by James Geary
367. Wealth is hard to come by, but poverty is always at hand. Ibid., p 49.
368. Possessions are sparrows in flight that can find no place to alight. Ibid., p 50.
369. “Knowing proverbs and using them appropriately . . .” Penfield, Joyce. Communicating with Quotes: The Igbo Case. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983, p. 70.
370. Proverbs feature prominently in court cases. Finnegan, Ruth. “Proverbs in Africa.” In: The Wisdom of Many: Essays on the Proverb. Mieder, Wolfgang, and Dundes, Alan, eds. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994, p. 27.
371. If you visit the home of the toads, stoop. Ibid., p. 28.
372. If something that demands a proverb happens . . . Nwachukwu-Agbada, J. O. J. “The Proverb in the Igbo Milieu.” Anthropos 89, 1994, p. 197.
373. Psychologist Daniel Stalder asked university students in one study to read stories . . . Stalder, Daniel R. “The Power of Proverbs: Dissonance Reduction through Common Sayings.” Current Research in Social Psychology 15, 2009, pp. 72-81.
374. “The nature of human institutions presupposes a conceptual language . . .” Vico, Giambattista. New Science, p. 84.
375. British gardening metaphors and French food metaphors. Cited in: Deignan, Alice. “Corpus Linguistics and Metaphor.” In: The Cambridge Handbook of Metaphor and Thought. Gibbs, Raymond W., Jr., ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 289.
376. “Spill the beans” is used metaphorically more than 99 percent of the time. Knowles, Murray, and Moon, Rosamund. Introducing Metaphor. London: Routledge, 2006, p. 58. See also: Gibbs, Raymond W., Jr. and O’Brien, Jennifer E. “Idioms and Mental Imagery: The Metaphorical Motivation for Idiomatic Meaning.” Cognition 36, 1, 1990, pp. 35–68.
377. American and British images of spilled beans. Knowles, Murray, and Moon, Rosamund. Introducing Metaphor, p. 49.
378. Pieter Bruegel the Elder’s Netherlandish Proverbs. Dundes, Alan and Stibbe, Claudia A. “The Art of Mixing Metaphors: A Folkloristic Interpretation of the Netherlandish Proverbs by Pieter Bruegel the Elder.” FF Communications XCVII, 230, 1981, pp. 3–71.
379. Dutch proverbs. See: Stoett, F. A. Klein Spreekwoordenboek der Nederlandse Taal. Zutphen, The Netherlands: Thieme-Zutphen, 1984.
380. Dutch and Afrikaans windmill proverbs. Dirven, René. Metaphor and Nation: Metaphors Afrikaners Live By. Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1994, p. 24–25.
381. Dutch foxes (De vos verliest wel zijn haar, maar niet zijn streken) and Afrikaans jackals (Die jakkals verander van haar, maar nie van snaar). Ibid., p. 26–27.
382. “For a fable, all the persons must be impersonal.” Aesop. Aesop’s Fables, p. 17.
383. The farmer and his prize chickens. Paraphrased from: McPherson, James M. Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, pp. 98–99.
384. “Mighty darn good lies.” Ibid., p. 100.
385. “No man could tell a story as well as he could.” Kaplan, Fred. Lincoln: The Biography of a Writer. New York: HarperCollins, 2010, p. 66.
386. “I was not satisfied . . .” McPherson, James M. Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution, pp. 97–98.
387. “Whenever Gutei Osho was asked about Zen . . .” Geary, James. Geary’s Guide to the World’s Great Aphorists, p. 258.
388. Nasrudin sometimes took people for trips in his boat. Paraphrased from: Shah, Idries. The Exploits of the Incomparable Mulla Nasrudin. London: Picador, 1973, p. 18.
389. The Igbo call proverbs “riddles.” Monye, Ambrose Adikamkwu. Proverbs in African Orature: The Aniocha-Igbo Experience. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996, p. 41.
390. “Metaphors only seem to describe the outer world of time and place.” Campbell, Joseph. Thou Art That: Transforming Religious Metaphor. Novato, CA: New World Library, 2001. p. 7.
391. “Bees make honey . . .” Chhandogya Upanishad VI, IX, 1–2. Available at the Vedanta Spiritual Library, http://www.celextel.org/108upanishads/chandogya.html?page=6.
392. “These eastern rivers flow . . .” Ibid., VI, X, 1–2.
393. Uddilaka told Svetaketu to put some salt into water. Ibid., VI, XIII, 1–2.
394. “Supersensitive to beauty but . . .” Quoted in: Kermode, Frank. Wallace Stevens. London: Faber and Faber, 1989, p. 6.
395. “The creation of resemblance by the imagination.” Stevens, Wallace. The Necessary Angel: Essays on Reality and the Imagination. New York: Vintage Books, 1951, p. 72.
396. “Its singularity . . .” Ibid., p. 77.
397. “Metaphor creates a new reality . . .” Stevens, Wallace. Opus Posthumous. New York: Vintage Books, 1982, p. 169.
398. “We noticed that . . .” Gordon, William J. J. Synectics: The Development of Creative Capacity. New York: Harper & Row, 1961, pp. 27–28.
399. “One identifies oneself . . .” Cited in: Raudsepp, Eugene. “Synectics.” In: Metaphor and Metaphorology: A Selective Genealogy of Philosophical and Linguistic Conceptions of Metaphor from Aristotle to the 1990s. Taverniers, Miriam, ed. Ghent, Belgium: Academia Press, 2002, p. 143.
400. “Ultimate solutions to problems . . .” Gordon, William J. J. Synectics, p. 11.
401. “Strange words simply puzzle us . . .” Aristotle. The Rhetoric and the Poetics of Aristotle, p. 186.
402. “Art removes objects from the automatism of perception.” Shklovsky, Victor. “Art as Technique.” In: Russian Formalist Criticism: Four Essays. Translated and with an Introduction by Lee T. Melon and Marion J. Reis. Lincoln/London: University of Nebraska Press, 1965, p. 13.
403. “The technique of art is to make objects ‘unfamiliar.’” Ibid., p. 12.
404. “Innovation inspired by nature.” See: Benyus, Janine. Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. New York: Harper Perennial, 2002.
405. “Animals, plants, and microbes are the consummate engineers.” See: “What Do You Mean by the Term Biomimicry?” Available at http://www.biomimicryinstitute.org/about-us/what-do-you-mean-by-the-term-biomimicry.html.
406. Sharklet Technologies. See: http://www.sharklet.com/technology.
407. “I follow the way back from the basket to the rib cage . . .” Cited in: Müller, Cornelia. Metaphors Dead and Alive, Sleeping and Waking: A Dynamic View, p. 111.
408. “Electrical fluid agrees with lightning . . .” Cited in: Holyoak, Keith J., and Thagard, Paul. Mental Leaps: Analogy in Creative Thought, p. 185.
409. “That class of the frightening . . .” Freud, Sigmund. “The ‘Uncanny.’ ” In: Art and Literature. London: Penguin, 1990, p. 340.
410. “An uncanny effect . . .” Ibid., p. 367.
411. “I noticed, if I didn’t force people . . .” Tompkins, Penny, and Lawley, James. “And, What Kind of a Man Is David Grove?” Rapport 33, 1996. Available at http://www.cleanlanguage.co.uk/articles/articles/37/1/And-what-kind-of-a-man-is-David-Grove/Page1.html.
412. A study of fifty-six patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery. Juergens, Meike, et al. “Illness Beliefs before Cardiac Surgery Predict Disability, Quality of Life, and Depression 3 Months Later.” Journal of Psychosomatic Research, in press.
413. Nurses trained in clean language reported that patients felt better understood. Tompkins, Penny, and Lawley, James. “The Mind, Metaphor and Health.” Available at http://www.cleanlanguage.co.uk/articles/articles/23/1/The-Mind-Metaphor-and-Health/Page1.html.
414. “Images have a life of their own . . .” Jung, Carl Gustav. Jung on Active Imagination. Key Readings Selected and Introduced by Joan Chodorow. London: Routledge, 1997, p. 145.
415. “Start with any image . . .” Ibid., p. 164.
416. “Interrogate the metaphor . . .” Cited in a speech by James Lawley, Clean Language Conference, June 21–22, 2008, London.
417. The twelve basic clean questions. Lawley, James, and Tompkins, Penny. Metaphors in Mind: Transformation through Symbolic Modelling. London: The Developing Company Press, 2000, p. 54.
418. “Questions couched in ‘normal’ la
nguage . . .” Grove, David J., and Panzer, B. I. Resolving Traumatic Memories: Metaphors and Symbols in Psychotherapy. New York: Irvington Publishers, 1989, p. 13.
419. “Our questions will have given a form . . .” Ibid., pp. 10–11.
420. Work is war. Cited in Lawley, James, and Tompkins, Penny. “Coaching with Metaphor.” Available at http://www.cleanlanguage.co.uk/articles/articles/127/1/Coaching-with-Metaphor/Page1.html.
421. Working with one teenage boy who had a long history of getting into fistfights . . . Walker, Caitlin. “Breathing in Blue by Clapton Duck Pond: Facilitating Pattern Detection with ‘At-Risk’ Teenagers.” Counseling Children and Young People, 2006.
422. Milton Erickson and the cacti. Battino, Rubin. Metaphoria: Metaphor and Guided Metaphor for Psychotherapy and Healing. Carmarthen, Wales: Crown House, 2005, p. 211.
423. “Ambiguous-function assignments.” Ibid., p. 211.
424. Researchers in Singapore and Canada devised an ambiguous-function assignment of their own. Li, Xiuping, Wei, Liyuan, and Soman, Dilip. “Sealing the Emotions Genie: The Effects of Physical Enclosure on Psychological Closure.” Psychological Science, July 9, 2010, doi: 10.1177/0956797610376653.
425. Grove’s version of ambiguous-function assignments. Grove, David J., and Panzer, B. I. Resolving Traumatic Memories: Metaphors and Symbols in Psychotherapy, pp. 84–86.
426. “At Melville’s Tomb.” Crane, Hart. The Complete Poems and Selected Letters and Prose of Hart Crane. Edited with an introduction and notes by Brom Weber. New York: Liveright Publishing Corp., 1966, p. 34.
427. “A sigh is a sword of an Angel King” and “Every street lamp that I pass . . .” Ibid., p. 236.
428. “As a poet I may very possibly be more interested . . .” Ibid., pp. 234–235.
429. The “logic of metaphor.” Ibid., p. 221.
430. “This water-course, having divers bridges . . .” Cited in: Barton, Nicholas. The Lost Rivers of London. London: Phoenix House Limited/Leicester University Press, 1962, p. 21.
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Epigraph
Foreword: Why I Is an Other
Metaphor and Thought: All Shook Up
Metaphor and Etymology: Language Is Fossil Poetry
Metaphor and Money: How High Can a Dead Cat Bounce?
Metaphor and the Mind: Imagining an Apple in Someone’s Eye
Metaphor and Advertising: Imaginary Gardens with Real Toads in Them
Metaphor and the Brain: Bright Sneezes and Loud Sunlight
Metaphor and the Body: Anger Is a Heated Fluid in a Container
Metaphor and Politics: Freedom Fries and Liberty Cabbage
Metaphor and Pleasure: Experience Is a Comb That Nature Gives to Bald Men
Metaphor and Children: How Should One Refer to the Sky?
Metaphor and Science: The Earth Is Like a Rice Pudding
Metaphor and Parables and Proverbs: Mighty Darn Good Lies
Metaphor and Innovation: Make It Strange
Metaphor and Psychology: A Little Splash of Color from My Mother
Backword: The Logic of Metaphor
Bibliography
Index
Acknowledgments
Also by James Geary
Copyright
About the Publisher
