240 . Quoted in Theo J. Schulte, The German Army and Nazi Policies in Occupied Russia (Oxford, 1989), 109.
241 . Birgit Beck, Wehrmacht und sexuelle Gewalt: Sexualverbrechen vor deutschen Militärgerichten 1939 - 1945 (Paderborn, 2004), 105 - 16 (for military brothels), 326 - 8 (for trials for rape).
242 . Nicholas, The Rape of Europa, 185-201; also Molotov et al., Soviet Government Statements, 198 - 209. For an analysis of mentions of theft and plunder in soldiers’ letters, see also Martin Humburg (ed.), Das Gesicht des Krieges: Feldpostbriefe von Wehrmachtssoldaten aus der Sowjetunion 1941 - 1944 (Opladen, 1998), 164 - 70. For treatment of civilians in general, see Hürter, Hitlers Heerführer, 465 - 508.
243 . Elmshäuser and Lokers (eds.), ‘Man muss hier nur hart sein’, 93 (Hans-Albert Giese to Frieda Giese, 12 July 1941), and 102 (Hans-Albert Giese to Frieda Giese, 17 July 1941).
244 . Hürter, Hitlers Heerführer, 442 - 9.
245 . Ibid., 97 (23 October 1941).
246 . Klaus Latzel, ‘Tourismus und Gewalt Kriegswahrnehmungen in Feldpostbriefen’, in Hannes Heer and Klaus Naumann (eds.), Vernichtungskrieg: Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941-1944 (Hamburg, 1995), 449-51. See also Dieter Reifarth and Viktoria Schmidt-Linsenhoff, ‘Die Kamera der Täter’, in ibid., 475 - 503, and Bernd Hüppauf, ‘Der entleerte Blick hinter der Kamera’, in ibid., 504 - 50.
247 . Alois Scheuer, Briefe aus Russland: Feldpostbriefe des Gefreiten Alois Scheuer 1941- 1942 (St Ingbert, 2000), 31 (15 August 1941).
248 . Reddemann (ed.), Zwischen Front und Heimat, 286 (to Agnes, 16 August 1941).
249 . Ibid., 431 (to Agnes, 28 February 1942).
250 . Ibid., 500.
251 . See Hitler’s orders on the combating of partisans, in Hubatsch (ed.), Hitlers Weisungen, 201 - 9.
252 . Hürter (ed.), Ein deutscher General, 62 (diary, 23 June 1941).
253 . Ibid., 65 (letter to wife, 6 July 1941); more generally on the treatment of partisans, see idem, Hitlers Heerführer, 404 - 41.
254 . Hürter (ed.), Ein deutscher General, 107 (7 November 1941).
255 . Schulte, The German Army, 86 - 149.
256 . Glantz, Barbarossa, 57 - 74.
257 . Karel C. Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule (Cambridge, Mass., 2004), 15 - 17; Gross, Revolution from Abroad, 229.
258 . Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung, 218 - 19 (15 July 1941), 229 (24 July 1941).
259 . Horst Slesina, Soldaten gegen Tod und Teufel: Unser Kampf in der Sowjetunion: Eine soldatische Deutung (Düsseldorf, 1942), 164.
260 . Scheuer, Briefe aus Russland, 30 (7 August 1941).
261 . Hürter (ed.), Ein deutscher General, 69 (letter to wife, 20 July 1941). See also the vivid description of a Red Army counter-attack in Stützel, Feldpost, 54 - 6.
262 . Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Munich, 1999), 277 - 9; Hürter (ed.), Ein deutscher General, 177 n. 138.
263 . Ibid., 70 (letter to wife, 22 July 1941).
264 . Ibid., 72 (letter to wife, 3 August 1941), 76 (letter to wife, 23 August 1941).
265 . Glantz, Barbarossa, 21 - 2, 75 - 84.
266 . Halder, Kriegstagebuch, III. 117 (25 July 1941).
267 . Ibid., III. 143 (2 August 1941).
268 . Ibid., III. 170 (11 August 1941).
269 . Ibid., III. 183 (17 August 1941) and 178 (15 August 1941).
270 . Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung, 234 (29 July 1941), 236 (31 July 1941), 242 (7 August 1941).
271 . Kleo Pleyer, Volk im Feld (Hamburg, 1943), 177.
272 . Meier-Welcker, Aufzeichnungen, 168 (29 July 1942).
273 . Glantz, Barbarossa, 21-2; Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung, 234 - 5.
274 . Glantz, Barbarossa, 99 - 114 (quote on 114); Weinberg, A World at Arms, 268 - 78.
275 . Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung, 255 (22 August 1941).
276 . Ibid., 258 (25 August 1941).
277 . Halder, Kriegstagebuch, III. 192 (22 August 1941).
278 . Detailed account in Glantz, Barbarossa, 117-58; for Guderian’s ‘self-will’, see Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung, 269 - 70 (5 September 1941).
279 . Ibid., 277 (15 September 1941).
280 . Fröhlich (ed.), Die Tagebücher II/I. 471 - 6 (23 September 1941).
281 . Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung, 272 (7 September 1941); see also Hürter (ed.), Ein deutscher General, 85 - 91 (Heinrici was transferred from the Kiev front to Army Group Centre on 17 September 1941).
282 . Kershaw, Hitler, II. 430-38; Glantz, Barbarossa, 84-96 (the Smolensk counter-offensive).
283 . Humburg, Das Gesicht, 170-71; good critical discussion in Hürter, Hitlers Heerführer, 302-10; more generally, see Jehuda L. Wallach, The Dogma of the Battle of Annihilation: The Theories of Clausewitz and Schieffen and their Impact on the German Conduct of Two World Wars (Westport, Conn., 1980), 265 - 81.
284 . Sebag-Montefiore, Stalin, 351 - 54.
285 . Ibid.
286 . Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung, 295 (15 October 1941), 297 (19 October 1941).
287 . Meier-Welcker, Aufzeichnungen, 130-31 (1 September 1941), 136-8 (7 November 1941); also Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung, 307 (31 October 1941).
288 . Hürter (ed.), Ein deutscher General, 94 (letter to wife 16 October 1941).
289 . Sebag-Montefiore, Stalin, 356; Weinberg, A World at Arms, 278-82; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, 195 - 217.
290 . Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung, 301 (25 October 1941).
291 . Ibid., 317 (14 November 1941).
292 . Meier-Welcker, Aufzeichnungen, 156 (27 January 1942), 158 (3 March 1942).
293 . Hürter (ed.), Ein deutscher General, 108 (report to family, 19 November 1941).
294 . Christoph Rass, ‘Das Sozialprofil von Kampfverbänden des deutschen Heeres 1939 bis 1945’, in Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsant (ed.), Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg (hereafter DRZW (10 vols., Stuttgart/Munich, 1979-2008), IX/I (Munich, 2004), 641 - 741, at 700.
295 . Hürter (ed.), Ein deutscher General, 116 (4 December 1941), 124 (11 December 1941).
296 . Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung, 342 (7 December 1941).
297 . Hürter, Hitlers Heerführer, 310 - 24.
298 . Scheuer, Briefe aus Russland, 51 (letter to wife, 30 November 1941).
299 . Ibid., 56 (letter to wife, 25 December 1941).
300 . Kershaw, Hitler, II. 450 - 57.
301 . Meier-Welcker, Aufzeichnungen, 145 - 6 (26 December 1941).
302 . Ibid..
303 . Hürter (ed.), Ein deutscher General, 131 (letter to wife 22 December 1941); for the frequency of themes such as bad weather, dirt, hunger and disease in soldiers’ correspondence, see Humburg, Das Gesicht, 129 - 170.
304 . Bock, Zwischen Pflicht und Verweigerung, 353-7 (16-22 December 1941); Hürter, Hitlers Heerführer, 310-28 (now superseding all previous accounts of the relations between Hitler and the senior generals in the crisis of December 1941 and January 1942).
305 . Kershaw, Hitler, II. 451 - 5.
306 . Reddemann (ed.), Zwischen Front und Heimat, 375 (to Agnes, 21 December 1941).
307 . Hürter, Hitlers Heerführer, 325 - 6.
308 . Weinberg, A World at Arms, argues repeatedly and convincingly, with many examples, that Hitler was always willing to entertain the idea of a tactical withdrawal. Once he had taken a decision, however, he was temperamentally inclined to try to enforce it as undeviatingly and uncompromisingly as possible.
309 . Hürter (ed.), Ein deutscher General, 135 (letter to wife, 24 December 1941).
310 . Ibid., 138 (letter to wife 11 January 1942).
311 . Halder, Kriegstagebuch, III. 373 (3 January 1942).
312 . Hürter, Hitlers Heerführer, 341 - 2.
313 . Ibid., 328 - 32.
314 . Ibid., 332.
315 . Ibid., 333 - 7.
316 . Hürter (
ed.), Ein deutscher General, 140 - 59 (21 January to 25 April 1942).
317 . Brief narrative in Earl Ziemke, ‘Moscow, Battle for’, in Dear (ed.), The Oxford Companion to World War II, 593-5; more detail in Earl F. Ziemke, Moscow to Stalingrad (Washington, D.C., 1968).
318 . Glantz, Barbarossa, 161 - 204; Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste, 239, 266.
319 . Ibid., 238-9. The figures given in Glantz, Barbarossa, 161, at more than twice this number, seem exaggerated.
320 . Weinberg, A World at Arms, 264.
Chapter 3. ‘ THE FINAL SOLUTION’
1 . Ernst Klee et al. (eds.), ‘Those Were the Days’: The Holocaust as Seen by the Perpetrators and Bystanders (London, 1991 [1988]), 28 - 33.
2 . Ibid., 28 - 31.
3 . Friedländer, The Years of Extermination, 207, and in more detail, Alfred Streim, ‘Zur Eröffnung des allgemeinen Judenvernichtungsbefehls gegenüber den Einsatzgruppen’, in Eberhard Jäckel and Jürgen Rohwer (eds.), Der Mord an den Juden im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Entschlussbildung und Verwirklichung (Stuttgart, 1985), 108-19 and Peter Klein (ed.), Die Einsatzgruppen in der besetzten Sowjetunion 1941/42: Die Tätigkeits- und Lageberichte des Chefs des Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (Berlin, 1997).
4 . Quoted in Longerich, Politik, 324-5, 333-4; Klee et al. (eds.), ‘Those Were the Days’, 24-7.
5 . Björn Felder, Lettland im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Zwischen sowjetischen und deutschen Besatzern 1940 - 1946 (Paderborn, 2008).
6 . Longerich, Politik, 325 - 6, 333 - 4.
7 . Friedländer, The Years of Extermination, 219-25; Konrad Kwiet, ‘Rehearsing for Murder: The Beginning of the Final Solution in Lithuania in June 1941’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 12 (1998), 3-26; Jürgen Matthäus, ‘Jenseits der Grenze: Die ersten Massenerschiessungen von Juden in Litauen (Juni-August 1941)’, Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft , 44 (1996), 97-117; more generally Wolfgang Benz and Marion Neiss (eds.), Judenmord in Litauen: Studien und Dokumente (Berlin, 1999).
8 . Reddemann (ed.), Zwischen Front und Heimat, 222 (to sister, 25 June 1941).
9 . Quoted in Bernd Boll and Hans Safrian, ‘Auf dem Weg nach Stalingrad: Die 6. Armee 1941/42 in Heer and Naumann (eds.), Vernichtungskrieg, 260-96, at 271; also quoted in full in Longerich, Politik, 324 - 5.
10 . The diary of one Jew who escaped because his Christian neighbours assured the rampaging soldiers that there were no Jews in the house is reprinted in Aryeh Klonicki and Malwina Klonicki, The Diary of Adam’s Father: The Diary of Aryeh Klonicki (Klonymus) and His Wife Malvina (Jerusalem, 1973).
11 . Quoted in Longerich, Politik, 333, 352-7, 392; account of the movements and killing actions of Task Force A in ibid., 390-94, and Krausnick, Hitlers Einsatzgruppen, 151-6.
12 . Browning, The Origins, 255 - 7.
13 . Longerich, Politik, 334-7; the progress of Task Force B is documented in Krausnick, Hitlers Einsatzgruppen, 156 - 62.
14 . Ben-Cion Pinchuk, Shtetl Jews under Soviet Rule: Eastern Poland on the Eve of the Holocaust (Oxford, 1990), 117-200.
15 . Pleyer, Volk im Feld, 169, 184.
16 . Longerich, Politik, 352 - 6.
17 . Quoted in ibid., 358. See also Andrej Angrick and Dieter Pohl, Einsatzgruppen C and D in the Invasion of the Soviet Union, 1941-1942 (London, 1999); Klein (ed.), Die Einsatzgruppen. English versions of the reports in Yitzhak Arad et al. (eds.), The Einsatzgruppen Reports: Selections from the Dispatches of the Nazi Death Squads’ Campaign against the Jews, July 1941-January 1943 (New York, 1989) (translations not always reliable); and Ogorreck, Die Einsatzgruppen.
18 . For this event, see Evans, The Third Reich in Power, 621-3.
19 . Longerich, Politik, 337 - 8.
20 . Musial, ‘Konterrevolutionäre Elemente’, 262-9.
21 . Ibid., 200-248; see also Manoschek (ed.), ‘Es gibt nur eines’, 31 (Gefr. F. B., 3 July 1941), and 51 (Lt. K., 13 February 1942).
22 . Klee et al. (eds.), ‘Those Were the Days’, 88 - 91.
23 . Ibid., 91 (5 July 1941).
24 . Ibid., 91 (5 July 1941); Musial, ‘Konterrevolutionäre Elemente’, 175-99, also for the involvement of German soldiers in the pogroms and massacres in Lemberg and elsewhere, and for the events in Boryslaw; see also Manoschek (ed.), ‘Es gibt nur eines’, 33 (letter of 6 July 1941).
25 . Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, 205 - 31; Longerich, Politik, 337 - 43.
26 . Ibid., 343.
27 . For Task Force C’s movements, see Krausnick, Hitlers Einsatzgruppen, 162 - 9.
28 . Klee et al. (eds.), ‘Those Were the Days’, 96 (12 July 1941).
29 . Ibid., 97 (12 July 1941).
30 . Ibid., 101 (22 July 1941), 105 (2 August 1941); also in Longerich, Politik, 338 - 9.
31 . Klee et al. (eds.), ‘Those Were the Days’, 297-9; Friedlander, The Years of Extermination , 246 - 7.
32 . Quoted in Latzel, ‘Tourismus und Gewalt’, 449 - 51. There is now a considerable literature on the value, or otherwise, of field-post letters as an historical source. See for example Humburg, Das Gesicht, 257 - 68.
33 . Quoted in Hürter, Hitlers Heerführer, 443.
34 . Hürter (ed.), Ein deutscher General, 67 (11 July 1941).
35 . Longerich, Politik, 362.
36 . Quoted in Kershaw, Hitler, II. 405; Browning, The Origins, 274, 310; Friedländer, The Years of Extermination, 200; Longerich, Politik, 362 - 6.
37 . Fritz Baade et al. (eds.), ‘Unsere Ehre heisst Treue’: Kriegstagebuch des Kommandostabes Reichsführer-SS, Tätigkeitsberichte der 1. und 2. 33-Infanterie-Brigade, der 1. SS-Kav. Brigade und von Sonderkommandos der SS (Vienna, 1965), 212.
38 . Ibid., 96.
39 . Ibid., 220 (Bericht ‘Pripjet-Aktion’).
40 . Quoted in Klee et al. (eds.), ‘Those Were the Days’, 66 - 7.
41 . Ibid., 67; Berkhoff, Harvest of Despair, 65 - 9.
42 . Peter Longerich, Der ungeschriebene Befehl: Hitler und der Weg zur ‘Endlösung’ (Munich, 2001), 106 - 7.
43 . Klee et al. (eds.), ‘Those Were the Days’, 75 - 86.
44 . Brief account in Friedländer, The Years of Extermination, 282; more detail in Dieter Pohl, ‘Hans Krüger and the Murder of the Jews in the Stanislawo’w Region (Galicia)’, Yad Vashem Studies, 26 (1998), 257-64; idem, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941-1944: Organisation und Durchführung eines staatlichen Massenverbrechens (Munich, 1996) esp. 144- 7; Thomas Sandkühler, ‘Endlösung’ in Galizien: Der Judenmord in Ostpolen und die Rettungsinitiativen von Berthold Beitz, 1941 - 1944 (Bonn, 1996) esp. 150; and Browning, The Origins, 348 - 50.
45 . Bernd Boll, ‘Zloczo’w, Juli 1941: Die Wehrmacht und der Beginn des Holocaust in Galizien’, Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, 50 (2002), 899 - 917.
46 . Friedländer, The Years of Extermination, 215-19, documents in Klee et al. (eds.), ‘Those Were the Days’, 137 - 54.
47 . Quoted in ibid., 151; Groscurth, Tagebücher, 534 - 42.
48 . Deletant, Hitler’s Forgotten Ally, 127 - 30; more generally, Andrej Angrick, ‘The Escalation of German-Rumanian Anti-Jewish Policy after the Attack on the Soviet Union’, Yad Vashem Studies, 26 (1998), 203 - 38.
49 . Deletant, Hitler’s Forgotten Ally, 102-28 (quote at 116), convincingly countering the less hostile (though in many respects valuable) account by Larry Watts, Romanian Cassandra: Ion Antonescu and the Struggle for Reform, 1916-1941 (Boulder, Colo., 1993).
50 . Kurt Erichson (ed.), Abschied ist immer: Briefe an den Bruder im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Frankfurt am Main, 1994), 25 (letter to brother, 17 July 1941).
51 . See Jean Ancel, Transnistria (3 vols., Bucharest, 1998).
52 . Deletant, Hitler’s Forgotten Ally, 197.
53 . Ibid., 171-3, with accurate details and figures based on Romanian and German documents (other accounts seem to involve an element of double-counting); more generally, see Alexander Dallin, Odessa, 1941 - 1944: A Case Study of Soviet Territory under Foreign Rule (Ias¸i, 1998 [1957]) esp. 74 - 5.
> 54 . Deletant, Hitler’s Forgotten Ally, 173 - 9.
55 . Ibid., 179-87; Paul A. Shapiro, ‘The Jews of Chisinau (Kishinev): Romanian Reoccupation, Ghettoization, Deportation’, in Randolph L. Braham (ed.), The Destruction of Romanian and Ukrainian Jews during the Antonescu Era (New York, 1997), 135-94; Dennis Deletant, ‘Ghetto Experience in Golta, Transnistria, 1942-1944’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 18 (2004), 1-26; and Dalia Ofer, ‘Life in the Ghettos of Transnistria’, Yad Vashem Studies, 25 (1996), 229-74.
56 . Jean Ancel, ‘The Romanian Way of Solving the “Jewish Problem” in Bessarabia and Bukovina: June-July 1941’, Yad Vashem Studies, 19 (1988), 187-232; idem, ‘The “Christian” Regimes of Romania and the Jews, 1940-1942’, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, 7 (1993), 14-29; Braham (ed.), The Destruction of Romanian and Ukrainian Jews; the fullest and most accurate account, convincingly stressing the racist character of these mass murders, is now in Deletant, Hitler’s Forgotten Ally, 130-49 (quote on 141).
57 Friedl̈nder, The Years of Extermination, 225, citing the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania’s Final Report of the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania, presented to Romanian President Ion Iliescu, 11 November 2004; Deletant, Hitler’s Forgotten Ally, 166-71.
58 Andrej Angrick, Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord: Die Einsatzgruppe D in der s̈dlichen Sowjetunion 1941-1943 (Hamburg, 2003), 174; Radu Ioanid, The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime, 1940-1944 (Chicago, 2000), 62-4.
59 . Cited in Longerich, Politik, 388.
60 Ibid., 388-9; Breitman, The Architect of Genocide, 213-14.
61 . For a detailed itinerary, see Krausnick, Hitlers Einsatzgruppen, 169-78; details in Longerich, Politik, 386-90; and Angrick, Besatzungspolitik und Massenmord.
62 . Krausnick, Hitlers Einsatzgruppen, 118; Dear (ed.), The Oxford Companion to World War II, 1,011-16; Browning, The Origins, 334-5.
63 . Walter Manoschek, ‘Die Vernichtung der Juden in Serbien’, in Ulrich Herbert (ed.), Nationalsozialistische Vernichtungspolitik 1939-1945: Neue Forschungen und Kontroversen (Frankfurt am Main, 1998), 209-34, at 209-12.
64 . Quoted in Paul Hehn, The German Struggle against Yugoslav Guerillas in World War II: German Counter-Insurgency in Yugoslavia 1941-1943 (New York, 1979), 28-9; Manoschek, ‘Die Vernichtung’, 214-15, 220.
The Third Reich at War Page 99
