PATRICK LEIGH FERMOR was born in 1915 of English and Irish descent. After his stormy schooldays, followed by the walk across Europe to Constantinople that begins in A Time of Gifts (1977) and continues through Between the Woods and the Water (1986), he lived and traveled in the Balkans and the Greek Archipelago. His books Mani (1958) and Roumeli (1966) attest to his deep interest in languages and remote places. In the Second World War he joined the Irish Guards, became a liaison officer in Albania, and fought in Greece and Crete. He was awarded the DSO and OBE. He now lives partly in Greece in the house he designed with his wife Joan in an olive grove in the Mani, and partly in Worcestershire. He was knighted in 2004 for his services to literature and to British–Greek relations.
JAN MORRIS was born in 1926, is Anglo-Welsh, and lives in Wales. She has written some forty books, including the Pax Britannica trilogy about the British Empire, studies of Wales, Spain, Venice, Oxford, Manhattan, Sydney, Hong Kong, and Trieste, six volumes of collected travel essays, two memoirs, two capricious biographies, and a couple of novels—but she defines her entire oeuvre as “disguised autobiography.” She is an honorary D. Litt. of the University of Wales and a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.
A TIME OF GIFTS
On Foot to Constantinople: From the Hook of Holland to the Middle Danube
PATRICK LEIGH FERMOR
Introduction by
JAN MORRIS
NEW YORK REVIEW BOOKS
New York
CONTENTS
Cover
Biographical Notes
Title Page
Introduction
A TIME OF GIFTS
Dedication
Introductory Letter to Xan Fielding
1 The Low Countries
2 Up the Rhine
3 Into High Germany
4 Winterreise
5 The Danube: Seasons and Castles
6 The Danube: Approach to a Kaiserstadt
7 Vienna
8 The Edge of the Slav World
9 Prague Under Snow
10 Slovakia: A Step Forward at Last
11 The Marches of Hungary
Index
Copyright and More Information
INTRODUCTION
ENVY IS the writer’s sin, as everyone knows, but there can be few writers in the English-speaking world who resent Patrick Leigh Fermor’s preeminence as one of the great prose stylists of our time. He has no rivals, and so stands beyond envy.
His literary genre is difficult to define. He is generally classified as a travel writer, but he is really infinitely more than that. Certainly he describes the experiences of travel as providing a theme for his literature, but he is also a memoirist, a historian, a connoisseur of art and architecture, a poet, a humorist, a story-teller, a social chronicler, something of a mystic, and one of God’s own adventurers. These varied gifts were first revealed in full glittering ensemble in A Time of Gifts, published in 1977 when he was sixty-two years old.
By then he had lived half an eventful lifetime, and had already published three much-admired books of travel. A born irregular, he had happily abandoned an expensive formal education in his seventeenth year, and joined the British Army at the start of World War II. From the ultra-formal Irish Guards (he is half Irish by descent) he gravitated naturally to guerrilla warfare, his obvious military metier, and in 1942 crowned his career as a licensed ruffian by organizing the abduction of a German general in occupied Crete, and whisking him away to Egypt in a motor launch.
Living in Cretan caves disguised as a shepherd probably came easily enough to Leigh Fermor, and A Time of Gifts tells us why. He was built that way. Nine years before Major Patrick Leigh Fermor, holed up in the Cretan mountains with his accomplices, was making final arrangements to kidnap General Kreipe, the strapping young Paddy Leigh Fermor, fresh from King’s School, Canterbury, was stepping from a steamer at the Hook of Holland preparing to walk across Europe to Constantinople. He saw himself as a Wandering Scholar. He was alone, and he was ready to sleep anywhere, talk to anybody, live on almost nothing, eat or drink anything, have a go at any language, make friends with strangers rich or poor, and brave the worst that heat and cold, mishap and blister, officialdom, prejudice and politics could do to him. What could be better preparation for subversive skullduggery in Crete?
There could be no better material, either, as it turned out long afterwards, for a retrospective book, looking back at pre-war Europe across a darkling plain of history and experience. The young Leigh Fermor had made his trek across the continent at a fateful moment of European history. The 1930s were a remembering time, and a waiting time too. Still alive in the public consciousness was the old Europe, the Europe of the princes and the peasants, of Franz Joseph and Kaiser William, of grand old cities still intact and ancient traditions honored. But intermittently present in the public mind too, if generally suppressed, was the apprehension of catastrophe to come: 1933, the year Leigh Fermor set foot in Germany for the first time in his life, was the year Adolf Hitler came to power.
As Leigh Fermor says himself, at the time he didn’t give a damn. It is one of the fascinations of A Time of Gifts that its journey is in effect evoked for us by two people: the carefree young dropout who experienced it, and stored it up in memory and in diary, and the immensely experienced author who, knowing more about history forty years later, turned it into art.
* * *
Being altogether sui generis, A Time of Gifts behaves just as it pleases. It follows no precedent, obeys no conventions. The nearest equivalents I can think of are the works of Ibn Batuta, written over a lifetime six centuries before, or John Ruskin’s unclassifiable work of memoir, philosophy, and travel, Praeterita. More obvious predecessors—Alexander Kinglake’s Eothen or Robert Byron’s The Road to Oxiana—are different in kind to my mind because they do not reflect, as this book does, at once the maturing of a mind and the condition of a continent. Besides, Leigh Fermor is Leigh Fermor, and neither Kinglake nor Byron kidnapped any generals...
The Cretan adventure of 1942 pervades the narrative of 1933, because it obviously pervaded the mind of the author in 1977. His introductory essay to the book, addressed to his comrade-in-arms Xan Fielding, hints at the wartime coup, and means that it pervades our own minds too. For this is by no means a simple memoir of travel: it is full of allusions, afterthoughts and cross-references, backwards and forwards, in and out, and it is tantalizingly open-ended—it finishes halfway to Constantinople, and the reader is left waiting for a later volume to get there.
The form of the book is layered, too. Sometimes it is imaginatively exploited reminiscence, sometimes pure impressionism. Sometimes it contains suggestions of what is to happen later, all unknown to the young traveler. There are virtuoso displays of scholarship and insight beyond the powers of any nineteen-year-old, but there are also reported responses so evidently immediate, so engagingly openhearted, that they could only come from Paddy’s own notebooks, scribbled in hayrick, drawing room, or hospitable pub en route. Leigh Fermor is not only remembering himself, he is looking at himself too, as in one of those Cubist paintings in which we see profile and front face at the same time.
Nor is there any rigidity to the book’s construction. It is all fluid. At any moment we are whisked off into another train of thought, another pace, another mood. Just as we never know where we will spend the next night, in a barn, in a schloss, in a stranger’s spare room or in a police cell, so we never know what sudden flight of learned fancy is going to engage us for the next few pages. Paddy’s chosen route was not sacrosanct. He thought it at once rational and romantic to walk clear across Europe from the North Sea to the Bosphorus, up the Rhine valley, down the Danube, but when somebody remarked in Bratislava tha
t he really ought to see Prague, instantly off he went for an unplanned detour of several hundred miles (and a complete chapter). And although he originally intended to rough it all the way, by the time he reaches Central Europe we find him, courtesy of hospitable friends or friends of friends, spending comfortable interludes in castles.
Almost any part of A Time of Gifts will illustrate the richness of its technique. Take Chapter 6, which describes Paddy’s approach to Vienna. It contains a discussion of European popular songs, a passage about Shakespearean stage directions, a lecture about tribal wanderings, a description of the death of Odoacer, two pages of conversation with a postmaster’s widow, a lyrically towering evocation of the Benedictine Abbey of Melk, academic chat about Richard the Lionheart, an anecdote concerning a remarkable echo, visits to an Irish monk and Austrian aristocrats, a gift of duck eggs, arrival in Vienna in the middle of an attempted coup d’etat, and bed at last in a Salvation Army hostel. It all goes limpidly, easily, apparently just as it happened or had occurred to its author, and only when you are thumbing retrospectively through the pages of the book do you realize how exactly the Abbey of Melk, that archetypical masterpiece of the European idea, occurs at the central point of the narrative—high noon, in Leigh Fermor’s own metaphor.
Occasionally all this requires of us (and most willingly gets) a suspension of disbelief. And it is most decidedly art concealing art. The erudition is obvious, and so are the powers of observation, but the beautiful shape of the book only gradually reveals itself. Whether it was design or serendipity that placed Melk at the center of it, there Melk is, in all the seduction of Leigh Fermor’s prose at its most voluptuous, and time and again one realizes how artfully crescendos are mounted or moments of calm disposed. This patterning is never blatant, though, never intrusive, and that is partly because the whole structure is centered upon the unassuming young Englishman at its core. It is a kaleidoscopic book, but it has a focus always in P. Leigh Fermor, Esquire, in his nineteenth year, trudging through the nations with his rucksack on his back.
He is Everyman, but in a particularly delightful kind. People of all sorts like him. He makes friends wherever he goes, is as polite to tramps as he is to barons, repays all his debts, shows just the right degree of diffidence to his seniors, merriment to his peers, flirts with girls who give him duck eggs, gets drunk, hates hurting people’s feelings, and altogether behaves as a clever and gentlemanly young Englishman of the 1930s ought to behave. We are not in the least surprised to learn that when, ten years later, he found himself with General Heinrich Kreipe as his prisoner, the two of them exchanged Horatian odes as they looked out of their cave mouth towards Mount Ida.
It is the central attraction of this figure, so fresh and hopeful, set against the doomed majesty of an ancient continent, that makes A Time of Gifts unique in English letters. It is learned, it is portentous, it is prodigiously gifted, but it is also innocent. What other work of the repertoire can make quite the same claims? When the book was first published in England, in 1977, I was sent an advance copy by its publisher, the legendary John Murray VI, in case I would like to review it. He was perhaps biased, he said, “but I really do think it is a work of genius.”
I agree with him, and so will posterity.
—JAN MORRIS
A TIME OF GIFTS
Linque tuas sedes alienaque litora quaere,
o juvenis: major rerum tibi nascitur ordo.
Ne succumbe malis: te noverit ultimus Hister,
Te Boreas gelidus securaque regna Canopi,
quique renascentem Phoebum cernuntque cadentem
major in externas fit qui descendit harenas.
Titus Petronius Arbiter
I struck the board and cry’d ‘No more;
I will abroad.’
What, shall I ever sigh and pine?
My life and lines are free; free as the road,
Loose as the wind.
George Herbert
For now the time of gifts is gone—
O boys that grow, O snows that melt,
O bathos that the years must fill—
Here is dull earth to build upon
Undecorated; we have reached
Twelfth Night or what you will...you will.
Louis MacNeice[1]
[1] From “Twelfth Night,” in The Collected Poems, by kind permission of Faber & Faber, London, and Oxford University Press, New York.
INTRODUCTORY LETTER TO XAN FIELDING
DEAR XAN,
As I have only just finished piecing these travels together, the times dealt with are very fresh in my mind and later events seem more recent still; so it is hard to believe that 1942 in Crete, when we first met—both of us black-turbanned, booted and sashed and appropriately silver-and-ivory daggered and cloaked in white goats’ hair, and deep in grime—was more than three decades ago. Many meetings and adventures followed that first encounter on the slopes of Mt. Kedros, and fortunately our kind of irregular warfare held long spells of inaction in the sheltering mountains: it was usually at eagle-height, with branches or constellations overhead, or dripping winter stalactites, that we lay among the rocks and talked of our lives before the war.
Indeed, indifference to the squalor of caves and speed at the approach of danger might have seemed the likeliest aptitudes for life in occupied Crete. But, unexpectedly in a modern war, it was the obsolete choice of Greek at school which had really deposited us on the limestone. With an insight once thought rare, the army had realized that the Ancient tongue, however imperfectly mastered, was a short-cut to the Modern: hence the sudden sprinkling of many strange figures among the mainland and island crags. Strange, because Greek had long ceased to be compulsory at the schools where it was still taught: it was merely the eager choice—unconsciously prompted, I suspect, by having listened to Kingsley’s Heroes in childhood—of a perverse and eccentric minority: early hankerings which set a vague but agreeable stamp on all these improvised cave-dwellers.
As it chanced, neither of our school careers had run their course: yours had been cut short by a family mishap and mine by the sack and we had both set off on our own at an earlier age than most of our contemporaries. These first wanderings—impecunious, moss-repellant, frowned on by our respective elders, and utterly congenial—had pursued rather similar lines; and as we reconstructed our pre-war lives for each others’ entertainment we soon agreed that the disasters which had set us on the move had not been disasters at all, but wild strokes of good luck.
This book is an attempt to complete and set in order, with as much detail as I can recapture, the earliest of those disjointedly recounted travels. The narrative, which should end at Constantinople, has turned out longer than I expected; I have split it in two, and this first volume breaks off in the middle of an important but arbitrary bridge spanning the Middle Danube. The rest will follow. From the start I wanted to dedicate it to you, which I now do with delight and some of the formality of a bull-fighter throwing his cap to a friend before a corrida. May I take advantage of the occasion by turning this letter into a kind of introduction? I want the narrative, when it begins, to jump in the deep end without too much explanatory delay. But it does need a brief outline of how these travels came about.
* * *
We must go back a bit.
In the second year of World War I, soon after I was born, my mother and sister sailed away to India (where my father was a servant of the Indian Government) and I was left behind so that one of us might survive if the ship were sunk by a submarine. I was to be taken out when the oceans were safer, and, failing this, remain in England until the war had reached its quick and victorious end. But the war was long and ships scarce; four years passed; and during the interim, on a temporary footing which perforce grew longer, I remained in the care of a very kind and very simple family. This period of separation was the opposite of the ordeal Kipling describes in Baa Baa Black Sheep. I was allowed to do as I chose in everything. There was no question of disobeying orders: none wer
e given; still less was there ever a stern word or an admonitory smack. This new family, and a background of barns, ricks and teazles, clouded with spinneys and the undulation of ridge and furrow, were the first things I can remember setting eyes on; and I spent these important years, which are said to be such formative ones, more or less as a small farmer’s child run wild: they have left a memory of complete and unalloyed bliss. But when my mother and sister got back at last, I rushed several fields away and fought off their advances in gruff Northamptonshire tones; and they understood that they had a small savage on their hands and not a friendly one; the joy of reunion was tempered by harrowing dismay. But I was secretly attracted to these beautiful strangers nevertheless: they were extravagantly beyond anything in my range of conjecture. I was fascinated by the crocodile pattern of the shoes in which one of them ended and by the sailor-suit of the other, who was four years my senior: the pleated skirt, the three white stripes on the blue collar, the black silk scarf with its white lanyard and whistle and the ribanded cap with the still indecipherable gold letters that spelled out H.M.S. Victory. Between the two, a black pekinese with white feet resembling spats was floundering and leaping in the long grass and giving tongue like a lunatic.
Those marvellously lawless years, it seems, had unfitted me for the faintest shadow of constraint. With tact and charm and skill, backed by my swift treason and by London and Peter Pan and Where the Rainbow Ends and Chu Chin Chow, my mother succeeded in bringing about a complete shift of affection, and in taming me, more or less, for family purposes. But my early educational ventures, when the time came—at a kindergarten, then at a school of my sister’s which also took small boys, and finally at a horrible preparatory school near Maidenhead named after a Celtic saint—ended in uniform catastrophe. Harmless in appearance, more presentable by now and of a refreshingly unconstricted address, I would earn excellent opinions at first. But as soon as early influences began to tell, those short-lived virtues must have seemed a cruel Fauntleroy veneer, cynically assumed to mask the Charles Addams fiend that lurked beneath: it coloured with an even darker tinct the sum of misdeeds which soon began heaping up. When I catch a glimpse of similar children today, I am transfixed with fellow-feelings, and with dread.
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