taxation 38, 44, 106, 107, 117, 210–11, 288
Taylor, James Hudson 280, 282
technology see Industrial Revolution;
science/technology
Teller, Edward 235
Tennyson, Alfred Lord xiv
terrorism see violence/terrorism
textile industry/trade 28, 198–9, 200, 203, 218–19, 239–40
cotton 201, 202–3, 204, 218
in India 224–5
in Japan 223–4
Thatcher, Margaret 252
Thirty Years’ War (1618–48) 37
Thuillier, Louis 169
Tigris river/valley 17
tobacco 46, 131
Todd, John L. 169
Tolstoy, Leo 270
Toqué, Emile 165
Touška, Ivan 247
Toussaint ‘Louverture’, François-Dominique 160
Townsend, Pete 274n
Toynbee, Arnold: The Study of History 297
trade/trade routes 9, 22, 29, 31, 161
with China 29, 31, 35, 47, 48
comparative advantage doctrine 202, 202n
competition in 33–6, 48
development of 33–6
free markets 7, 17
in Great Depression 229–30
importance of 20, 46, 47, 48
ocean freight 218–19
in slaves 97, 129–36, 161; see also slavery
in spices 33, 34, 36
in sugar 129, 131–2, 160
in textiles see textile industry/trade
transatlantic 106, 115, 218–19
trade monopolies 38
trade tariffs 202–3, 229–30
trade unions 238–9, 245
trading companies 36, 38, 83, 161, 201, 278
Trafalgar, battle of (1805) 160
Trevithick, Richard 200
Trotha, General Adrian Dietrich Lothar von 178–9, 181
Troup, Bobby 274
Tull, Jethro 27
Turgenev, Ivan: Fathers and Sons 228
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, on civilization 2
Turkey
under Kemal Atatürk 90–93, 228
Dolmabahçe palace 88, 90
founding of 91
as Islamist 253–5
linguistic issues 90, 91–2
as a secular state 92, 253
see also Ottoman empire
Twain, Mark, on imperialism 144
Tyndale, Matthew 62
Uganda 170
Ulugh Beg 69
unemployment 230–31, 232, 265, 265n
see also labour market
United Kingdom see Britain
United Provinces 39, 104
see also Low Countries
United States (US) xvi, 5, 15, 16
Christianity in 267, 270, 273–7
colonial expansion 144
economic growth/output xvi, 218, 307–12
in First World War 182–3
Great Depression 229–31
Gullah Coast 135–6
Japan and 221; in Second World War 233–5
migrants to 219; South Americans 138–9
population figures 218
property rights 124
racial issues 129, 133, 134–6, 137–9; Civil Rights movement 245; segregation 137–8, 177
Russia and 236; Cold War 236–9
St Louis World Fair (1904) 260–61
in Second World War 233–5
slavery in 129, 130, 132–3, 134–6
student unrest 245
trade with 218–19
Max Weber in 260–61
as a world power xvi–xvii, 97, 218, 257, 307–12
see also America, North, British colonies; American …
United States Army 234–5
university education 7, 17–18, 92, 175, 244–5
urbanization see cities
Vaquette de Gribeauval, General 84
Veblen, Thorstein 205
Venezuela 119, 128, 139
Caracas 129
Catholicism in 120, 120n
under Chávez 128
property rights 119, 124, 128
revolution in 119–22
Verdun, battle of (1916) 183
Vermeer, Jan xxiv
Vesalius, Andreas 65
Vespucci, Amerigo 96
Vico, Giambattista: Scienza nuova 296
Vienna, siege of (1683) 52, 53, 55, 57
Vietnam 167
see also Indo-China
Vietnam War (1965–73) 245, 246
violence/terrorism 246–7, 254n, 258, 288–9, 291
homicide rates 24, 25, 105
Voltaire (François Marie Arouet) 67, 70–71, 78, 79
on China 46
Diatribe du Docteur Akakia … 80
Vordman, Adolphe 170
Voulet, Paul 166
wages 203, 210–11, 238
Wagner, Richard 162, 162n, 206, 208
Waldseemüller, Martin: Universalis cosmographia 96
Wales, England and 24, 39
see also Britain
Wallace, George 137
Wang Zhen: Treatise on Agriculture 28
Wappers, Egide: Episode of the Belgian Revolution 162n
Warburg, Siegmund 94
warfare/weapons 4, 23, 24, 57, 82
armed forces 215–16, 229, 233, 234, 236; colonial troops 164, 181–9; see also individual armies
atomic weapons 235–6
casualty figures 301–2
Clausewitz on 157–8
communications in 55, 181–2
definition 157–8
financing of 161
gunpowder 28
imperialism as conquest 99–102
military technology 37, 41, 57, 65n; ballistics 83–5
military uniforms 215–16, 229, 233, 234, 237
naval 37, 160
religious 9, 12, 38–9
Lewis Fry Richardson on 301–2, 301n
siege warfare 52, 54–7
strategy/tactics 84, 85, 133; Inca 100
see also individual battles/conflicts
Washington, George 116, 116n, 117
water supplies 145, 145n
Waterloo, battle of (1815) 160
Watt, James 70, 200, 201, 202, 204, 206n
Waugh, Evelyn, on Catholicism 269–70
Weber, Max 259–60, 270
on China 21, 264
on the Jews 262
on Protestantism 259, 260–64, 276, 283
in US 260–61
on Western ascendancy 11
Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel 94
Wenzel von Liechtenstein, Prince Joseph 84
the West
definition 14–16; by Samuel Huntington 15, 16
Islam and 39, 50–57, 63, 85–90, 255
loss of confidence by 17–18
Ottoman empire and 52, 53, 63, 86–90
Roman Empire in 16–17
Western ascendancy
competition and 12, 13, 19–49
consumerism and 12, 13, 195, 196–255
Jared Diamond on 11–12
health issues and 12, 13, 146–8, 168–75, 191
Samuel Johnson on 10
David Landes on 11
legal systems and 8, 12, 13; see also property rights
reasons for xv–xvi, xxvi, 1–8, 96–7, 195
science/technology and 10–11, 13, 50–95
threats to 17–18, 255, 256–94, 295–325; economic crises 257, 258, 259, 260–64, 276, 283
Max Weber on 11
work ethic and 12, 13, 259–94
see also individual countries
Whittington, Richard (Dick) 22, 23
Wilde, Oscar 208–9
William II, Kaiser 178
William of Orange, as King of England 104–5, 107
Willoughby, Hugh 36
Wilson, Paul 248
Wilson, President Woodrow 227
witch doctors 171, 172
witches/witchcraft 63–4, 114
Wittfogel, Karl, o
n Oriental despotism 42
Wolle, Stefan 244
women
in Japan 222
measurements, scientific study of 237
as missionaries 282
women workers 224
women’s education 94, 244
women’s fashion/clothing 216, 220, 246
Islamic 253–5, 253n
Woodruff, Robert W. 243
Woolwich Academy of Engineering and Artillery 85
work ethic 12, 17, 259–94
definition 13
working hours 265, 277
World Values Survey 266, 267
Wren, Christopher 69–70
Wu, Y. T. 283
Yersin, Alexandre 169
Young, Brigham 241
young people
as consumers see consumerism
Islamic organizations for 290
power/influence of 244–9, 253–4
Yuan Zhiming 287
Zhang, Hanping 285
Zhao Xiao 287
Zheng He, Admiral (Chinese explorer) 28–9, 32, 37, 48
Zhou Enlai 283
Zhou Shixiu 26–7
Zhuo Xinping 287
Zong (slave ship) 132–3
* Which he called ‘the first English newspaper for which the word “news” lost its old meaning of facts which a reader ought to know … and acquired the new meaning of facts, or fictions, which it might amuse him to read’.
† After he was briefly arrested for defying her father, she quipped: ‘John Donne – Anne Donne – Un-done.’ No wonder he loved her.
* The eleven were Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States. Of these only France, Portugal and Spain existed in 1500 in anything resembling their early twentieth-century form. For Russia’s claim to be considered a part of the West, see below.
* This question was indeed being posed in non-Western empires in the eighteenth century. In 1731 the Ottoman writer İbrahim Müteferrika asked: ‘Why do Christian nations, which were so weak in the past compared with Muslim nations, begin to dominate so many lands in modern times and even defeat the once victorious Ottoman armies?’
* It is an idiosyncratic notion that one of the world’s most venerable civilizations should have a name that no one but a political theorist has ever heard of. In his original 1993 essay, Huntington used ‘Confucian’.
* There was a seventh voyage in 1430–33. It has been claimed by Gavin Menzies that Chinese ships rounded the Cape of Good Hope, sailed up the west coast of Africa to the Cape Verde Islands, crossed the Atlantic and then continued as far as Tierra del Fuego and the coast of Australia; and that one of Zheng He’s admirals may have reached Greenland, returning to China along the north coast of Siberia and through the Bering Strait. The evidence for these claims is at best circumstantial and at worst non-existent.
* Crucially, the Ottoman claim to the caliphate was rejected and resisted by the Shi’a Muslims of Persia and by the less doctrinaire Mughals in India.
† Suleiman’s full title was: ‘His Imperial Majesty The Sultan Süleyman I, Sovereign of the Imperial House of Osman, Sultan of Sultans, Khan of Khans, Commander of the Faithful and Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe, Protector of the Holy Cities of Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem, Emperor of The Three Cities of Constantinople, Adrianople and Bursa, and of the Cities of Damascus and Cairo, of all Armenia, of the Magris, of Barka, of Kairuan, of Aleppo, of Arabic Iraq and of Ajim, of Basra, of El Hasa, of Dilen, of Raka, of Mosul, of Parthia, of Diyarbakır, of Cilicia, of the Vilayets of Erzurum, of Sivas, of Adana, of Karaman, of Van, of Barbary, of Abyssinia, of Tunisia, of Tripoli, of Damascus, of Cyprus, of Rhodes, of Candia, of the Vilayet of the Morea, of the Marmara Sea, the Black Sea and also its coasts, of Anatolia, of Rumelia, Baghdad, Kurdistan, Greece, Turkistan, Tatary, Circassia, of the two regions of Kabarda, of Georgia, of the plain of Kypshak, of the whole country of the Tatars, of Kefa and of all the neighbouring countries, of Bosnia and its dependencies, of the City and Fort of Belgrade, of the Vilayet of Serbia, with all the castles, forts and cities, of all Albania, of all Iflak and Bogdania …’
* Leopold embodied both the Habsburg family’s capacity for acquiring territory by marriage rather than war and its attendant difficulties arising from inbreeding. He was christened Leopold Ignaz Joseph Balthasar Felician von Habsburg, and his full titulature when he was elected holy Roman emperor was ‘Leopold I, by the grace of God elected Holy Roman Emperor, forever August, King of Germany, King of Hungary, King of Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Rama, Serbia, Galicia, Lodomeria, Cumania, Bulgaria, Archduke of Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Margrave of Moravia, Duke of Luxemburg, of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Württemberg and Teck, Prince of Swabia, Count of Habsburg, Tyrol, Kyburg and Goritia, Landgrave of Alsace, Marquis of the Holy Roman Empire, Burgovia, the Enns, the Higher and Lower Lusace, Lord of the Marquisate of Slavonia [and] of Port Naon and Salines’. Afflicted with an especially pronounced lower jaw (the notorious ‘Habsburg lip’), Leopold married three times: first the Spanish Margarita Teresa, who was both his niece and first cousin, then the Tyrolean Archduchess Claudia Felicitas and finally Princess Eleanore of Neuburg. He had sixteen children in all, only four of whom outlived him.
* The story may have originated with Alfred Gottschalk, author of the first edition of the Larousse Gastronomique (1938). At first he attributed the croissant to the siege of Budapest in 1686, when a baker supposedly alerted the authorities to the sound of Turkish tunnelling. In a later publication Gottschalk changed the setting to Vienna in 1683.
* The Authorized Version (as the King James Bible of 1611 came to be known) stands alongside the plays of William Shakespeare among the greatest works of English literature. The team of forty-seven scholars who produced it were let down by the royal printers only once. The 1631 edition – known as ‘the Wicked Bible’ – omitted the word ‘not’ from the commandment ‘Thou shalt not commit adultery.’
* Of the world’s most important scientific breakthroughs – 369 events that are mentioned in literally all reference works on the history of science – an astonishingly high proportion (38 per cent) happened between the beginning of the Reformation and the beginning of the French Revolution. The role of freedom of thought, both religious and political, is a key variable in Charles Murray’s remarkable but neglected theory of human accomplishment. Murray also identifies the positive contributions of urbanization and, perhaps paradoxically, military conflict. As we shall see, the relationship between warfare and scientific progress was very close indeed.
* In their travels, Candide, Cunégonde and the Leibnizian Dr Pangloss and Cacambo suffer or witness flogging, war, syphilis, shipwreck, hanging, an earthquake, enslavement, bestiality, illness and death by firing squad.
* Jerusalem was temporarily seized by Arab forces in 1948 after heavy fighting that saw the expulsion of the Jewish community and the destruction of the city’s old synagogues. However, by the time of the January 1949 ceasefire, Israel had staked a claim to the new city (West Jerusalem) and the old Jewish quarter. Transjordan claimed East Jerusalem, along with the West Bank of the Jordan. For nearly two decades the city was divided in two, much as Berlin was between 1961 and 1989, though without international recognition for the arrangement. But then, in the Six Day War of 1967, East Jerusalem was ‘liberated’ by the Israel Defence Forces, again in defiance of the UN. Under Mayor Teddy Kollek, large parts of Arab Jerusalem were destroyed, including the Maghribi Quarter. The policy of building Jewish settlements in East Jerusalem was also designed to make Israeli control permanent. Yet recurrent bouts of violence, notably the youth-led Arab intifadas, have tended to restore the division of the city, while persuading many Israelis that a return to the pre-1967 borders must be part of an enduring peace settlement. Nevertheless, Israeli law still asserts that ‘Jerusalem, completed and unified, is the capital of Israel’. Since 1988, meanwhile, the
Palestinians have claimed the city (which they call al-Quds al-Sharif) as their capital. At the time of writing, any compromise on the issue is hard to imagine.
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