49. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 207.
50. Lewis, Middle East, p. 126. See also Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion, pp. 378f.
51. Lewis, Modern Turkey, p. 23.
52. Coles, Ottoman Impact, p. 163.
53. Mansel, Constantinople, pp. 86–96; Goodwin, Lords of the Horizons, p. 168.
54. Clark, Iron Kingdom, p. 240.
55. T. R. Ybarra, ‘Potsdam of Frederick the Great – After William II’, New York Times, 10 September 1922.
56. Clark, Iron Kingdom, p. 189.
57. Chakrabongse, Education of the Enlightened Despots, pp. 52f.
58. Fraser, Frederick the Great, pp. 29f.
59. Clark, Iron Kingdom, p. 215.
60. Frederick, Anti-Machiavel, ch. 26.
61. Clark, Iron Kingdom, p. 231.
62. Ibid., pp. 241f.
63. Haffner, Rise and Fall of Prussia, pp. 37, 43f.
64. Gerber, ‘Jews and Money-Lending’. See also Quataert, Manufacturing and Technology Transfer.
65. Clark, Iron Kingdom, p. 187.
66. Blanning, Culture of Power, pp. 108f.
67. Darnton, Literary Underground, p. 25.
68. Terrall, Man Who Flattened the Earth, pp. 181–5.
69. Aldington (ed.), Letters of Voltaire and Frederick the Great, p. 179.
70. Frederick, Anti-Machiavel, pp. 400–405.
71. Terrall, Man Who Flattened the Earth, p. 235.
72. Shank, Newton Wars, p. 475; Fraser, Frederick the Great, p. 259.
73. Kant, ‘ “What is Enlightenment?” ’
74. Clark, Iron Kingdom, p. 215.
75. Ibid., p. 195.
76. Palmer, ‘Frederick the Great’, p. 102.
77. Bailey, Field Artillery, pp. 165ff.
78. Duffy, Frederick the Great, p. 264.
79. Kinard, Weapons and Warfare, pp. 157f.
80. Steele, ‘Muskets and Pendulums’, pp. 363ff.
81. Ibid., pp. 368f.
82. Agoston, ‘Early Modern Ottoman and European Gunpowder Technology’.
83. Coles, Ottoman Impact, p. 186.
84. Montesquieu, Persian Letters, Letter XIX.
85. Mansel, Constantinople, pp. 185f.
86. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, pp. 236–8.
87. Lewis, What Went Wrong?, p. 27.
88. Aksan, Ottoman Statesman.
89. İhsanoglu, Science, Technology and Learning, p. 56. See also Levy, ‘Military Reform’.
90. Reid, Crisis of the Ottoman Empire, pp. 59–64.
91. Mansel, Constantinople, pp. 237ff.
92. Araci, ‘Donizetti’, p. 51.
93. İhsanoglu, Science, Technology and Learning, pp. 170ff.
94. Clarke, ‘Ottoman Industrial Revolution’, pp. 67f.
95. Findley, ‘Ottoman Occidentalist’.
96. Weiker, ‘Ottoman Bureaucracy’, esp. pp. 454f.
97. Pamuk, ‘Bimetallism’, p. 16; Davison, Essays, pp. 64–7. Cf. Farley, Turkey, pp. 121f.
98. Pamuk, Ottoman Empire, pp. 55–9.
99. Kinross, Atatürk, p. 386.
100. Mango, Atatürk, p. 396.
101. Kinross, Atatürk, pp. 442f.
102. Mango, Atatürk, p. 412.
103. World Intellectual Property Organization, World Intellectual Property Indicators 2010 (Geneva, 2010): http://www.wipo.int/ipstats/en/statistics/patents/.
104. Senor and Singer, Start-Up Nation.
105. Ferguson, High Financier, pp. 317f.
CHAPTER 3: PROPERTY
1. Fernández-Armesto, Americas, p. 66.
2. The classic statements are Pomeranz, Great Divergence; Williams, Capitalism and Slavery. For a modified version of the argument, see Acemoglu et al., ‘Rise of Europe’.
3. Barrera-Osorio, Experiencing Nature.
4. Churchill, ‘Civilization’, pp. 45f.
5. Hemming, Conquest of the Incas, p. 28.
6. Markham (ed.), Reports, pp. 113–27.
7. Wood, Conquistadors, p. 134.
8. Hemming, Conquest of the Incas, p. 121.
9. Bingham, Lost City.
10. Burkholder, Colonial Latin America, p. 46.
11. Ibid., p. 126.
12. Findlay and O’Rourke, Power and Plenty, figure 4.4.
13. Lanning, Academic Culture.
14. Barrera-Osorio, Experiencing Nature.
15. Fernández-Armesto, Americas, p. 95.
16. South Carolina Department of Archives and History, Charleston.
17. Tomlins, ‘Indentured Servitude’.
18. Engerman and Sokoloff, ‘Once upon a Time in the Americas’.
19. See in general Egnal, New World Economies.
20. Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World, p. 411.
21. Adamson, ‘England without Cromwell’.
22. Clark, ‘British America’.
23. Acemoglu et al., ‘Reversal of Fortune’.
24. Clark, Farewell to Alms.
25. Emmer, Colonialism and Migration, p. 35.
26. North et al., Violence and Social Orders, ch. 3.
27. Fernández-Armesto, Americas, p. 159.
28. The classic statement is by North and Weingast, ‘Constitutions and Commitment’. See also on the role of fiscal strength and overseas expansion O’Brien, ‘Inseparable Connections’.
29. Hobbes, Leviathan, Part I, ch. 13.
30. Ibid., ch. 18.
31. Ibid., Part II, chs. 17, 19.
32. Locke, Two Treatises, Book II, ch. 3.
33. Ibid., ch. 11.
34. Ibid., ch. 6.
35. Ibid., ch. 9.
36. Ibid., ch. 13.
37. Full text at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/17th_century/nc05.asp.
38. Engerman and Sokoloff, ‘Once upon a Time in the Americas’.
39. Arneil, John Locke and America, p. 98.
40. Locke, Two Treatises, Book II, ch. 5.
41. Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World, p. 135.
42. Ibid., p. 40. See also Sato, Legal Aspects of Landownership.
43. Engerman and Sokoloff, ‘Once upon a Time in the Americas’.
44. Ibid.
45. See Clark, Language of Liberty.
46. Clark, ‘British America’.
47. George Washington to William Crawford, 20 September 1767, in Washington and Crawford, Washington–Crawford Letters, pp. 3f.
48. See Jasanoff, Liberty’s Exiles.
49. Lynch, Bolívar, p. 63.
50. http://faculty.chass.ncsu.edu/slatta/hi216/documents/bolivar/sbwar1813.htm.
51. Ortega, ‘Earthquakes’.
52. Lynch, ‘Bolívar and the Caudillos’, pp. 6f.
53. King, ‘Royalist View’.
54. Lynch, ‘Bolívar and the Caudillos’, pp. 16f.
55. Woodward, ‘Spanish Army’.
56. Ulrick, ‘Morillo’s Attempt’, p. 553.
57. Hamnett, ‘Counter Revolution’.
58. Lynch, Bolívar, p. 99.
59. See in general Langley, Americas in the Age of Revolution, esp. pp. 243–84.
60. http://web.archive.org/web/19970615224356/www.umich.edu/ ~proflame/mirror/etext/bol5.html.
61. Williamson, Penguin History, p. 218.
62. http://web.archive.org/web/19970615224356/www.umich.edu/ ~proflame/mirror/etext/bol5.html.
63. Bolívar to Sir Henry Cullen, 6 September 1815, in Bolívar (ed.), Selected Writings, vol. I, p. 114.
64. http://web.archive.org/web/19970615224356/www.umich.edu/~proflame/ mirror/etext/bol2.html.
65. http://web.archive.org/web/19970615224356/www.umich.edu/ ~proflame/mirror/etext/bol5.html.
66. Lynch, Bolívar, p. 218.
67. Engerman and Sokoloff, ‘Once upon a Time in the Americas’.
68. Brown, Adventuring, figure 2.2.
69. Lynch, ‘Bolívar and the Caudillos’, pp. 16ff.
70. Data from Engerman and Sokoloff, ‘Once upon a Time in the Americas’.
71. Lynch, ‘Bolívar and the Caudillos�
��, p. 34.
72. Lynch, Bolívar, p. 276.
73. Cordeiro, ‘Constitutions’.
74. Engerman and Sokoloff, ‘Once upon a Time in the Americas’.
75. Fage, ‘Slavery and the Slave Trade’, p. 395.
76. Curtin, Plantation Complex, pp. 4–26.
77. Thornton and Heywood, Central Africans.
78. Curtin, Plantation Complex, p. 26; Klein and Luna, Slavery in Brazil, p. 28. See also Prado, Colonial Background; Poppino, Brazil.
79. Schwartz, ‘Colonial Past’, p. 185.
80. Schwartz, Slaves, Peasants and Rebels, p. 46.
81. Graham, Patronage and Politics, p. 26.
82. Elkins, Slavery, p. 76.
83. Davis, ‘Slavery’, p. 72.
84. Thomas, Slave Trade, p. 633.
85. Davis, ‘Slavery’, p. 78.
86. Schwartz, Slaves, Peasants and Rebels, p. 42.
87. Elkins, Slavery, p. 40.
88. Ibid., p. 50.
89. Elliott, Empires of the Atlantic World, p. 283.
90. Davis, ‘Slavery’, p. 125.
91. Walvin, Black Ivory, pp. 16f.
92. See Rostworowski, Doña Francisca Pizarro.
93. Wang et al., ‘Geographic Patterns’.
94. Carvajal-Carmona et al., ‘Strong Amerind/White Sex Bias’; Bedoya et al., ‘Admixture Dynamics’.
95. Ferguson, War of the World, pp. 20–22.
96. Creel, Peculiar People.
97. Eltis, ‘Volume and Structure’, table 1.
98. Schaefer, Genealogical Encyclopaedia; Thornton and Heywood, Central Africans.
99. Langley, Americas in the Age of Revolution, p. 240. Emphasis added.
100. Sam Roberts, ‘Projections Put Whites in Minority in U.S. by 2050’, New York Times, 18 December 2009.
101. Haber, ‘Development Strategy’.
CHAPTER 4: MEDICINE
1. For a classic formulation, see Jules Ferry’s speech of 28 July 1885, quoted in Brunschwig, French Colonialism, pp. 76f.
2. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj, ch. VI.
3. Twain, Following the Equator, p. 321.
4. Lenin, Imperialism, ch. X.
5. Collier, Bottom Billion.
6. Moyo, Dead Aid. See also Easterly, White Man’s Burden.
7. Gandhi, Collected Works, vol. LIV, pp. 233f. http://www.gandhiserve.org/cwmg/VOL054.PDF.
8. Riley, ‘Health Transitions’, esp. figure 2, table 1.
9. Ibid., pp. 750, 752.
10. Shaw, ‘Preface on Doctors’, pp. lxvii–lxviii.
11. Burke, Reflections, p. 151.
12. Ferguson, Ascent of Money, p. 154.
13. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp.
14. Burke, Reflections, pp. 190f.
15. Rousseau, Social Contract.
16. Burke, Reflections, p. 291.
17. Schama, Citizens, remains the most readable English account.
18. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, pp. 148–51.
19. Ibid., p. 153.
20. Carter et al., (eds.), Historical Statistics of the United States, table Ed1-5.
21. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/wars18c.htm.
22. All quotations from Clausewitz, On War, Book I, chs. 1, 2, 7; Book III, ch. 17; Book VII, chs. 4, 5, 6, 22; Book VIII, chs. 1–9.
23. Acemoglu et al., ‘Consequences of Radical Reform’.
24. McLynn, Napoleon, p. 664.
25. Lieven, Russia against Napoleon.
26. Ferguson, Ascent of Money, pp. 81f.
27. Taylor, ‘1848 Revolutions’.
28. Blanton et al., ‘Colonial Style’.
29. Crowder, Senegal, pp. 6f., 14f.; Cruise O’Brien, White Society, p. 39.
30. Klein, Islam and Imperialism, p. 118.
31. R. L. Buell, The Native Problem in Africa (1928), quoted in Crowder, Senegal, p. 23.
32. Cruise O’Brien, White Society, p. 33.
33. Gifford and Louis, France and Britain, p. 672.
34. Cohen, Rulers of Empire, ch. 1.
35. Brunschwig, ‘French Exploration and Conquest’.
36. Conklin, Mission, p. 13.
37. Fonge, Modernization without Development, p. 66.
38. Ibid.
39. Berenson, Heroes of Empire, pp. 197f.
40. Joireman, ‘Inherited Legal Systems’.
41. Cohen, Rulers of Empire, pp. 79f.
42. Asiwaju, West African Transformations, p. 60.
43. Taithe, Killer Trail.
44. Echenberg, Colonial Conscripts, p. 18.
45. Cohen, Rulers of Empire, p. 38.
46. Lunn, Memoirs of the Maelstrom, p. 62.
47. Marr, Vietnamese Anticolonialism. For full English text, see www.fsmitha.com/h2/y14viet.html.
48. Gardiner, ‘French Impact on Education’, p. 341.
49. Sabatier, ‘ “Elite” Education in French West Africa’.
50. See in general Acemoglu et al., ‘Disease and Development’.
51. Iliffe, Africans, p. 70.
52. Cohen, Rulers of Empire, p. 23.
53. MacLeod and Lewis (eds.), Disease, Medicine and Empire, p. 7.
54. Punch, 16 September 1903.
55. MacLeod and Lewis (eds.), Disease, Medicine and Empire.
56. Echenberg, ‘Medical Science’; Marcovich, French Colonial Medicine.
57. See e.g. Beck, ‘Medicine and Society’.
58. Conklin, Mission, pp. 56f.
59. Ibid., pp. 51ff.
60. Ibid., pp. 48ff.
61. Robiquet (ed.), Discours et opinions, pp. 199–201, 210–11.
62. Cohen, Rulers of Empire, p. 74.
63. Ibid., p. 77.
64. Van Beusekom, Negotiating Development, p. 6.
65. Schneider, ‘Smallpox in Africa’.
66. Ngalamulume, ‘Keeping the City Totally Clean’, p. 199.
67. Wright, Conflict on the Nile. See also Daly, ‘Omdurman and Fashoda’; Chipman, French Power, p. 53.
68. Gide, Travels in the Congo, p. 35.
69. Crowder, Senegal, pp. 4ff.
70. Yansané, ‘Impact of France’, p. 350; Gifford and Louis, France and Britain, p. 697.
71. Betts, ‘Establishment of the Medina’; Cruise O’Brien, White Society, p. 54. Cf. Smith, Vietnam, pp. 88f.
72. Cohen, Rulers of Empire, p. 49. Cf. Betts, Assimilation and Association, pp. 64, 152.
73. Echenberg, Black Death.
74. Rohrbach, Deutsche Kolonialwirtschaft, vol. I, pp. 330–33. Cf. Steer, Judgment, p. 61.
75. Madley, ‘Patterns’, p. 169.
76. Deutsch, Emancipation without Abolition.
77. Steer, Judgment, pp. 55ff.
78. Seiner, Bergtouren, pp. 267–78.
79. Olusoga and Erichsen, Kaiser’s Holocaust, p. 118.
80. Gewald, Herero Heroes, pp. 146ff.
81. Rust, Krieg und Frieden, pp. 6–15; Anon., Rheinische Mission, pp. 10–16; Leutwein, Elf Jahre Gouverneur, pp. 466–7; Kuhlmann, Auf Adlers Flügeln, pp. 42f.
82. Olusoga and Erichsen, Kaiser’s Holocaust, p. 139.
83. Full text in Gewald, ‘Great General’, p. 68.
84. Zimmerer, ‘First Genocide’, p. 37.
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