120 Eric Fingerhut, “J Street Confab Shows Generational Divide on Israel,” JTA, October 27, 2009.
121 Hilary Krieger, “J Street Branch Drops Pro-Israel Slogan,” Jerusalem Post, October 27, 2009.
122 Quoted in Traub, “The New Israel Lobby”; and in Yoffie, “On Gaza, Sense and Centrism.”
123 Ari Roth, “J Street Letter of Support on Discussing 7JC,” Theater J Blog, March 26, 2009, http://theaterjblogs.wordpress.com/2009/03/26/j-street-letter-of-support-on-discussing-7jc/.
124 Natasha Mozgovaya, “Israel Envoy Hosts J Street Chief in Bid to End Rift,” Haaretz, April 16, 2010; Natasha Mozgovaya, “Poet Booted from J Street Meet for Comparing Guantanamo to Auschwitz,” Haaretz, October 20, 2009; Eric Fingerhut, “J Street, B’nai B’rith Rip Toronto Film Festival Protests,” JTA, September 9, 2009; Nathan Guttman, “From the Left: J Street Moves to Center on Iran Sanctions,” Jewish Daily Forward, December 25, 2009.
125 Author interviews at the J Street U conference in Washington DC in 2013.
126 Wertheimer, Generation of Change.
127 Jack Wertheimer, “The Fragmentation of American Jewry and Its Leadership: Interview with Jack Wertheimer,” Changing Jewish Communities 29 (February 6, 2008), available at http://jcpa.org/article/the-fragmentation-of-american-jewry-and-its-leadership/.
128 Sasson, The New Realism.
129 Waxman, “The Israel Lobbies.”
130 Ron Kampeas, “Sitting between Bibi and Obama, AIPAC Criticized by Left and Right,” JTA, May 7, 2009.
131 Hoffman, “King without a Crown.” J Street subsequently applied to join the Conference.
132 Traub, “The New Israel Lobby.”
133 Natasha Mozgovaya, “Biden: Israel’s decisions must be made in Jerusalem, not DC.,”
134 Nathan Guttman, “Jewish Leaders Give Obama No Push-Back on Settlement Freeze,” Jewish Daily Forward, July 24, 2009; Ron Kampeas, “At White House, US Jews Offer Little Resistance to Obama Policy on Settlements,” JTA, July 13, 2009; Nathan Guttman, “Key U.S. Jews Wary of Netanyahu’s Unbending Policy on Settlements,” Jewish Daily Forward, June 3, 2009.
135 Author interview with Stuart Eizenstat, July 2013.
136 Schrag, “Ripples from the Matzav.”
137 Paradoxically, the rise in these attacks on Israel’s legitimacy has led to a rise in funding for more conservative pro-Israel groups. In turn, mainstream groups note that playing to the Right on these issues will raise more money, so they adjust their messages accordingly; interview with an official in a mainstream American Jewish organization, September 2008.
138 This was pointed out by David Saperstein, author interview, July 2013.
Conclusion
1 “Remarks by the President on a New Beginning” (Cairo University), White House, June 4, 2009, http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-cairo-university-6-04-09.
2 “Mitt Romney on Israel,” Political Guide, September 3, 2012, http://www.thepoliticalguide.com/rep_bios.php?rep_id=64410102&category=views&id=20110613114008.
3 Michelle Sieff, “Gaza and After: An Interview with Paul Berman,” ZWORD, March 2009, available at http://archive.today/19gnG.
4 “New BESA Center/ADL Poll: Attitudes of Israelis toward the U.S. Remain Strongly Positive,” Anti-Defamation League, http://www.adl.org/PresRele/IslME_62/5517_62.htm (no longer available); Julian Pecquet, “Israelis Favor Romney over Obama by Wide Margin in Latest Poll,” Hill, October 29, 2012, http://thehill.com/policy/international/264609-romney-polls-far-ahead-of-obama-in-israel.
5 The ideological polarization of American politics has been reinforced by congressional redistricting. See Jamie L. Carson et al., “‘Redistricting and Party Polarization in the U.S. House of Representatives,” American Politics Research 35, no. 6 (2007): 878–904.
6 “Partisan Polarization Surges in Bush, Obama Years: Trends in American Values: 1987–2012,” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, June 4, 2012, http://www.people-press.org/2012/06/04/partisan-polarization-surges-in-bush-obama-years/.
7 Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997); Andrew Kohut and Bruce Stokes, America against the World: How We Are Different and Why We Are Disliked (New York: Henry Holt, 2006).
8 Steven M. Cohen and Arnold Eisen, The Jew Within: Self, Family, and Community in America (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2000).
9 Samuel Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004).
10 Stuart Eizenstat identified this as a significant challenge. Author interview, July 2013.
11 “‘Nones’ on the Rise,” Pew Research Religion and Public Life Project, October 9, 2012, http://www.pewforum.org/2012/10/09/nones-on-the-rise/; Barry Kosmin and Ariela Keysar, American Religious Identification Survey 2008: Summary Report (Hartford, CT: Trinity College, 2009).
12 “In Shift from Bush Era, More Conservatives Say ‘Come Home, America,’” Pew Research Center for the People and the Press, June 16, 2011, http://www.people-press.org/2011/06/16/in-shift-from-bush-era-more-conservatives-say-come-home-america/.
13 A. F. K. Organski, The $36 Billion Bargain: Strategy and Politics in U.S. Assistance to Israel (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 247; Lydia Saad, “Americans’ Support for Israel Unchanged since Gaza Conflict: Most Americans Sympathize with Israel, View It Favorably,” Gallup, March 3, 2009, http://www.gallup.com/poll/116308/Americans-Support-Israel-Unchanged-Gaza-Conflict.aspx.
14 Kenneth S. Stern, Antisemitism Today: How It Is the Same, How It Is Different, and How to Fight It (New York: American Jewish Committee, 2006).
15 Jonathan Rynhold, “The Republican Primaries and the Israel Acid Test,” BESA Perspectives (February 15, 2012). http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/docs/perspectives165.pdf.
16 Elliot Abrams, Tested by Zion: The Bush Administration and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
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