124 “The Future Is Now,” National Review, April 22, 2002, 15; David Pryce-Jones, “Priests of Killing,” National Review, April 22, 2002, 19–20; “No Propitiation,” National Review, April 8, 2002, 15–16; “Lost,” National Review, May 6, 2002, 14–15; Jay Nordlinger, “‘Two girls,’ the Prez and ‘I:’ Peres over Paris,” National Review Online, April 8, 2002; Jonah Goldberg, “Moral Styrofoam,” National Review Online, April 8, 2002; Editors, “The Future Is Now,” National Review Online, April 5, 2002; Michael Ledeen, “Gulled,” National Review Online, April 3, 2002; “Letter from the Project for the New American Century,” National Review Online, April 3, 2002; Victor Davis Hanson, “The 1930s, Again,” National Review Online, March 25, 2002; Editors, “No Propitiation,” National Review Online, March 25, 2002; William Safire, “Hamas vs. Abbas,” New York Times, May 1, 2003, 35; William Safire, “Man of Peace,” New York Times, May 6, 2002, 21.
125 David Brooks, “Keeping It Simple,” Daily Standard; Tom Rose, “A New Regime for the Palestinians? The Sharansky Plan Gains Traction,” Weekly Standard, May 20, 2002, 17; William Kristol, “Bush’s Speech,” Daily Standard, June 25, 2002.
126 Will, “The End of Our Holiday from History”; Ramesh Ponnuru, “Blame America First…or Israel – Whichever,” National Review, October 15, 2001, 30–32; David Pryce-Jones, “Why They Hate Us,” National Review, October 1, 2001, 8; Jay Nordlinger, “Thanks for the MEMRI (.org),” National Review, May 6, 2002, 33–35; Victor Davis Hanson, “And Then They Came after Us,” National Review Online, July 22, 2005.
127 Victor Davis Hanson, “Why Support Israel?” National Review, February 4, 2002; David Brooks “A Season of Cynicism,” Daily Standard, April 1, 2002; Fred Barnes, “Bush Stands with Israel: And against the State Department,” Weekly Standard, April 29, 2002, 12; Robert Kagan and William Kristol, “Back on Track?” Weekly Standard, April 29, 2002, 9; William Safire, “Our ‘Relentless’ Liberation,” New York Times, October 8, 2001, 17; George Will, “A Plan for Arafat,” Washington Post, December 4, 2001, A25; Norman Podhoretz, “World War IV: How It Started, What It Means, and Why We Have to Win,” Commentary, September 2004, 17–54; Michael Ledeen, “Books in Review: The War That Never Ended,” American Spectator, July–August 2002, 72–73.
128 Krauthammer, “Bibi’s Endgame.”
129 David Brooks, “Keeping It Simple,” The Daily Standard, June 25, 2002; Krauthammer, “Arafat’s War”; George Will, “A War and Then a Wall,” Washington Post, August 17, 2001, A23.
130 William Safire, “Win Some, Lose Some,” New York Times, January 24, 2005, 17; Norman Podhoretz, “Bush, Sharon, My Daughter, and Me,” Commentary, April 2005, 38–49.
131 Halkin, “Beyond the Geneva Accord”; Hillel Halkin, “Does Sharon Have a Plan?” Commentary, June 2004, 17–22.
132 Hillel Halkin, “Israel’s New Reality,” Commentary, October 2006, 21–27.
133 Dan Darling, “Hezbollah’s Arsenal; It’s More Lethal Than Everyone Thought,” Weekly Standard, July 31, 2006; Fred Barnes, “Letting Israel Be Israel; Bush’s Consistent Approach to War and Peace in the Middle East,” Weekly Standard, July 31, 2006; Philip Klein, “Let Israel Stay the Course,” American Spectator Online, August 7, 2006; R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr. “Cool under Pressure,” American Spectator Online, August 3, 2006; Jed Babbin, “Israel as George Bush,” American Spectator Online, July 31, 2006; Jed Babbin, “Endgame Conservatives, Chapter Two,” American Spectator Online, July 17, 2006.
134 “Dead Letter,” National Review, September 11, 2006, 14–15; David Pryce-Jones, “You Call That a War?” National Review, September 11, 2006. 17–18; “Losing in Lebanon,” National Review, August 28, 2006, 14, 16.
135 Reuel Marc Gerecht, “The Return of Weakness; President Obama Means Well. iran Doesn’t,” Weekly Standard, April 6, 2009; Elliott Abrams, “Bibi Speaks; Netanyahu Endorses a Demilitarized Palestinian State – Rejects Obama’s Call for a Settlement Freeze,” Weekly Standard, June 14, 2009.
136 Editors, “Praying for Handshakes and Empty Words,” National Review Online, November 27, 2007; Lee Smith, “The Price of Annapolis: Lebanese Democracy,” Daily Standard, November 30, 2007.
137 Clifford May, “The Battle of Gaza,” National Review Online, January 22, 2009; Andrew McCarthy, “Breaking the Will of the Palestinians,” National Review Online, January 6, 2009; Mona Charen, “What Good Can Come of This?” National Review Online, January 6, 2009; Clifford May, “Peace Processing 101,” National Review Online, February 19, 2009; Victor Davis Hanson, “The Gaza Rules,” National Review Online, January 3, 2009.
138 The Mideast: Clinton’s Dreamscape,” National Review, July 31, 2000, 12; “The Middle East: Dancing at Camp David,” National Review, August 14, 2000, 16–17.
139 Buckley, “The End of Arafat.”
140 William F. Buckley Jr., “Sharon’s Contribution,” National Review, May 6, 2002, 55; William F. Buckley Jr., “Did the Israelis Do It?” National Review Online, May 3, 2002.
141 William F. Buckley Jr., “The Bush Initiative,” National Review, July 29, 2002, 54–55; William F. Buckley Jr., “Palestine: Essays in Democracy,” National Review, September 2, 2002, 50.
142 William F. Buckley Jr., “Where Do We Go from Here?” National Review, November 6, 2000, 71; William F. Buckley Jr., “Israeli/Arab Primer,” National Review, January 22, 2001, 59; William F. Buckley Jr., “Mare’s-Nest in Durban,” National Review Online, September 4, 2001; William F. Buckley Jr., “The War Parties at Work,” National Review, August 28, 2001; William F. Buckley Jr., “Road Map for Israel,” National Review, May 19, 2003, 66–67.
143 “Palestinian Suicide,” National Review, September 3, 2001, 14–15. For an opposing view that took a positive view of the Jewish settler presence, see David Klinghoffer, “No Place for Mortals,” National Review, February 5, 2001, 53–55.
144 “Road Map to Chaos,” National Review, October 13, 2003, 63.
145 David Pryce-Jones, “Unsettled Settlers,” National Review, August 29, 2005, 26–27; “A Leader’s Courage,” National Review, January 30, 2006, 17.
146 Jay Nordlinger, “All the Gaps Are Bridgeable,” National Review, June 8, 2009, 26–27; Jay Nordlinger, “Davos in the Desert, Part III,” National Review Online, May 20, 2009; Jay Nordlinger, “Sharm El Sheikh Journal, Part II,” National Review Online, May 20, 2008; Jay Nordlinger, “Tzipi, Bibi and Co.,” National Review Online, February 24, 2009.
147 Pat Buchanan, “Israel’s Remaining Options … and Ours,” Townhall.com, December 5, 2011, http://townhall.com/columnists/PatBuchanan/2001/12/05/israels_remaining_optionsand_ours/page/full/; Scott McConnell, “A Friend’s Lament,” American Conservative, May 24, 2004; Michael Desch, “The Peace That Failed,” American Conservative, November 8, 2004.
148 Buchanan, “The Prisoner of Sharon”; Patrick J. Buchanan, “Palestinians Are Winning,” WND, April 2, 2002, http://www.wnd.com/2002/04/13362/.
149 Christopher Layne, “Balancing Act,” American Conservative, September 10, 2007.
150 Buchanan, “The Prisoner of Sharon.”
151 Buchanan, “Israel’s Isolation…and Ours.”
152 Patrick Buchanan, “Mideast Peace an Illusion?” Patrick J. Buchanan – Official Website, October 20, 2001, http://buchanan.org/blog/pjb-mideast-peace-an-illusion-395; Patrick J. Buchanan, “Peace Plan for the Holy Land,” WND, December 27, 2001, http://www.wnd.com/2001/12/12174/.
153 Buchanan, “Islamo-fascism?”; see also Brzezinski and Scowcroft, America and the World, 84–85; Adam Kushner, “A Return to Realism,” Newsweek International, January 26, 2009; “Report: U.S. Officials Urge Obama to Engage Hamas,” Haaretz, March 26, 2009.
154 Philip Weiss, “The Long Fuse to the Iraq War,” American Conservative, January 28, 2008; John Mearsheimer, “Saving Israel from Itself,” American Conservative, May 18, 2009; Andrew Bacevich, “Middle East Paradigm Shift,” American Conservative, August 1, 2005.
155 Philip Weiss, “Looking into the Lobby,” American Conservative, June 3
0, 2008.
156 Buchanan, “Whose War?”
157 Ibid.; Philip Weiss, “Mondoweiss, Chapter One,” American Conservative, June 4, 2007; Justin Raimondo, “AIPAC on Trial,” American Conservative, May 7, 2007.
158 Mearsheimer and Walt, The Israel Lobby.
159 “In Shift from Bush Era, More Conservatives Say ‘Come Home, America,’” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, June 16, 2011, http://www.people-press.org/2011/06/16/in-shift-from-bush-era-more-conservatives-say-come-home-america/.
160 “U.S. Seen as Less Important, China as More Powerful,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, December 3, 2009, http://people-press.org/2009/12/03/us-seen-as-less-important-china-as-more-powerful/.
161 Constrained Internationalism: Adapting to New Realities: Results of a 2010 National Survey of American Public Opinion (Chicago: The Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 2010), 78, http://www.thechicagocouncil.org/UserFiles/File/POS_Topline%20Reports/POS%202010/Global%20Views%202010.pdf; “Beyond Red vs. Blue: Political Typology,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, May 4, 2011, http://people-press.org/files/legacy-pdf/Beyond-Red-vs-Blue-The-Political-Typology.pdf; “Views of Middle East Unchanged by Recent Events.” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, June 10, 2011, http://www.people-press.org/2011/06/10/views-of-middle-east-unchanged-by-recent-events/.
162 “Independents Take Center Stage in Obama Era.”
163 “Continuing Divide in Views of Islam and Violence,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, March 9, 2011, http://www.people-press.org/2011/03/09/continuing-divide-in-views-of-islam-and-violence/, http://www.people-press.org/2002/03/20/part-2-views-of-islam-and-religion-in-the-world/; “Public Expresses Mixed Views of Islam, Mormonism.”
164 “More See America’s Loss of Global Respect as Major Problem,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, June 16, 2008, http://people-press.org/2008/06/16/more-see-americas-loss-of-global-respect-as-major-problem/; “U.S. Seen as Less Important, China as More Powerful.”
165 “Americans Closely Divided over Israel’s Gaza Attacks”, Rasmussen Reports, December 31, 2008, http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/israel_the_middle_east/americans_closely_divided_over_israel_s_gaza_attacks.
166 Survey conducted in December 2010 by Public Opinion Strategies and Greenberg, Quinlin, Rosner Research for the Israel Project.
167 Eytan Gilboa, American Public Opinion toward Israel and the Arab-Israeli Conflict (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1987), 294; Nimrod Novik, The United States and Israel: Domestic Determinants of a Changing U.S. Commitment (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986), 21; “Modest Backing for Israel in Gaza Crisis”; America’s Place in the World 2009, Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, December 2009, 37, http://people-press.org/files/legacy-pdf/569.pdf; “Ideological Gaps over Israel on Both Sides of Atlantic,” Pew Research Global Attitudes Project, January 29, 2009, http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1097/america-europe-ideological-gaps-over-israel.
168 Saad, “Support for Israel in U.S. at 63%, Near Record High.”
169 David W. Moore, “Americans Skeptical Either Side in Palestinian-Israeli Conflict Wants Peace,” Gallup, June 11, 2002, http://www.gallup.com/poll/6193/Americans-Skeptical-Either-Side-PalestinianIsraeli-Conflict-Wants-Peace.aspx.
170 See the survey of registered voters conducted by Public Opinion Strategies for the Israel Project, April 5–7, 2011, http://www.theisraelproject.org/atf/cf/%7B84dc5887-741e-4056-8d91-a389164bc94e%7D/042011_US_NATIONAL_CHARTS.PDF. Independents’ opinion was in the middle, but closer to the Democrats.
171 Jeffrey M. Jones, “Americans Continue to Be Pessimistic About Middle East Peace,” Gallup, March 13, 2007, http://www.gallup.com/poll/26860/americans-continue-pessimistic-about-middle-east-peace.aspx.
172 However, when the question was phrased so that Israeli control was linked to Israel “keeping all the Christian, Muslim, and Jewish holy sites open and safe for all faiths,” the position of Democrats reversed, with over half supporting complete Israeli control and just over a quarter favoring division. See the survey of registered voters conducted by Public Opinion Strategies for the Israel Project, December 12–14, 2010.
173 Jeffrey M. Jones, “Nearly Half of Americans Favor Independent Palestinian State” Gallup, June 3, 2002, http://www.gallup.com/poll/6115/Nearly-Half-Americans-Favor-Independent-Palestinian-State.aspx; Lydia Saad, “Americans Remain Skeptical about Middle East Peace,” Gallup, June 4, 2009, http://www.gallup.com/poll/120728/americans-remain-skeptical-middle-east-peace.aspx.
174 The Doha Debates: Should the U.S. “Get Tough with Israel,” Zogby International, April 2009, http://www.aaiusa.org/page/-/Polls/ArabAmericanOpinion/DohaDebates_2009.pdf.
175 Moore, “Americans Skeptical Either Side in Palestinian-Israeli Conflict Wants Peace.” A similar divide was already apparent on this issue in April 2002; see “Questions and Answers about American Public Opinion and the Middle East,” Gallup, April 10, 2002, http://www.gallup.com/poll/5596/questions-answers-about-american-public-opinion-middle-east.aspx.
176 “American Attitudes Hold Steady in Face of Foreign Crises,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, August 17, 2006, http://people-press.org/2006/08/17/american-attitudes-hold-steady-in-face-of-foreign-crises/; “Modest Backing for Israel in Gaza Crisis.”
177 “Most Americans Favor End to U.S. Foreign Aid to Middle East, Except Israel,” Rasmussen Reports, February 25, 2011, http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/politics/current_events/israel_the_middle_east/most_americans_favor_end_to_u_s_foreign_aid_to_middle_east_except_israel.
178 Jonathan Rynhold, “The U.S. and the Middle East Peace Process: Conflict Management vs. Conflict Resolution,” in Efraim Inbar and Eytan Gilboa, eds., U.S.-Israeli Relations in a New Era (London: Routledge, 2009), 140–157.
179 Author interview with Danielle Pletka, 2013. Pletka authored the MEPFA while serving as an advisor to Helms as a senior staff member on the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations (1992–2002).
180 Elizabeth A. Oldmixon, Beth A. Rosenson, and Kenneth D. Wald, “Conflict over Israel: The Role of Religion, Race, Party, and Ideology in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1997–2002,” Terrorism and Political Violence, 17, no. 3 (2005): 407–426. In the Senate, Republicans were more supportive of Israel throughout the 1990s; see Beth A. Rosenson, Elizabeth A. Oldmixon, and Kenneth D. Wald, “U.S. Senators’ Support for Israel Examined through Sponsorship/Cosponsorship Decisions, 1993–2002: The Influence of Elite and Constituent Factors,” Foreign Policy Analysis, 5, no. 1 (2009): 73–91.
181 Author interview with Lara Friedman, director of Policy and Government Relations, Americans for Peace Now, 2013.
182 Jonathan Rynhold, “Behind the Rhetoric: President Bush and U.S. Policy on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,” American Diplomacy, 10, no. 4 (2005); Robert O. Freedman, “George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict from 2001 to 2011,” in Robert O. Freedman, ed., Israel and the United States: Six Decades of U.S.-Israeli Relations (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2012); Elliot Abrams, Tested by Zion: The Bush Administration and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013), chapter 2.
183 George W. Bush, Decision Points (New York: Crown, 2010), 400.
184 “In Shift from Bush Era, More Conservatives Say ‘Come Home, America.”
185 Ron Kampeas, “Republicans ‘Starting from Zero’ Aid Proposal Startles Pro-Israel Community,” JTA, November 15, 2011.
186 Natasha Mozgovaya, “ADL Bid for U.S. Bipartisan Support for Israel Faces Staunch Resistance,” Haaretz, October 25, 2011.
3. Democrats, liberals, and the Left
1 Thomas L. Friedman, “Arafat’s War,” New York Times, October 13, 2000, 33.
2 Jimmy Carter, Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), 208–209.
3 Charles A. Kupchan and Peter L. Trubowitz, “Dead Center: The Demise of Liberal Internati
onalism in the United States,” International Security, 32, no. 2 (2007): 7–44; Peter Beinart, “When Politics No Longer Stops at the Water’s Edge: Partisan Polarization and Foreign Policy,” in Pietro S. Nivola and David W. Brady, eds., Red and Blue Nation? Vol. 2: Consequences and Correction of America’s Polarized Politics (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2008), 151–167.
4 Jack Snyder, Robert Y. Shapiro, and Yaeli Bloch-Elkon, “Free Hand Abroad, Divide and Rule at Home,” World Politics, 61, no. 1 (2009): 155–187.
5 Lydia Saad, “Conservatives Continue to Outnumber Moderates in 2010,” Gallup, December 16, 2010, http://www.gallup.com/poll/145271/conservatives-continue-outnumber-moderates-2010.aspx.
6 “Millennials in Adulthood: Millennials Less Conservative Than Older Generations,” Pew Research Social and Demographic Trends, March 5, 2014, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/03/07/millennials-in-adulthood/sdt-next-america-03-07-2014-1-06/; ‘The Millennials: Confident. Connected. Open to Change’ Pew Research Social and Demographic Trends, February 24, 2010, http://pewsocialtrends.org/2010/02/24/millennials-confident-connected-open-to-change/.
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