by Burch, Druin
(with P.J. Pelletier) ‘Chemical Researches on the Quinuinas’ 49
CD4 cells 277–8
celery 12
cell surface receptor 103
Celsus 27, 238–9
Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 50
Chain, Ernest 147, 148
Chan, An-Wen 298–9
Charité Hospital (Berlin) 92
Charles II 45, 46
Charles V, Emperor 56
chemical weapons 105
Chemie Grünenthal 205–8, 210–11
chemistry 49, 64–70, 82, 84–5, 89, 90, 117, 120, 206, 303
chemotherapy 100
chest infections 6, 296
childhood cancers 272–4, 275–6
childhood deaths 6–7
chilli peppers 15
China, Chinese 5, 50, 54–5
Chipping Norton 60, 61–2
chlorine gas 105
chloroform 121
cholera 91, 126
cinchona floribunda (Quinquina of St Domingo) 67 and note
cinchona (Jesuits’ Bark) 39, 43, 47, 48, 49–50, 51–2, 61, 62, 63, 65–6, 67, 70, 77, 121, 124, 140
cinnabar 87
cinnamon 12, 32
citrus fruit 28, 158
Civil War (English) 30, 43
Clark, William 290
clinical epidemiology 291
clinical trials 163–5, 272, 273–4, 298, 304
cloves 32, 60
CNN 274
coal tar 80, 81, 83, 84, 90, 95, 111n, 113, 114, 231
coal-tar benzene 232
Cobbett, William 280, 281–2, 283, 286–9
coca 32
cochineal 88, 111n
Cochrane, Archibald Leman 159–69, 192–9, 247, 249, 250–1, 251, 254, 291
Effectiveness & Efficiency 198–9, 302
Cochrane Collaboration 299–300
Code of Hammurabi 200
codeine 117
coffee 47
colchicine 21
Colebrook, Leonard 134–7 and note, 146
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 18, 32
Collins, Rory 259
Cologne 111, 208
Columbia University 303
compassionate use exemptions 265–6
Contergan, see Thalidomide
contraceptives 20–1
Cope, Sir Jonathan 60
copper sulphate 42
cork 86
coronary care units (CCU) 195–8
Corti, Marquis Alfonso 89
corticosteroids 227–8
coughs 117, 118
coumarins 241
Cowan, John 131, 132, 133, 136
cows 241
cramp 220, 254
CRASH trial 229 and note
Craven, Lawrence 240–5, 252
Crete 161–2
crocodile dung 21
crocus 21, 87
Crofton, John 190–1, 247
Cromwell, Oliver 43 and note
cyclo-oxygenase 239
Darmstadt 117
Darwin, Charles 122, 171
Darwin, Erasmus 171
Declaration of Helsinki (1964) 217–18, 225
Declaration of Independence (US) 281
Denmark 155, 298
depletion therapy 286
depression 18, 82, 297, 298, 300
Derosne, Charles 68
Detroit study 155–6
diabetes 129
diacetylmorphine (diamorphine) 117, 118
diarrhoea 18, 19, 21, 31, 47, 54, 97, 106, 288
Dickens, Charles, All the Year Round 84
dicoumarol 240–2, 255
diet 11, 125, 170
diethylene glycol 203–4, 208–9
Digby, Everard 42 and note
Digby, Kenelm 42–3
The Closet of the Eminently Learned Sir Kenelme Digbie Knight Opened 42
digitalis 236, 237
digoxin 236, 237
dill 12
Dioscorides 16, 62–3
diphtheria 93, 95, 128
disinfection 114
Distillers 211–12
diuretics 20, 121
doctrine of signatures 27–8
dogs 117, 205
Doll, Richard 161, 183, 236, 250
Domagk, Gerhard 126, 127–8, 132–5, 137, 140, 146
Domagk, Hildegarde 128, 138–9
Donaldson, I.M.L 55
Dormandy, Thomas 6
Dreser, Heinrich 114, 115
dressings 21, 43, 56, 57–8, 113, 122, 143, 144, 168, 175
drug addiction 118 and note
drug trials, tests 115, 127, 129–39, 140, 144–5, 145, 146, 153, 154, 155–6, 179–83, 185–98, 207, 215, 216–17, 218, 221, 223, 225–30, 234, 236, 237, 238, 242–4, 247, 247–51, 259–61, 266, 266–9, 271–9, 297
see also randomised controlled trials (RCTs)
Duchesne, Ernest, Contribution à l’étude de la concurrence vitale chez les microorganismes . . . 142
Duisberg, Carl 112, 115, 116, 117, 126, 127
dysentery 126
École de Médecine 71
Edinburgh 131, 157, 283
Edison, Thomas 231–2
Egypt 92, 161
Egyptians (ancient) 4–5, 6, 12–13, 18, 22, 51, 62, 198
Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried 89
Ehrlich, Paul 90, 91–5, 100, 101–4, 126, 127, 140, 202, 214
Eichengrün, Arthur 114–15
Einstein, Albert 171, 303
elder 86
elderberry, oil of 56
electrocardiograms 192
Elsterhorst (German prisoner-of-war camp) 165, 166
Elwood, Peter 247–51, 254, 256
emetics 20
encainide 268–9
enzymes 141
erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) 219–21, 222–3
ethics 185–6, 189–90, 206, 229, 260, 269, 271–2, 274–9
eukaryotes 13
evidence-based medicine (EBM) 9, 291–301
Exostemma floribundum 67n
experiments 23–6, 28, 45, 52–9, 72–4, 129–32, 134–7, 303–4, 305
eyes 144, 145
Faraday, Michael 85
Farben (I.G.) 126, 127, 132, 133, 134, 135, 234–6
Farbenfabriken vormals Friedrich Bayer & Company 111
Farbwerke, vorm. Meister, Lucius & Brüning 107–8 and note
Fawkes, Guy 42
febrifuges 20
fertiliser 105
fever 47–8, 59, 72, 98, 107, 109, 115, 128, 140, 222, 238, 283
figs 12, 51
First World War 126–7, 132, 141, 173, 179, 231–2, 234, 240
Fischer, Emil 107
Fischer, Ernst Otto 107
Fisher, Reginald Aylmer 178–9
flecainide 266–7, 268–9
Fleming, Alexander 141–4, 147, 148
‘On the Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium . . .’ 144
Florey, Howard 147–9, 150
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 203–4, 208–10, 212, 213, 222–3, 225–6, 255–7, 259, 265, 267, 297–8, 300
Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (US, 1938) 204–5
Food and Drugs Act (US, 1906) 202–3, 204
Fourcroy, Antoine François 65–6, 67
France, French 5, 44, 47n, 48, 68, 70, 72, 90, 100, 135, 141, 173, 219, 278
Franklin, Benjamin 66, 280
French Revolution 282, 287
Freud, Sigmund 159
Galashiels 159
Galen 19, 20, 28, 37–9, 40n, 44, 53, 59, 62, 125, 175, 198, 303
Galileo Galilei 40
Gallipoli 173
Galton, Francis 120–5, 170, 197
gangrene 126
gaslight 80
gastro-intestinal bleeding 296
Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis 68–9
General Paralysis of the Insane 103
Gerhardt, Charles 106, 114, 231
germ theory 127
germ warfare 152, 272n
German Society for the Fight Against Venereal Disease 214
/>
Germany, Germans 70, 85, 89, 91, 96, 107, 144, 152, 161–8, 210, 213, 214–17, 231–2, 234–6
ginseng 55, 73–4
glandular fever 295
Glasgow 65, 161
Gleichen, Wilhelm Friedrich von 88
Goethe, J.W. von, Faust 32
gold 27, 28, 132–3, 155, 185
gonorrhoea 145
gout 21, 31
grease 51
Great Exhibition (1851) 84
Great Ormond Street Children’s Hospital 294
Greeks (ancient) 5, 22, 23, 28
Greenwood, Major 171–3
Guillotin, Joseph Ignace 66
guinea pigs 104, 153, 154, 205
Guinness 9
gunshot wounds 55–7
gynaecology 294
Haber, Fritz 105
Haber-Bosch process 105
Hahnemann, Samuel 77
hallucination 19
Hamilton Depression Scale 300
happiness 18
Harvard Medical School 302
Harvard University 71, 74, 87, 152
Harvey, William 25, 26
Hata, Sacachiro 103
hay 241
head injuries 227–8
headache 98, 226, 227
heart attacks (coronary thrombosis) 242–3, 244, 247–52, 255, 260
heart disease 236–8, 239–40, 245, 258, 263–70
heart rate 9–10
hearts 119
Heatley, Norman 147, 148, 150, 151
Hebrew University (Jerusalem) 104
Heidelberg 90, 105
henbane 16
Henry, Patrick 281
Hepp, Paul 109–10
herbs 51, 158
heroin 32, 118–19, 237
Hill, Austin Bradford 168, 173–8, 183, 185, 189, 191, 197, 198–9, 236
Principles of Medical Statistics 174, 188
Hill, John, The Construction of Timber 88
Hill, Leonard 171–2, 173
Hippocrates 38, 175, 198
Hitler, Adolf 139, 148
HIV 222, 277–9
Hoechst 102, 108 and note, 109, 110, 116
Hoffmann, Felix 117
Hofmann, August Wilhelm von 80–2, 85, 90, 105
Hofmann Violet 84
Holmes, Oliver Wendell 33, 71, 72, 74–9, 134, 149, 264, 286
‘Old Ironsides’ 71
The Autocrat at the Breakfast Table 75
homeopathy 77 and note
Homer 16
honey 51
Hooke, Robert 86
hormone replacement therapy (HRT) 296–7
hormones 236, 239, 296
horses 128, 132
hunter-gatherers 11, 13
hygiene 11, 127, 134, 137, 170
Ibn Hindu (Abu al-Faraj Ali ibn al-Husayn) 53–4
Ibuprofen 138n
Imhotep 5, 198
immunity 128
India, Indian 5, 50
indigo 88, 111n
industrial chemistry 85, 90
infection 6, 9, 20, 26, 38, 39, 47, 48, 51, 58, 73, 75, 90, 93, 94, 103, 121, 126–9, 135, 137, 138, 144–5, 150, 165, 170, 227, 232, 238, 285
inflammation 227, 233, 238–9, 288
influenza 110, 232–4
Innocent X, Pope 41
insomnia 52
Institute for Infectious Diseases (Germany) 92
Institute of Serum Research and Examination (Berlin) 95
Institute of Spotted Fever and Virus Research 206
insulin 129, 295
International Journal for Quality in Health Care 294
International Study of Infarct Survival see ISIS-2 trial
Iowa 240
Iraq 11, 25
ISIS-2 trial 260–1, 272
Israel 219
Italy, Italians 5, 70
James Hopkins University 38
jaundice 27
Java 50
Jefferson, Thomas 281, 287, 288
Notes on Virginia 289
Jeffreys, Diarmuid 12, 232–3
Aspirin 256–7
Jenner, Edward 128, 214
Jerusalem Hospital for Hansen’s Disease 219, 220
Jesuit powder see pulvis Jesuiticus
Jesuits 40–1
Jesuits’ Bark see cinchona
Jick, Herschel 247–8
John Radcliffe Hospital (Oxford) 293
joint pain 128
Jonson, Ben 42
Journal of the American Medical Association 292, 298
Julius II, Pope 55
juniper 12, 51
Kairin 108, 116
Kalle & Co. 110
Kefauver, Senator Estes 205, 212
Kefauver-Harris Amendment (1962) 212
Kekulé, 90
Kelsey, Frances Oldham 208–9
Kennedy, John F. 212
Kentucky 156
Kew Gardens see Royal Botanical Gardens (Kew)
Khan, Aamir 294
Khan, Gabriel, Encyclopedia of Heart Diseases (2005) 246, 254–5, 258
kidney stone 83
kina-kina see cinchona
Kirsch, Irving 300–1
Koch, Robert 90, 91, 92, 99, 165, 167
Koenigs, Wilhelm 107
Kolbe, Hermann 114
Koyama, Hiroshi 294, 295
Kumar, Ambuj 275, 277
Kussmaul, Adolf 109
Kyoto University Hospital 294
Lai, Timothy 295
Lake Victoria 100
Lancet 107, 111n, 136, 174, 177, 210, 229n, 246, 292–3, 294
laudanum 18, 28–9, 31, 32
laurel seeds 54
Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent 66–7
Lax, Eric, The Mould in Dr Florey’s Coat 148, 150
laxatives 284, 285, 290
lead 20, 71
leeches 8, 9, 26, 31, 33, 71–2, 269, 303
Leeds 294, 295
Leeuwenhoek, 86–7, 88, 123
legislation see regulation
lemon juice 46
Lenz, Wedekind 210, 211
Leopold, Archduke of Austria 41
leprosy 219–20, 222
Leroux, Henri 106
lettuce 6
Lewis, Frederick 87
Lewis, Merriwether 289–90
Lewis study (1983) 254
lifespan 11, 13
lignocaine 8
Lind, James 157–9, 163
Link, Karl 241
linseed oil 56
liquorice 121
Lister, Sir Joseph 113, 121, 143
Livingstone, David 96–9
Expedition to the Zambesi 97
lobar pneumonia 129
Locke, John 30
London 116, 131, 283
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine 161, 168, 172
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth 75
Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre 71–4, 78–9
Louis XIV 46–7
Louis XVI 66
Lowell, James Russell 75
Lower, Dr 46
Lowig, Karl 114n
Lown, Bernard 264
Lugo, Cardinal Juan de 40, 41
lung deflation 165, 166
lysozymes 141
McBride, William 210
McCrae, John, ‘In Flanders Fields’ 17
Maclagan, Thomas 107
McMaster University (Canada) 292
madder 86, 87, 111n
Magdalen College (Oxford) 147
Maggraf, Andreas Sigismund 65
magic bullets 93, 103, 132, 219, 220
Magnoliophyta 13
Magnoliopsida 13
malaria 39–50, 61, 95, 97, 106, 124, 140
Malta 99
Malta fever 99
Manhattan Project 151
Markham, Clements 50
Marseilles 219
Massachusetts Medical Society 75
Massengill Company (Bristol, Tennessee) 203–4
mast cells 94
materia medica 75–6
Mayo Clinic 153
/> meadowsweet (Spirea ulmaria) 114n, 115
measles 128
meat 51
meat broth 145
Medical Care 291
Medical Research Council (MRC) 131, 148, 177, 180–3, 185–6, 187–8, 189, 190–1, 196, 199, 247, 248, 250, 256
Medical Research Council Statistical Committee 172
Medical Research Council Therapeutic Trials Committee 129–30
medical tests 172–3
medicine 121–5
Meer, Fritz ter 235–6
Meigs, Charles 75
Mengele, Josef 216, 235
meningitis 18, 52, 53, 117, 180, 238
meningococcal meningitis 137
Merck (company) 117–18, 150, 152
Merck, Emanuel 117
Merck, George 152
Merck, George W. 152, 153, 272n
mercury 21, 284, 285, 290
Mering, Joseph von 112, 113, 117–18
Mesmer, Franz 66
methylene blue 90, 91–2, 94, 95
Mexican pokeweed berry 87
mice 132–3, 135, 143, 205
micro-organisms 91, 113, 142
microbes 142
microbiology 91, 303
microscope 86, 89, 91, 123
Microscopical Society 89
milk 12, 51
Miller, Anne 150–1
Minnesota 240
Mississippi Valley Medical Journal 242
molecular receptors 32
Molière 8
Le Malade imaginaire 29
Moore, Thomas 264
Deadly Medicine 267, 270
moricizine 268–9
morphine 15, 18, 32, 69, 116, 117, 119, 220, 237
morphine, acetylated 117, 118
mosquitoes 39, 42, 282
mothballs 109
mould 141–2, 143, 145, 148, 150, 241
mouth ulcers 222
Mozes, Eva 235
Mückter, Heinrich 206, 208, 210, 211
mud 51, 111n
mumps 128
Murciélagos Cave (Spain) 17
Murdoch, William 80
Murex 82
murexide 82–3
mustard dressings 122
Mycobacterium tuberculosis 170
nagana 98, 99, 100
Nagana Red 102
naphthalene 109–10
Napoleon Bonaparte 48
napthalidine 83
narcotics 20
National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) 300–1
nausea 226, 227, 237
Nazis 234–5
Neisser, Albert 214–15
Nero, Emperor 18
New England Journal of Medicine 265, 273, 297
New York 104
New York Times 108–9, 245
New Zealand 250–1, 291
Newton, Sir Isaac 42
Nixon, Richard 272
Nobel Prizes 90, 93–4, 139, 154
Nuremberg code 216–17
Nuremberg trials 216, 226
Nurofen 138n
O’Brien, John 246–7, 248
obstetrics 294
Odyssey (Homer) 16
off-label prescriptions 223
oil 51
oil, boiling 55
