by Jack Lindsay
[297] Athenag. Deprec. i (PG vi 889ff); Amin. Marc. xiv 11, 25. Bithynia: P. Oxy. xi no 1380; Lafaye RP (1916), 55f (Trajan or Hadrian): lines 111f. Ruge RE sv Drepanon (4). Athens: Eustath. Od. i 399 (1425, 62); Costanzi (2), WM (4) ii 236.
[298] Tod and Wace no 362 (probably fourth century, archaicizing); Art. Orth. pl. xcvi 2; Chap. (1) 116, 149. Athena: Paus. iii 22, 9. Artemis dances: Séchan (3), (4); Weninger (2), (3) 43, 72.
[299] JH (2) 4268; vases, Berlin Cat. 2290 and Wien. Vorlegeblätter s.A, Taf. vi. Names: Plout. Mor. Symp. v 3,1 (675F), Athen. iii 78d; Hesych. Krater: Annali d. Ist. 1962 tav. d’agg. C. Pind. fr. 153, cited Plout. Mor. de Is. 35 (365a), cf. 34 (364d); Varro in Aug. CD vii 21; Hesych. endendros; Diod. iii 63, 2; Athen. iii 82d.
[300] Paus. vi 24, 7; Ov. Met. x 512; Plin. xxiii 159f; xxiv 50; xxi 126; Boiai, Paus. iii 22, 12. Statues: Eur. Hipp. 73 sch. (lygōi); Hera, Plin. xxi 148; Athen. xv 678a; Alk. 24. Eleusis: sch. Soph. O.K. 683; Ar. Frogs 330 sch.; myrton, Lysis. 1004. Also Athen. xv 675ff. Myrtle, sacred to Artemis birth-aider at Boiai; was thought to stop premature delivery by closing the uterus (the lily checked menstruation).
[301] Stump: Frazer, Spirits of Corn i. Hermes: JH (2) 426-8, see also n12 above. But the ancient association of Hermes seems with stones.
[302] Jeanmaire (4) 214.
[303] Chap. (1) 149.
[304] Ochna: Plout. Q. Gr. 40; goddess of mills and just weights: Hesych. and Eustath. 214, 1383. Erigonē: Clem. Alex. Strom. i 366; A. Gell. xv 20, Schultz; Paus. ii 18, 5 i. Hyg. Fab. 122; Dikt. Cret. vi 4. Askoliasmos dance: Hyg. PA ii 4. Tale also linked with Kos and rising of dogstar; an Attic deme was named Ikarios. Ap. iii 14, 7; Paus. i 2, 4; Hyg. Fab. 130; Eustath. 389, 1535; Poll. iv 55 etc. Erigone in love with Dionysos, who seduces her: Ov. Met. vi 12.5; Hyg. Fab. 130. For Tmolos and hanged girl: Barnett (2) 144.
[305] Charila: F (2) 325; Plout. G.Q. 12 (293e); F (1) v 433; Cornford (4) 9f and driving-out of hunger recorded by Plout.
[306] Il. viii 400, 477; xv 17. Eustath. 1003; Il. viii 19ff. Possibly Ionian burlesque: Nestle. Coins: Num. Chr. ii 1882 pl. xi 18; xii 1-4, 7-9; BM Cat. Ionia pl. xxxvi 15, xxxvii 1, 2, 6, xxxviii 1, 2.
From the Homeric imagery came the philosophic idea of the chain of being. In general see Delacourt (2.) ch. 1: J. Heckenbach, Güntert, T. Zachariae, G. Dumézil, Eliade (4) 5. Knots and locks: Talbot (1) 22f, Frazer Taboo 294; J. Hillner 15.
[307] JL (1); Odd. xi 278. Tree; Paus. ii 6.
[308] Peony: Diosk. iii I57; Plin. xxvi 151. Dittany: Theophr. HP ix 16, 1; Arat. 33 sch. Myrtle: Plin. xxiii 159f; xxiv 50; xxi 126. Lygos: Diosk. i 134; Plin. xxiv 59f; Paus. iii 16, ii; Eur. Hipp. 73 sch. Hera: Paus. vii 4, 4. Galingale: Plin. xxi 118. Helichryse: Plin. xxi 148; Alk. 24 girl prays to Hera, bringing wreath of it and galingale. Juno: Varro in Aug. CD vii 2. Lygodesma: Paus. iii 16, 11 & 17. Ephesos: Thomson (3) 271; Lethaby (1); Minoan, Persson; N (5) 268, 275, 278, 280 n1, 333, 343; Picard (4) 20f, 28, 104, 328, 332; CIG 2954; Picard 377. Tree: Tac. Ann. iii 61; W (1) 186-8. At Ephesos there was a long yearly festival of contests with winners enrolled in sacred colleges; women were let watch as late as the sixth century. (At Olympia girls might watch; no married women apart from the priestess of Demeter Chamyne.)
[309] Tod and Wace 158, nos 201-3, figs. 38f, cf. nos 318, 362, 571 etc. Helen goddess: Patroni.
[310] Byblis: Parthen. xi; Konon Narr. 2. Kleite: AR i 967, 1063. Phyllis: Louk. Dance xl; Tzet. Lyk. 495; Hyg. Fab. 59; Serv. Verg. Ecl. V 10 etc. Oinone: Stinton 43 n4. Kleboia: Parth. xiv; Meineke Anal. Alexandr. 219. Ariadne: N (2) 383; Freidel 244; Thouk. iii 96; Plout. Conviv. Sept. Sap. 162c. Agnon: Hesych.; CIG 7441, 7692; F (2) 48.
[311] Paus. vii 17; Arnob. Adv. Nat. v 5-7; Hepding 37ff, 103ff; Kerenyi (2a) 77ff; Toutain (2); Vermaseren ch. iv; Lact. Plac. Comm. Stat. Theb. x 175. Crossed legs bound with chain: Vermaseren 33; Rose HB 170; Aug. in Joh. By. Tract. vii 1, 6; Cumont (2) 71; Hepding 219, 189, 70; Graillot 534; Cumont Mithra ii 59; Le Blant RA (1898) ii 18-20 takes pileatus as a Dioskouros. Agdistis: Delcourt (1) 31f.
[312] N (3a) 109; (5) 219; Evans (3) 58; Evans (2) 158, Furtwängler iii 44. Vaphio: Eph. Arch. (1889) 32; Furt. 39. Ring: Furt. iii 18, ii 27. Hagia Triada: N (5) 176ff.
[313] N (5) 194. Prophets: Aen. iii 81, vii 665. Kopo balls, cf. Roman pila. Hartland ii chs. 10f for the establishing of union.
[314] Fest. ed. Müller 129; 194, 9 & io; 239; Verg. Georg. ii 389; Serv. ad loc.; Macr. Sat. i 7, 11, who sees as substitute for human sacrifices; Verg. Aen. vi 740. Paganalia: Ov. Fast. i 667ff; Dionys. iv 15; Hor. Ep. i 1, 49, ii 1, 140. Sch. Bob. 256 (souls); Aen. vi 640. Mania (? Etruscan): Varro LL ix 61; Arnob. iii 41; Fest. 129; Paul Diac. 128.
[315] Frazer G.B. i 146; ii 33f & app. India. Folklore (1914), 147; F (1) v 195; Frazer iv 277ff. Terracotta: N (5) 287; PM iv 24-7; Lawler (1) 38. Amanetia: Kakouri 16, 80, 85; tug-of-war 34, 43f; tall hats 87f. Thrace, Chambers, 206ff with refs.
[316] Hymn: Guthrie (1) 46; JH (4) ch. 1; JL (2) index; BSA (1908-9); N (5) 472, 475ff; Picard (4) 231, 279 n4, 424ff; J. Poerner; Str. x 466; Eur. Bacc. 119-25; Kall. H. Zeus 32ff, Porph. De Abs. iv 19; Guthrie (1) 40-5. The Euripidean fragment links with Dionysos, Zagreus etc. Spencer & Gill Native Tribes of Central Australia 128ff, 138. Hyg. Fab. 139; N (2) 232ff; Fontenrose 25, 51 n19, 507.
[317] Halliday 87, ‘a hanged god’; Ov. Met. iii 90. Othin: H. M. Chadwick (2) 15ff. Thrace: Seleukos, Athen. 155e, D’Allemagne Sport et jeux d’adresse 368.
[318] Paus. iii 14, 7; G. Posener Dict. Eg. Civil. (1962), 170. Goddesses suckle king at birth and death, Book of Dead, Budge (1960), 285, and (1) 58f, 61. Gum: Robertson Smith (z) 133; GT (3) 212. Gem: Webster (1) 48 ni. At Ugarit also the goddess-suckling.
[319] W (1) 150f; CZ i 402; Head 476; Guarducci i 280; Lenormant; Gardner; Wroth p. xxxii, cf. JHS v 87; Svoronos i 295f.
[320] Head 458; Dreros: W (2) 122; Hermes lxxxv 381-4.
[321] Paus. viii 2, 2; GT (1) ii5; Arist. Wasps 544, Frogs 995. Athen. 678 bc on wreaths of palm and naked-boy dances, cf. 630e; N (2) 141f.
[322] W (1) 167f, 152ff, CZ i 526, pl. xxxii; tree, Theophr. HP i 95, Varro RR i 7, 6, Plin. xii i 1, Antig. Mir. 163 (179), cf. Sot. Flum. 4. Coins: CZ i 526 & ni; Hesych. xv Europia; CZ i 532, 528f; Theophr. HP iii 3, 4 (cf. ii 2, 10); JH (4) 180-82; CR (1903), 405; Svoronos i 13, 2219; 14, 16, 18; 7 (Britomartis), 15; IC iv 34.
Boiotia: N (6) 33; F (1) ii 479; Roscher Lex. i 1417; Persson (2) 303-8; P (3) 336; W (1) 159f (route); Paus. ix 5; Hampe (4) 67-9; Coste-Messelière 153-63; Brauw 52-67, 102-8; N (3) i 332 n1. Cult of Demeter Europa at Lebedeia; at Thebes, a shrine of D. Thesmophoros was said to be in Kadmos’ palace: routes, through Euboia into Boiotia, Argos into Peloponnese. Teumessos: H. Hymn Apollo 224; Paus. ix 19, 1; Gruppe i 60 n5; vases of Kabirion, Wolters 98 K9 pl. 10f, 44.
Hellotis: Pind. Ol. xiii 40; N (2) 96; EM sv (torch-race). Midsummer: CZ i 525, 358; Pfister 324, 432. (Oriental).
Ilion: JH (4) 164f (also on Atlantis bull rite); CIA II (1st) 467, also 471, 78f; coins, H.v. Fritze in Dörpfeld ii 514. Greeks had no word for tree, dendron means fruit tree: Myres Procs. Cl. Assn. (1910). Cf. rites passing child through fire, eg Demeter at Eleusis. Satyrs as goat-daimones in Minoan Crete: Webster (1) 50f; Lorimer 312; PM iv fig. 803; N (5) 148, 258, 358; Persson (1) no 10; JHS (1954), 171; Docs. 331.For the Tree of Life and its use in Pherekydes’ cosmogony; West (2) 55 = 60, with the cosmic robe and its weaving — related to the sacred marriage, 52-5.
[323] Il. v 401, 900; Od. iv 232; Hes. fr. 194 R (3rd ed.); Solon fr. 1, 37 D; Plin. xxv 29 etc. Apollo: Eur. Alk. 969; Ov. Her. v 145ff; Lyk. 61 & sch.; Plin. xxv 13; ps.-Apuleius Herb. xxii 8. Asklepios: Jeanmaire (3) 255; FHG ii 62 (GGM i 108).
[324] Hekate: Dionys. Skytobrachion, Diod. iv 45 (FGH 32 F14). Circe etc: Od. iv 228; Il. xi 741; Theok. ii 16 etc. Telchines: Friedlander, JL (2) Blood: Webster (1) 46, 125f; Leumann 202f. Hekate: also Delatte (1) 120, 137ff; JL (2). Hymn Dem. 227ff; Delatte (1) 10-13; Ov. Fast. iv 552; Cycéon in Bull. Ac. R. de Belge (1954), 719 n7. Reiner 45f, 61.
[325] See ab
ove; W (1) 160.
[326] PM iii 140, cf. i 432; PM iii 142, cf. i 161. Also Evans (2) 181ff; Karo 142ff; N (5) 268ff; Dussaud 412; Vallois. Mykenai again: Matz (3) pl. 52 (2); Evans (2) 108; PM i 341; Dussaud 392; Karo 149. Isopata: Delatte fig. 9. Eye, ear, as on Egyptian monster, Evans, Persson, Picard, but see N (5) 342. See also ring: N (5) 268, 275, 278; Delatte fig. 5; ring N (5) 267, Biesantz 118 thinks false; ditto Delatte fig. 7, Biesantz 119. Ring from Mochlos: Bossert fig. 399b; N (5) 269, 350; Biesantz 46; Marinatos (5), cf. N (5) 268 fig. 134. Further, Delatte 19 n2.
[327] N (5) 276, (2) 284, but Picard (2) 48, 192. Drugs: Snijder 139ff; sow or plant sacred herbs, Vallois, Karo 142. Hold herb high: Plin. xx 38. Tree-cults in general: Widengren and refs. n4 to appendix.
[328] Dodds 30-6; see also Lloyd-Jones. Telos: Wehrli 8 n4; Theognis 133-6, 141-2. Dodds 36 on Oidipous and mainland Thebais, but see Lloyd-Jones 120f. Anodos ritual: Cornford (4) 40f.
Further refs. to planes in Pausanias:
Grove of planes between Mt Pontinos and sea (in Corinthian area), in it statues of Demeter Prosymne and Dionysos in stone, in another temple a wooden one of Dionysos Saviour, and by the sea stone image of Aphrodite (linked with Danaides): ii 37, 1; at source of the Amymone, a plane under which said to have been the hydra killed by Herakles, ib. 4. While the boys hold their contests in the Grove at Sparta, ‘the ephors transact the most serious business’, iii 11, 2. In the grove is hero-shrine of Kyniska, ‘first woman to breed horses and win a chariot-race at Olympia’, ib. 15, 1. Fountain of Planiston (Messenia) with water flowing out of hollow cavernous oak, iv 34, 4. Plane trees in the Altis, Olympia: v 27, 11. Planes between tracks and wall at old gymnasion in Elis; the enclosure is associated with a task of Herakles, vi 23, 1. Plane grove where Alexander slept in dream of Nemesis, vii 5, 2. Pharai, Achaia, by River Pieros a grove of planes ancient and hollow; feasts held inside, vii 22, 1. Among Kynaitheans of Arkadia, a cold spring with plane above it, which cures mad dogs; the spring is Alyssos, Curer-of-Madness, viii 19, 2. Plane tree of Menelaos, oldest in world, ib. 23, 4 (see Theophor. HP iv 13, 2; Plin. xvi 234). At Aulis, ‘they preserve in the temple what still survives of the plane tree mentioned by Homer in the Iliad [ii 307]’: water flowing from under a beautiful plane, a terrible serpent appears as portent — the spring by which the plane grew is also shown: ix 19, 7.
[329] The books of Rendel Harris give much information about twins, the cults and beliefs associated with them, plus some over-zealous theories. See also JL (6) intro.; Eitrem (1); Grégoire (5). Note Herakles and Iphikles; Romulus-Remus etc. Cosmic: Chap. (1) 306-12. Campbell see index Dioscuri, egg, twins, etc. The Baronga in S. Africa called twins children of the sky, etc (Polynesia, Africa, America).
[330] Chap. (1) 97; nos 63, 66, no 14. Orestes 163ff; Robert i 322; CZ i 772ff. Tenos: Graindor 19 no 2. Aristomenes: Paus. iv 16, 5 & 9; Chap. (1) 4 n1; Albert chs. ii-iii. Sea-saviours in Alkaios and Hom. H. Diosk. which is probably not later than start of fifth century and may be earlier; Humbert 250f, Page (1) 265-8; Theok. xxii 8f; Isok. x 61; Plat. Euth. 293a etc.
[331] Paus. iii 14, 6f; Ap. iii 11, 2; Thouk. ii 39, I. Kastor’s tomb: Paus. iii 13, 1. Chap. 157; Paus. xiii 16, 3. Beds: Deneken 1ff. Akragas: Pind. Ol. iii 1; N (2) 421 thinks it a private cult, but note what scholiast says; lines 70ff mention only the pair. Theoxenai: Athen. vi 235b; Eustath. Od. 1425, 62; horse-race, Lysias fr. 75; Stengel (2) 195f on three victims as unconnected with the deities; Münsterberg thinks Helen added only to fill out a triad; Eur. Hel, 1667 ff; Deneken 13. Temple: Athen. 235 on slopes of Akropolis: meal, ib. 137. Also Il. i 425; Eur. Ion 805; Hdt. vi 127; Plat. Lys. 205d; CIG p. 1074; sch. Nem. vii 68 and Ol. iii 13. Link with other gods: Deneken 15-24; Athen. 400; CIG ii 2338, 2374.
[332] Chap. 135, 139. Refs., Chap. (1) 136.
[333] Dokana (dokos, beam): Tod—Wace no 844; Plout. Amor. frat. i (36); Livy ix 4, 3 etc. Souda and EM think dokana graves of Twins at Sparta (from dechomai). Eggs: Tod—Wace nos 575, 356, 109; no 1439 Nat. Mus. Athens. Snake (funerary or chthonic) may accompany amphora. Jars: Tod—Wace nos 7, 291, 575, 356; Chap. 316. I do not here go into questions of the Samothracian Mysteries, Lares, etc. Geom. art: Ahlberg, chariots 16, 42, 56, 84-8; fig. 78 for riding warrior, Assyrian 854 BC. For a Mykenean god Hippo, ‘Horse’, behind Poseidon: Palmer (1) 96, 130f, 174-6. Early riders in Greek art: Mykenean, Pottier BCH xii 8RS) 496; Athens, 495; Corinth 497, and D. Robinson AJA x (1906), 166; Kythnos, Pottier 500. Also Velitrae, G. Morett; Ausonia vi (1911), 147-54, JRS v (1915), 204; D. van Buren Figurative Revetments Etr. & Latium (1921), 60 etc. In Egypt, Touny 39-42. Astarte ‘strong on the horse’ or ‘mistress of chariots and horses’: riding naked astride, limestone ostrakon c. 1200 BC (Touny 40). Triumphal Arch: Versnel. Early riders also see here fig. 77 and TC from the Poros Wall, Mykenai.
[334] Levi (1) 274; PM iv 2, 830; iv 1, 374; Levi (4). Earlier examples: Levi 325f. Asvins: Chap. (1) 336-46; Renel. Against: F (2) 175ff; Meschek; Puech. Zaehner 66, 88; I. Gersevitch Avestan Hymn to Mithra 4; Merlat (1) 92f; G. Dumézil Tarpeia 38-64, Jupiter, Mars, Quirinus iv 37ff, Dieux des I.-E. 7-35. Metroa: Will 97f, N (2) 687ff, Schwenn RE sv Kybele; Kubaba: Laroche. Zeus: KN 02, PY 172. Cretan Mother: P (21) 169; J. Chadwick (2) 125f. Amazons: Leonhard; A. Reinach (2); Rostovtzeff (2); P (3) 431ff; Bennett Relig. Cults Assoc. with Amazons chs. ii-iii (great mother, Ephesian Artemis). Horses in Anatolia: Perdrizet (4). Mykenean for horse, i-qo, chariot i-qi-ja: J. Chadwick (1) 108-10: Latin equus, Sansk. asvas, Gaulish epo-, O.E. ech, O. Irish ech; Crossland 4, 54. Helen’s lunar apotheosis: Pfeiffer Kallimachosstudien 4f; Chap. (1) 348f; Artemis Phosphoros, Chap. 332. At Elateia no woman was let come near door of Anakeion: Prott-Zichen ii I, 79. Mitanni: E. H. Sturtevant, Yale Class. St. I.
[335] Note tympanon from Idaian Cave: Assyrian or Urartian style: Zeus (or Dionysos) swings lion overhead between two winged Kourai whose four cymbals make a pattern like the held-out wreaths: Kunze (3) pl. 49; Bartlett (2) 152. Collignon Mon. Piot 1913 14; Picard (4) 503 n4 & RHR ii (1928), 61, pl. 1, fig. 1; Levi (1) 322f & Annuario (1927-9), 708, fig. 670. Robe, cf. Dawkins BSA xiii l06, Art. Orth.pl. xcvi, 2; Kameiros, RA viii (1863), pl. x; Poulsen 145f fig. 168. Also Art. Orth. pl. xciv, xcv, xcvii. Kubaba: Bittel 150-2; polos, Levi 322. N (5) 456ff, (6) 73ff thinks both Helen and Twins have vestiges of indigenous cult. Opposed Lions on Phrygian tombs: Akurgal (2) pl. 81; JH (2) 266f. Tell Halaf: Ceram 54; Bittel (2). Goddess enthroned in naiskos; Will 98-100; S. Reinach BCH xiii (1889), 543.
[336] Tod and Wace 171 no 364; Picard RHR ii (1928), pl. II; Aisch. Suppl. 18. Amphora: Wolters Eph. Arch. (1892), 213ff; De Ridder BCH (1898), 440; JH (2) 264f. JH thinks a ring of worshippers, not birth; Wide (2) 253; Wolters 253 thinks it Artemis Lecho; Levi 323 rejects birth idea. For such amphoras in general, De Ridder l.c. See also Courby 70. Nimrod: Bartlett (2) pl. iv, 6.
[337] JH (2) 276ff, 267-9; Inghirami iii 300; JHS xiii (1892), 284; Paus. v 18, 1. Question of distribution: Chap. (1) 149f, eg not in Lakonian and Messenian colonies in West; note Tyndaris with patroness a nymph Helen: Duhn Z. f. Num. (1876) 39; Twins at Taras, Chap. (1) 150 n1.
[338] Kerenyi (7) p. xix; Levi (3). Kourotrophos: Etruscan versions of harpy or siren carrying two smaller persons have a different relation: Acta Archaeologica xvi 1941 120 n24. See ib. 117-20 for Aphrodite with Eros and Himeros, Leto with Apollo and Artemis; also JdAI 1932 lxvi Abb. 16-8; Nyx with Hypnos and Thanatos (only on Chest of Kypselos): Athen. Mitt. xli 1916 51ff.
[339] Chap. (2) for refs. etc. Twins as snakes in relief, Avignon, with Helen as egg: Chap. (1) 140.
[340] Chap. (1) nos 24f, 76-94. Sky-halves: Cumont (1) ch. 1; Eros 86f; apotheosis for merit 91, cf. Menandros Rhetor 122 Bursian (Abh. Münch. xvi (1882). Underworld as lower hemisphere: Axiochos; Philippson RE viiA 1144. Phaethon: Nock (5) 141. Dokana and Twins as cosmic stabilizers: Merlat (1) 85f, 92 n1 (2) 237; P (20); Demangel (2). It is no argument against an ultimate link of Dioskouroi and Asvins to say that the latter were not hemisphere-symbols (late for the Dioskouroi) or that they did
not ride. They were connected with chariots, and we saw that warriors drove before they rode. (For Diosk thiasos in Egypt, Aeg. 1933 xiii 446; Archiv v 158; Aeg. xxxiii 347 etc. with Isis, Lat. 1966, 93.)
[341] Kerenyi (5) 200; Pind. Isth. vii 44f; Eur. fr. 285; Athen. ii 69cd; Kall. fr. 478 Pf; Eub. fr. 14K; Krat. fr. 330 K. Lykos (Lykon), cf. Athen. 418e; WM (10) 33; Scr. Alex. Mag. 46. Min: JL (5) 355f; Deonna (2) 26.
[342] Paus. ii 1, 3; Ap. ep. i 1; Bacchyl. xii 23 (Edmonds); Kerenyi (5) 220. Epics: Huxley (4) ch. ix; Herter RhM lxxxviii (1939) , 283; Arist. Poet. 8. Troizen: Barrett 2f. Zeus Meilichos: JH (2) 13-29; sch. Louk. Ikaro-Men. 24; Paus. ii 20, 1. Enarsphoros: Dugas (7) 48.
[343] Sch. Il. i 263. Kolonos: Plout. Thes. 14b; Soph. O.K. 1539. Tainaros: Hyg. Fab. 79; Paus. x 28, 2; Aen. vi 393, 617. Thrones: Ap. ep. i 24; Paus. x 29, 9; Ap. ii 5, 12; Hor. Carm. iv 7, 27. Comic: sch. Arist. Knights 1368. Od. x 632ff; JL (2) 78f, 153, 181. Theseus and P. seated on rocks: Barron 42-4, in archaic art on thrones: Schefold (9) 69; Kunze 112f, 129. Panyassis, who died before mid-fifth century, wrote that they were held fast by rocks growing into them (fr. 9K: Paus. x 29, 9): date, W. MacLead, Phoenix xx 1966 95-110. This version prevails in early classical vase-painting. Note that the scene of the Niobid Painter (kalyx-krater in Louvre) is framed by the Dioskouroi (alternate life and death); they wait to rise with Theseus: Barron 23f, pl. 1. Here as in another Kalyx-k in N.Y. Herakles waits for Theseus. See also E. Simon AJA lxvii 1963 47, 52-4; sch. Soph. Oid. Kol. 1559.
[344] Plout. Thes. 31; Paus. i 17, 4-6. Peirithoos at Athens: Paus. i 30, 4; x 29, 2; Ap. i 8, 2; Ov. Met. viii 566; Plin. xxxvi 4.
[345] Plays by young men at sowing festival: H. Schurtz 102ff. Xanthos: Cornford (4) 21, 249; Souda sv Melanthos. Reviling points to ritual exchange of abuse, aischrologia, cf. Paris and the goddesses, Il. xxiv. Initiates: Cornford 68; JH (4) 244ff (Pelops and Hippodameia); Frazer G. B. (3rd) iii 91. Birds: Cornford 67-72; CZ i 708; Sheppard; Frazer Magic Art ii (1911), 136ff. Gaster in Introduction to Cornford (4) points out many Aristophanic plays do not exactly fit the pattern; but we must allow for free variations on a theme.
