Flesh and Blood So Cheap
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Fried, Albert. The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster in America. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
Gay, Ruth. Unfinished People: Eastern European Jews Encounter America. New York: Norton, 1996.
Glenn, Susan A. Daughters of the Shtetl: Life and Labor in the Immigrant Generation. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990.
Handlin, Oscar. The Uprooted: The Epic Story of the Great Migrations That Made the American People. Boston: Little, Brown, 1952.
Howe, Irving. World of Our Fathers. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976.
Jackson, Kenneth T., and David S. Dunbar, eds. Empire City: New York Through the Centuries. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002.
Jensen, Joan M. “The Great Uprisings: 1900–1920.” In A Needle, a Bobbin, a Strike: Women Needleworkers in America, edited by Joan M. Jensen and Sue Davidson. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984, 83–182.
Josephson, Matthew, and Hannah Josephson. Al Smith: Hero of the Cities. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1969.
Kisseloff, Jeff. You Must Remember This: An Oral History of Manhattan from the 1890s to World War II. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.
Kraut, Alan M. The Huddled Masses: The Immigrant in American Society, 1880–1921. Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1982.
Malkiel, Theresa S. The Diary of a Shirtwaist Striker. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990. A true-to-life novel first published in 1910.
McFarlane, Arthur E. “Fire and the Skyscraper.” McClure’s Magazine, September 1911, 467–83.
Metzker, Isaac, ed. A Bintel Brief: Sixty Years of Letters from the Lower East Side to the Jewish Daily Forward. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971.
Morrison, Joan, and Charlotte Fox Zabusky, eds. American Mosaic: The Immigrant Experience in the Words of Those Who Lived It. New York: Dutton, 1980.
Orleck, Annelise. Common Sense and a Little Fire: Women and Working-Class Politics in the United States, 1900–1965. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
Rasenberger, Jim. America, 1908. New York: Scribner, 2007.
Reppetto, Thomas. American Mafia: A History of Its Rise to Power. New York: Holt, 2004.
Riis, Jacob A. How the Other Half Lives. 1890; reprint, New York: Hill and Wang, 1957.
Riis, Jacob A. The Making of an American. New York: Macmillan, 1901.
Rischin, Moses. The Promised City: New York Jews, 1870–1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977.
Schoener, Allon, ed. Portal to America: The Lower East Side, 1870–1920. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967.
Slayton, Robert A. Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith. New York: Free Press, 2001.
Sorin, Gerald. The Jewish People in America: A Time for Building, the Third Migration, 1880–1920. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
Stein, Leon, ed. Out of the Sweatshop: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy. New York: Quadrangle, 1977.
Stein, Leon. The Triangle Fire. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1962.
Still, Bayrd. Mirror of Gotham: New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present. New York: New York University Press, 1956.
Tax, Meredith. The Rising of the Women: Feminist Solidarity and Class Conflict, 1880–1917. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1980.
Von Drehle, David. Triangle: The Fire That Changed America. New York: Grove Press, 2003.
Wertheimer, Barbara M. We Were There: The Story of Working Women in America. New York: Pantheon, 1997.
Internet Sources
New Deal Network
Photographs of the Triangle Fire and a dramatic colored mural
http://newdeal.feri.org/library/d_4m.htm
The Triangle Factory Fire: Online Exhibit from Cornell University’s Kheel Center
A marvelous collection of photographs and documents
www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire
Uprising of 20,000 (1909) | Jewish Women’s Archive
A collection of documents and pictures on the 1909 strike
jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/uprising-of-20000-1909
Prelude: From the Ashes
1. Leon Stein, The Triangle Fire (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1962), 211.
I. Huddled Masses
1. Hamilton Holt, ed., The Life Stories of (Undistinguished) Americans as Told by Themselves (New York: Routledge, 1990), 22.
2. Laurence Bergreen, Capone: The Man and the Era (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), 24; Thomas Reppetto, American Mafia: A History of Its Rise to Power (New York: Holt, 2004), 3.
3. “Pompeii in Peril,” The New York Times, April 11, 1906; “The Last Days of Bosco Tre Case,” The New York Times, April 29, 1906.
4. “Four Days Among the Ruins of Messina and Reggio,” The New York Times, June 5, 1908.
5. Alan M. Kraut, The Huddled Masses: The Immigrant in American Society, 1880–1921 (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1982), 19.
6. Irving Howe, World of Our Fathers (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), 10.
7. Susan A. Glenn, Daughters of the Shtetl: Life and Labor in the Immigrant Generation (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990), 14.
8. Paul Johnson, A History of the Jews (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), 359, 362.
9. Gerald Sorin, The Jewish People in America: A Time for Building, the Third Migration, 1880–1920 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 14.
10. “Jewish Massacre Denounced,” The New York Times, April 28, 1903.
11. Johnson, History of the Jews, 365–66; Moses Rischin, The Promised City: New York Jews, 1870–1914 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1977), 20; Howe, World of Our Fathers, 30.
12. Glenn, Daughters of the Shtetl, 414.
13. Mary Antin, From Plotzk to Boston (Boston: W. B. Clarke & Co., 1899), 11–12.
14. Howe, World of Our Fathers, 42.
15. Ibid., 41.
II. Into the Magic Cauldron
1. Howe, World of Our Fathers, 43–44.
2. Bayrd Still, Mirror of Gotham: New York as Seen by Contemporaries from Dutch Days to the Present (New York: New York University Press, 1956), 206.
3. Ibid., 279.
4. Ibid., 231.
5. William Archer, America To-day: Observations and Reflections (London: William Heinemann, 1900), 18.
6. Still, Mirror of Gotham, 220, 231–32.
7. Ibid., 211.
8. Sorin, Jewish People in America, 71.
9. Ibid.
10. Jeff Kisseloff, You Must Remember This: An Oral History of Manhattan from the 1890s to World War II (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989), 29.
11. Rischin, Promised City, 83; Kisseloff, You Must Remember This, 31.
12. Sorin, Jewish People in America, 72; Theresa S. Malkiel, The Diary of a Shirtwaist Striker (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990), 6.
13. Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives (New York: Hill and Wang, 1957), 84–85.
14. Glenn, Daughters of the Shtetl, 54.
15. Still, Mirror of Gotham, 247.
16. Howe, World of Our Fathers, 537.
17. Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace, Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 1139; Rischin, Promised City, 199.
18. ashp.cuny.edu/ashp.-documentaries/heaven-will-protect-the-working-girl/.
19. Charles H. Hoyt and Percy Gaunt, “The Bowery,” 1891.
20. Kisseloff, You Must Remember This, 29.
21. Mary Antin, The Promised Land (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1912), 198; Isaac Metzker, ed., A Bintel Brief: Sixty Years of Letters from the Lower East Side to the Jewish Daily Forward (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971), 71.
22. Kraut, Huddled Masses, 139.
III. Flesh and Blood So Cheap
1. The Bulletin of the General Contractors Association, vol. 5 (1914), 842.
2. Reppetto, American Mafia, 19.
3. Rischin, Promised City, 55.
4. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 85–
86.
5. Glenn, Daughters of the Shtetl, 91–92.
6. Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The Democratic Experience (New York: Random House, 1973), 92.
7. Ibid., 100.
8. Glenn, Daughters of the Shtetl, 89.
9. Ibid., 87.
10. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 91–92.
11. Sadie Frowne, “Days and Dreams,” Independent, September 25, 1902, in Out of the Sweatshop: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy, edited by Leon Stein (New York: Quadrangle, 1977), 61; Metzker, Bintel Brief, 87–88.
12. Meredith Tax, The Rising of the Women: Feminist Solidarity and Class Conflict, 1880–1917 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1980), 211.
13. Stein, Out of the Sweatshop, 66.
14. Mary van Kleeck, “The Shirtwaist Strike and Its Significance,” unpublished lecture, 1910, Mary van Kleeck Papers, Box 29, Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College, Northampton, MA.
15. Glenn, Daughters of the Shtetl, 175.
16. Howe, World of Our Fathers, 423.
17. Morris Rosenfeld, “In the Factory,” from Songs of Labor and Other Poems (Boston: Richard G. Badger, 1914), 7–8.
IV. An Overflow of Suffering: The Uprising of the Twenty Thousand
1. Albert Fried, The Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 9.
2. www.kaikracht.de/balalaika/english/songs/dubi_not.htm.
3. Herbert Asbury, The Gangs of New York (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 1998), 211.
4. David Von Drehle, Triangle: The Fire That Changed America (New York: Grove Press, 2003), 9; Howe, World of Our Fathers, 299.
5. Annelise Orleck, Common Sense and a Little Fire: Women and Working-Class Politics in the United States, 1900–1965 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 49, 59.
6. Stein, Out of the Sweatshop, 69.
7. Ibid.
8. Howe, World of Our Fathers, 298.
9. Ibid., 299.
10. Stein, Out of the Sweatshop, 71.
11. Malkiel, Diary of a Shirtwaist Striker, 88.
12. Philip S. Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement: From Colonial Times to the Eve of World War I (New York: Free Press, 1979), 327; Tax, Rising of the Women, 215–16.
13. Tax, Rising of the Women, 220.
14. Malkiel, Diary of a Shirtwaist Striker, 180–85.
15. “Pickets from Prison Are Guests of Honor,” The New York Times, Dec. 23, 1909; Howe, World of Our Fathers, 300.
16. Tax, Rising of the Women, 225.
17. Von Drehle, Triangle, 67; Tax, Rising of the Women, 173–74.
18. The New York Times, Dec. 23, 1909; “Mrs. Belmont to the Aid of Girl Strikers,” The New York Times, Dec. 20, 1909.
19. “Miss Morgan Aids Girl Waist Strikers,” The New York Times, Dec. 14, 1909.
20. Von Drehle, Triangle, 68–69.
21. “Girl Strikers Tell the Rich Their Woes,” The New York Times, Dec. 16, 1909; “Rich Women’s Aide Gives Strikers Hope,” The New York Times, December 19, 1909.
22. “Autos for Strikers in Shirtwaist War,” The New York Times, Dec. 21, 1909; “Police Break Up Strikers’ Meeting,” The New York Times, Dec. 22, 1909.
23. “The Rich Out to Aid Girl Waistmakers,” The New York Times, Jan. 3, 1910.
24. Malkiel, Diary of a Shirtwaist Striker, 46; The New York Times, Jan. 3, 1910.
25. The New York Times, Jan. 3, 1910.
26. “Facing Starvation to Keep Up the Strike,” The New York Times, Dec. 25, 1909.
27. Glenn, Daughters of the Shtetl, 197.
28. “Doors Were Locked, Say Rescued Girls,” The New York Times, March 27, 1910.
29. Foner, Women and the American Labor Movement, 344.
V. The Third Gate: Fire at the Triangle
1. Miriam Finn Scott, “The Factory Girl’s Danger,” The Outlook, April 15, 1911, at www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/texts/.
2. Von Drehle, Triangle, 160; Stein, Triangle Fire, 24.
3. Von Drehle, Triangle, 160–62.
4. Stein, Triangle Fire, 28.
5. Von Drehle, Triangle, 179; Stein, Triangle Fire, 27.
6. Stein, Triangle Fire, 34.
7. Ibid., 38.
8. Ibid., 57.
9. “Stories of Survivors,” The New York Times, March 26, 1911.
10. Von Drehle, Triangle, 153.
11. William G. Shepherd, “Eyewitness at the Triangle,” Milwaukee Journal, March 27, 1911, in Stein, Out of the Sweatshop, 189.
12. Stein, Triangle Fire, 17.
13. Shepherd, in Stein, Out of the Sweatshop, 188–89.
14. Ibid., 192.
15. Stein, Triangle Fire, 80–81.
16. “Rescues by Law Students,” The New York Times, March 27, 1911.
17. Stein, Triangle Fire, 77.
18. “Crowd of 50,000 Watches the Ruins,” The New York Times, March 27, 1911; Stein, Triangle Fire, 88.
VI. A Stricken Conscience
1. “141 Men and Girls Die in Waist Factory Fire,” The New York Times, March 26, 1911. Some reports give the number of dead as 171 and 147; the actual number was 146.
2. Stein, Triangle Fire, 70.
3. Stein, Triangle Fire, 69; “Rose Freedman,” www.injuredworker.org/Letters/Rose_Freedman.htm.
4. “141 Dead in Waist Factory Fire Here,” The New York Times, March 26, 1911; “Sad All-Day March to Morgue Gates,” The New York Times, March 27, 1911; Stein, Triangle Fire, 105.
5. Stein, Triangle Fire, 124–25.
6. Ibid., 145–46.
7. “The New York Factory Investigating Commission,” www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/history/mono-regsafepart07.htm.
8. “120,000 Pay Tribute to the Fire Victims,” The New York Times, April 6, 1911; Stein, Triangle Fire, 154.
9. “Mass Meeting Calls for New Fire Laws,” The New York Times, April 3, 1911.
10. Ibid.
11. John Gunther, Roosevelt in Retrospect: A Profile in History (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1950), 244.
12. Kisseloff, You Must Remember This, 19; Von Drehle, Triangle, 200–204.
13. Von Drehle, Triangle, 212; Howe, World of Our Fathers, 385–86.
14. “Lecture by Frances Perkins,” Sept. 30, 1964, www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/texts/lectures/perkins.html.
15. Ibid.
16. Von Drehle, Triangle, 258; Literary Digest, Jan. 6, 1912.
17. “Mass Meeting Calls for New Fire Laws,” The New York Times, April 3, 1911.
18. “Lecture by Frances Perkins.”
19. Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Viking, 1946), 22–23; Robert A. Slayton, Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith (New York: Free Press, 2001), 94–95.
20. “The New York Factory Investigating Commission.”
21. Matthew and Hannah Josephson, Al Smith: Hero of the Cities (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1969), 135.
22. H. Paul Jeffers, The Napoleon of New York: Mayor Fiorello La Guardia (New York: Wiley, 2002), 41; Slayton, Empire Statesman, 97.
23. George Martin, Madam Secretary: Frances Perkins (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976), 120.
24. Slayton, Empire Statesman, 98–99.
25. Stein, Triangle Fire, 209; Slayton, Empire Statesman, 98–99; Perkins, Roosevelt I Knew, 25; Martin, Madam Secretary, 99–100.
26. Stein, Triangle Fire, 212.
27. Clyde Haberman, “Choosing Not to Forget What Is Painful to Recall,” The New York Times, March 26, 2010.
VII. The Price of Liberty
1. Jenna Weissman Joselit, Our Gang: Jewish Crime and the New York Jewish Community, 1900–1940 (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1983), 118; Fried, Rise and Fall of the Jewish Gangster, 138–39.
2. David Pietrusza, Rothstein: The Life, Times, and Murder of the Criminal Genius Who Fixed the 1919 World Series (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2003), 216.
3. Pietrusza, Rothstein, 56.
4. Reppetto, American Mafia, 189; Joselit, Our Gang, 148–49.
> 5. Steven Malanga, “How to Run the Mob Out of Gotham,” City Journal, Winter 2001, www.city-journal.org/printable.php?id=523; Selwyn Raab, Five Families: The Rise, Decline, and Resurgence of America’s Most Powerful Mafia Empires (New York: St. Martin’s, 2005), 314–15. See also John H. Davis, Mafia Dynasty: The Rise and Fall of the Gambino Crime Family (New York: HarperCollins, 1993).
6. “New York City Seeks to Consolidate Its Garment District,” The New York Times, Aug. 10, 2009.
7. Kevin Strouse, “The Fraying of the Garment Industry,” Gotham Gazette, Sept. 18, 2000, www.gothamgazette.com/iotw/garments/.
8. Ibid.
9. “Sweatshops: Harsh Conditions Create Public Support for Reform,” www.heartsandminds.org/articles/sweat.htm; “Garment Industry,” www.tenement.org/encyclopedia/garment_sweat.htm.
10. “Sweatshops: Worse Than Ever; Top US Companies Exposed,” www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/47/266.html; “Kathie Lee’s Latest Sweatshop Scandal,” E! Online, Sept. 22, 1999, www.eonline.com/uberblog/b38744_Kathie_Lee_s_Latest_Sweatshop_Scandal.html.
11. Sachs quoted in Allen R. Myerson, “In Principle, a Case for More ‘Sweatshops,’ ” The New York Times, June 22, 1997; “The Case for Sweatshops,” Hoover Daily Report, Feb. 7, 2000, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, www.hoover.org/pubaffairs/dailyreport/archive/2864991.html.
12. Myerson, “In Principle, a Case for More ‘Sweatshops.’ ”
13. Benjamin Powell and David Skarbek, “Sweatshops and Third World Living Standards: Are the Jobs Worth the Sweat?” Independent Institute, September 27, 2004, www.independent.org/publications/working_papers/article.asp?id=1369.
14. Nicholas D. Kristof, “Where Sweatshops Are a Dream,” The New York Times, Jan. 12, 2009.
15. Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, “Two Cheers for Sweatshops: They’re Dirty and Dangerous. They’re Also a Major Reason Asia Is Back on Track,” www.nytimes.com/library/magazine/home/20000924mag-sweatshops.html.
16. Nasrin Siraj Annie, “Workers Dying in Garment Factories: Some Questions,” www.meghbarta.org/nws/nw_main_p01b.php?issueId=6§ionId=20&articleId=123.