo 245, 257–8
Shaw, George Bernard 104, 289, 305, 319; St Joan 122
Sheridan, Clare 89
Siele mercury mine, Rosselli family’s income from shares in 69, 98, 134
Siena 82, 140; Collegio Tolomei 40; Palio 77
Sigma N (boat) 226–7, 228, 229
Silvestro (imprisoned journalist) 166, 170, 174
Sinclair, Upton 204
Siusi allo Sciliar 142–3
Smedley, Constance 38
Social Democratic Party (German) 136
Social Democratic Workers Party (Austrian) 15
Socialismo Liberale (Carlo Rosselli) 97, 214, 229, 232, 250, 255, 279–80
Socialist Party (Italian) 33, 46–7, 49, 71, 75, 78, 80, 83, 87, 93; see also Aventine Secession; United Socialist Party
Società Leonardo da Vinci 23, 52, 341
Socio del Papá, El (play; Amelia Rosselli) 30
Soir, Le (Brussels newspaper) 294
Somaliland 17, 315, 316, 362
Sorbonne University 361
Sorrento 142
Sortino (penal colony director) 197
Spain: election of 1931 and establishment of Second Republic 292; outbreak of Civil War 328–9; international involvement in war 328, 333; foreign volunteers 330–31, 336–7; fighting in Aragon 331–3, 335; Franco installed as head of state 333; Battle of Guadalajara 337–8; escalation of war 359; see also Barcelona; Madrid
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