by Jack Lindsay
[390] H (1) 2363: no oriental influence in doublings. Themis: Paus. ii 31, 3. Gems: (1) Delatte (4) 195f, Chap. (1) 287ff (2) D. no 259; Bonner (1) 313; JdAI xlvi (1931), 175ff (3) D. no 254, cf. 255f, 257 (4) Hekate, Chap. (1) 77. Magic stone, Nemesites, Kyan. 30; Pythagorean number for five (Nemesis). Paus. ii 31, 5.
[391] Aptera: F (1) ii 495; H. rejects. Patrai: Paus. vii 20, 9. Isok. x 59, 217d; Hyg. PA ii 8; Ourania, IG iii 1, 289; F (1) ii 492 n.A.
[392] Invert: as does N (3) i 482. Artemis: F (1) ii 487ff, CIL iii 14076; CZ i 275; H (1) 2377 (though he denies, 2340, see also 2370). Oupis: sv EM; F (1) ii 587 n129; 593 n135; CIG 6280 A2. Hunt: H (1) 2372, 2374, 2376; JL (3) 244f. Griffins: H (1) 2376; F (1) ii 493. Mistress of animals: Loschke and Studniczka, Kyrene 159ff: no proof. Coins: Head 594; Lane 45; Ramsey (3) 264f.
[393] CIG 3161; Cadoux 221, 208f. Later history: Cadoux; Dion Chrys. xl 14; CIG 3193, 3148 (IGR iv 1431 cf. CIG 2663; Volkmann (2) 321; AP xii 193 (ii 421f); CIG 3163 (IGR iv 1403). See also Slaars; Rossbach. Great mother at Smyrna: Cadoux 215-19. Briseus is shown as a bearded adult.
[394] Hes. Theog. 223f, 133-5; Paus. vii 5, 3; sch. Eur. Rhes. 342; Hyg. Fab, praef. 1. Okeanid: sch. Lyk. 88; F (1) ii 492 sees link with Aphrodite, against Posnansky 12; H (1) 2362 sees it as sign of antiquity. Snakes: CZ i 2701f; Eitrem (1) 40 n4. See also n14 above. (Also called daughter of Zeus and Demeter, of Erebos, of Okeanos.)
[395] BCH liv (1930), 269; H (1) 2352; sch. Demos. xli 1031; Harpokr.; Phot.; Souda sv; Bekker Anec. Gr. i 182, 32; F (2) ii 490; Deubner 219, 230; Mommsen (1) 174.
[396] Origins of N.: Mannhardt 114; Gruppe 17, 45; Klinz 91; Coman 29-33; Picard (5) 67f (Crete); H (1) 2340. Adrasteia: Leaf (3) 77; F (1) ii 499f; SIG (2nd) 940, 16 (Kos), CIG 2663 (Halik.): from the hero Adrastos. IGR iv 1431, 5 (Smyrna), AP xii 193 (Straton), Suppl. Epigr. iv 277 (Panamara). Nurse: Kall. Zeus 46ff, AR iii 133; A. as nurse of Zeus makes a gold ball (CZ ii 933) and puts the babe to sleep in a gold cradle on Ida. N. and Herakles, ASAE 1947 xlvii 245; with Palmyrene deity, Seyrig Syria 1932 xiii 51.
[397] Il. xx 209-11; JH (2) 183; Wüst (2); Kretzenbacher 29-36, 41-4. Kairos not in Homer. Mykenai: Brandon (1) 78f & (2) pl. ix; P (2) 289f; N (5a) 34-6, 46; Wüst (2) 1446 thinks domestic. Psyche in Homer means life, also ghost. Aischylos wrote a Psychostasis. Orphics: Turcan RHR cl 170: Dessau ILS 3737, bilingual: Despoina N. as Justitia N.
[398] Avenger: Kaibel 119 (Peiraios); AP vii 358. Killer: Eunap. Vit. Max. 481; H (1) 2365. Etruscan: H (1) 2374. Dem. Erinys: Vian 136. Dike: Mesomedes, Hynn Nem. 2; Amn. Xiv 11, 25; Soph. Elektra 292. Themis: Gruppe ii 587; Latte 1628; WM (9) i 203; Tracker, Ichnaios, Latte 1628, Str. 435. All but Dietrich are too rationalist: WM (9) i 202; F (1) ii 495; H (1) 2348; D 170. Praxidike involved on defixio of lead (prob. third century BC), Cyranaic: JHS Arch. Rep. 1971-2 46f.
[399] Phthonos not in Homer; in general Lloyd-Jones. Praxidikai: D. 102-4; Paus. iii 22, 2; ix 33, 3; Souda sv; triad, Steph. Byz. sv Temile. Orphic hymn xxix 4. In general: Wide 240; F (1) iii 55; N (3) i 139.
[400] D. 340 & 11-13; Solmsen 40f; Personifications of share: D. 59-61; Pötscher Wien. St. lxxiii 1960 26; Ramat. N (3) and (8) for growth of personifications in fourth century. Megara: Paus. i 40, 4. Erinyes as Moirai of Cretan civilization: GT (3) 343. Anaxagoras: Lloyd, 246.
[401] Od. vii 197; Hes. Theog. 218ff. Il. xxiv 525; Od. i 17. Aisch. Eum. 728. Number: K (2) 28; Ap. i 6, 2. Birth: Il. xx 127f; Od. vii 197; Aisch. Eum. 348; Eur. Hel. 212, IT 203, Bacch. 99, cf. Plout. Mor. 637f; Pind. Nem. vii I, Ol. vi 42; Paus. viii 21, 3; Plat. Symp. 206d. Meleagros: Hyg. Fab. 171.
[402] Theog. 904; Orph. H. lix 2; Kern 99.
[403] Knees: Onians (2). Names: Lachesis, Orph. fr. 3; AP vii 5; Erinna 23. Atropos: GT (1) 47 suggests a- may be intensive, then A. is the Turner, the Spindle, itself. Marks etc: GT (1) 47-9, 431 nn 55-8, 424 nn 26f. Robertson Smith (2) 335; Karsten CSAI 1-197; Tzet. Lyk. 495; Pind. Paian v 101 sch.; Paus. viii 11, 8.
[404] Transvestism: Delcourt (1); Dionysiac touch: Diod. iv 34, 5. Queens: Jeanmaire (5) 34f, 18-21 & (1) i24f. Hoples was eponymous ancestor of one of Ionian tribes. Weave mētis: Il. vii 324, Od. iv 678; device, Il. x 19. Athene: Od. xiii 299.
[405] Str. 165: much same system in Egypt. GT (3) 240ff; Hdt. i 173, 5, and ii 35, 4; Klearchos 49; Charax 10; Varro in Aug. CD xviii 9; Leleges etc, GT (3) 166-71; Plout. Thes. xix; Str. 322; Klearch. 6; Arist. Polit. 1274a 6f; Eph. 47; Pind. Ol. x 17 sch.; estates, Arist. 1266b 6. Taras: Theop. 190; Serv. Aen. iii 351; different tale, Eph. 53; Parthenios. Il. xvi 180, parthenos means son of unmarried woman: GT (3) 200-3.
[406] Zeus: Ar. Birds 1731; Pind. fr. 30 Schroeder. Hair: Poll. iii 38; Antiphon fr. 49 Diels. Shares: Aisch. Pers. 917, Ag. 1463; Il. iv 170; Hes. Theol. 607. Women’s rights: GT (3) 5if; Aisch. Prom. 532, 534 (warning), Il. xvi 433.
[407] Olympians take over: Paus. v 15, 5; viii 37, I; x 24, 4, cf. i 40, 4; Eur. fr. 620, Hel. 1247; Mel. fr. adesp. 5; Orphic H. 59, 11, fr. 248, 5. Erinyes: CZ ii 1001-2. Ibibios: Talbot (1) 193-9: previously matrilineal. Note how writing became general and secular with Aegean, not the preserve of a priestly caste.
[408] Bianchi 1-10; WM (9) i 352., Solmsen (3) 39ff; Od. viii 258; Naxos etc.: Bianchi 5 n2; 5 n3 with more examples. Tyrannos: Norden (1) 398. Oitos: D 338; Demok. fr. 227 Diels; Soph. El. 167. Ethos: Corn-ford 27; Il. vi 551; Od. xiv 411.
[409] Inner and outer: Jaeger 140; GT (1) 38ff; sch. Pind. Isth. viii 43; Edmonds (1) ii 102; D 12; GT 424 n24 as to clan (Num. xxxiii 51-4, Jos. xviii 3-6). Helios? Pind. Ol. vii 58-64. Note lanchanein for association of god with region or city: H. Hymn xix 5; Hdt. vii 53; Pind. Nem. xi 7; Plat. Tim. 23d. Rhodes: GT (1) 39; Pind. Ol. vii 74; Il. ii 654; Cornford (1) 15; Il. xv 185ff.
[410] Hes. Theog. 411-28; H.H. iv 42.7f, Od. vi 9; Ap. ii 8, 4; Hdt. iv 159; Moret and Davey (1); GT (1) 48; Buckholtz ii 94f. Mazon (2) 21-4; Van Groningen 269f, local festival of Hekate provided occasion for first performance of Hesiod’s Theogony; her origins, D 341-3 with refs.; N (2) 395 n1 on Hesiodic passage as interpolation. Attika: Arist. Ath. Rep. xi 8. No need to discuss here just what the ‘Dorian invasion’ was.
[411] Diod. v 9; GT (1) 427f (for parallels), cf. Diod. v 34; Tac. Germ. 26. Temenos: J. Chadwick (4) 125; Il. xviii 510; tablet PY Er 3t2; Finley (2) 140.
[412] Plout. Mor. 644; GT (1) 41f; Od. xx 470, cf. Hes. Theog. 544. Tale in Theog. of Prometheus tricking gods into worse moira of sacrifices. Geras: Od. iv 65, Il. vii 321, H.H. iv 122, Od. xiv 433. Plout. Mor. 644a; Theog. 677ff; communal feasts, N (3a) 255; GT (1) 420 n31; Plout. 483c; GT (1) 430 n34. Divination: Sch. Pind. Ol. iv 337; Hogarth (1) pl. xxxvi, Josh. vii 14; Jonah i 7; Acts i 26; Tylor Prim. Cult. i 78ff; Frazer (2) iv 172. Coins: Halliday (4) 207 nn2f. Warriors: ib. 208 n1.
[413] Kubaba: Leroy (1) 51ff; also P (17) & (18), Demeter (Kybos). Voting: Staveley, index Sortition. At Sparta and Athens a voting council emerged after mid-eighth century, a voting assembly about 600 or a little later.
[414] Triai: Fontenrose 426-33; Halliday 210 n1; H. H. Hermes 550ff; sch. Kall. H. Apollo 45; Lobeck Aglaoph. 814; Philoch. 196; an Attic deme was Thria. Thriazein: Soph. fr. 466; Eur. fr. 478; glossed by Hesych. as from thrion, fig leaf, also EM 455, 45; thriou psophos, Wasps 436, possibly link with thriambos, epithet of Dionysos and hymn to him. Delphoi: Parke (1) ii no 80; Amandry (1) 25, (2) 184. Dodona: Cic. de div. i 34 (76); Halliday. Herakles, Paus. vii 25, 10; Frazer ad loc.; Halliday 213 nn2f: cf. gnomai monostichoi, also Italian kleromantic oracles at Caere and Falerii.
[415] Hesiod was called the Helot’s Poet by King Kleomenes of Sparta: Plout. Apopth. Lak. 223a.
[416] Pollitt (a) 3. I take this example at random, with no derogation of this writer’s excellent work on art.
[417] Bonnet, Rev. d’Ethnol. viii (1889) 156; Pommel, Single et Homme 18; Schmidt, Dawn of the Human Mind (1936) fig. 94. Cf. Dipylon vase: J. S. Droop BSA xii (1905-06) 81 figs. 1f; T. Reinach (a) 324. Date of rock carving uncertain. American drawings: E. Clodd, Childhood of the World (1914) figs. 22, 20 (Schoolcraft, Indian Tribes and Dorman, Prim. Superstit
ions).
[418] Howitt, JAI xvi 49ff; for snakes in Australian shamanism, Mauss, L’origine des pouvoirs magiques 33-43. Ropes: Baldwin Spencer, Aust. Encyc. i 27. Spear at clouds: R. Brough Smith, Aboriginals of Victoria (1878) i 462. Tchintu: Baldwin Spencer l.c.; A. P. Elkin, Aboriginal Men of High Degree (1946) 64f. Crystals: Eliade (3) 184-7 etc.
[419] Siberia: Mikhailovsky JRAI xxiv 67; Chadwick Growth iii 205, 207. Tibet: D. Macdonald, Land of Lama 204; L. A. Waddell, Lhasa and its Mysteries (1929) 397f. Forms once a ritual became a display: in the eighteenth century at Edinburgh: ‘A Flying Man slid on his stomach down a hundred and fifty yards of rope from Half-Moon Battery to the Castle Rock,’ C. Carswell, Life of R. Burns (1930) 26, cf. Hogarth’s Southwark Fair. Woman: A. David-Neel, With Mystics and Magicians in Tibet (1931) ch. 1, cf. the tumo ecstasy, ch. vi, A. David-Neel, Initiations and Initiates in Tibet (1931) 77; and marriage, Macdonald 142, 149, 151, 180, 207, 202, 189. Cosmic rope: Eliade (3) 166f. Indian rope-trick: Eliade (3) 160-4. Tying shadow to oneself (China) to ensure its safety at burial; de Groot, i 94, 210f.
[420] Eliade (2) 170-3 for refs. East Indies: De Moubray, Matriarchy in the Malay Peninsula (1931) 42, ‘marriage by the tying of the thread’. And L. Moore, Malabar Laws and Customs 70 (sacred prostitutes). Chittagong: Hartland (1) ii 344. Deccan: R. E. Enthoven, FL of Bombay (1924) 302. Hoshangabad: W. Crooke, Pop. Religion and FL of N. India i 31. Buddha, see esp. Semaka. Further, Widengren and Cser. Also Yalman and Viennot.
[421] Loango: Dennett, FL of Fjort 74; for Anansi (Spider) as folk-hero of cycle of tales in W. Africa, see eg W. H. Barker and C. Sinclair, W. African FTs; for his migration with Negroes to West Indies, app. to Dasent, Pop. Tales from Norse (2nd ed.) Variant: Von E. Pechuel-Loesche, Die Loango Expedition (1907) iii 2, 135. E. Beguin, Les Ma-Rotse (1903) 118ff. Louyi: E. Jacottet, Etudes sur les langues du Haut-Zambesi iii see Textes Louyi (1901) 116ff. Tshi: J. G. Christaller, Negersagen von d. Goldkuste, Z. f. Afrik. Sprache i (1887-8) 51ff. Soubiya: Jacottet, ii Textes Soubbia (1899) 102ff. Fo: Fr. Muller, Die Religionen Togos, Anthropos (1908) iii 279. Upotos: M. Lindeman, Les Utopos (1906) 23ff. Thonga: H. A. Junot, Life of a S. African Tribe (1912-13) ii 389ff. Masai: A. C. Hollis, The Masai (1905) 166ff; Dinka tell of a track cut to heaven by a rascal, JAI xxxiv (1904) i57ff. Bavili: Dennett, At the Back of the Black Man’s Mind (1906) 116, 142f. Loango penance: Pechuël-L. iii 2, 290f. Blantyre: Hartland (1) ii 101. Kenya: A. R. Wise, ‘Witchcraft Trial in Kenya’, Daily Telegraph 20 Aug. 1934. Chuka: G. St. Orde Browne, Vanishing Tribes of Kenya 82ff. Yoruba: Johnson in app. to Dennett. Hausa: A. J. N. Tremearne Ban of Bori (1914) 422. Basoga: Roscoe, N. Bantu 216. Uganda: Roscoe, The Baganda 282ff. The Kich of the Nile: myth of men sent down from heaven by a long golden cord: Frobernius, Childhood of Man 335.
[422] C. Stevenson, 11th Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol. (1894) 26ff, Toff. S. Powers. Tribes of California (1877) 38ff. 19th Ann. Rep. B. Eth. i (1900) 240ff. E. A. Smith, Rep. Bur. Eth. ii 94. Divination: Tylor P.C. (znd) i 127f; Halliday (1) 218ff. Chuckchi: Amer. Anthropologist n.s. iii 95.
[423] Chadwicks Growth iii 256f, 275, 296-8; 339 for songs showing kite-ascent akin to the spirit-ascent; rainbow, 297, 318, 320 (also Japanese parallel and belief of Cheremissi on Volga). Gill, Myths and Songs from S. Pacific (1876) 63-9. Same, 40f. Note in allied tale of Marquesas the passage into underworld is stressed as long and winding: Trans. & Procs. N.Z. Instit. xx (1887) 385ff. Kane: JAI lxi (1931) 455f. C. M. Wheeler, Monu-Alu FL (1926) 52-5; journey 55-7. E. L. Bridges, The Uttermost Part of the Earth (1948) 284ff.
[424] Shetlands: E. Saxby, Shetland Trad. Lore (1932) 184. Arachne: Schirmer, Roscher sv; Verg. Georg. iv 246; Serv. ad loc.; Ov. Met. vi 1ff. Rink, Tales and Trads. of Eskimo (1875) 464; Z.d. Vereins ii 15; M. MacPhail Folklore vi 162; JAI xxiv 150. Frazer: Taboo, section on Knots and Rings Tabooed; Murray, God of Witches 71-3. Installation: Hocart 40-44.
[425] Paus. viii 5, 5; 1o, 3. Dennett 130. E. Chavannes Le T’ai Chan (1910) 493f, 468f; 484ff for antiquity of rite. Plout. De Is. 69; Rose (6) 76f. Fiji: Anthropos (1911) 724. Peru: Bastian, Die Völker d. öst. Asien iv 174. Wrist: Frazer Taboo on absence and recall of soul. Negus: R. M. Woolley, Coronation Rites; Hocart sees relation to Alexander.
[426] Arne-Thompson no 310. Chadwick Growth iii 96ff. Zante: B. Schmidt, Gr. Märchen. Sagen. u. Volksieder (1855) nos 13, 17. Serbian: M. Petrovich, Tales and Legends of the Serbians, ‘Lying for a Wager’. Compare tales of the chain of people, animals, etc that makes a ladder, bridge, rope for some dangerous passage, cf. Arne-Thompson no 804. Witch-hair: Hartland (1) sections dealing with encounter with basilisk witch. Thumie: Ramsay Smith, Myths and Legends of Australian Aboriginals, note to ‘The Mischievous Crow’. For hair-string in N. America: ‘The Fairy Wives’ in Spence, Myths and Legends of N.A. Indians. Musquatie: Haddon, Magic and Fetishism. Hungary: H. von. Wlislocke, Volksglaube u. relig. Brauch d. Zigeuner (1891) 131; and his Volksdicht. d. siebenbürg. u. sudungar. Zig. (1886) 183; story no 13. Kamchatka: Hartland (1) i 156.
[427] Self-acting rope: R. C. Temple, Legends of Panjab i 17; Rev. trad. pop. iii 45I (horse’s heel-ropes tie giants up); for rope that binds and loosens, Arne-Thompson no 559. Cestus: Hartland (1) ii 2.24ff; Aphrodite holding cestus in hand, Martial vi 13. Hungary: K. Viski, Hungarian Peasant Customs (1932) 56ff. Maui: Knight 125ff; JHS 1931 176; Folklore xlvi lolf; Krappe RhM lxxviii 1929 249ff. A girdle is used in initiation rite of a guild or tradesmen or artisans in modern Egypt, with three knottings, Lane, Mod. Egyptians 515. Note hair-girdle that the Australian native will never take off, Basset-Smith JAI xxiii (1894) 327, and leaf-girdle of Veddas in ritual dance (later, a white cloth): C. G. and B. Z. Seligmann, The Veddas (1911) 213. A. Moret, Mystères egyptiens (1927) ch iii n34 for the ‘queue’ as navel-string playing key part (connected with girdle) in Egyptian rebirth rites, cf. Vedic apotheosis rite of the Diksa. Monster: Chambers Med. Stage ii 365; Stratford fresco in his English Folk Play (1933); note medieval belief that only a maiden could tame a unicorn.
Margaret: Chambers, Folk Play 173f; Leg. Aurea xciii; A. Wirth Danae in christl. Legenden (1892) 24; St Marcel subdued dragon near Paris by winding his stole round it. Tarasque: E. J. Robson, Wayfarer in Provençe (1926) 49, 211ff. Note belief knots can prevent childbirth: Lapps, Germans, Indians, Romans etc: Frazer, Taboo 294; J. Hillner Volksth. Brauch u. Glaube 15 etc. Note Lykosoura, N (3a) 89: no rings or braided hair.
[428] Measurement. Layard etc. Jesus : Z. f. Vereins ii 168. Grimm Teut. Myth. 1575. Rivista i 790. Rep. Bur. Ethnol. ix 572. J. Am. FL V 242, vii 135. Also v 108, 242. There is a statement, N. & Q. vii 8th s. 6, that in England up to seventeenth century a rope measured from a corpse was used to cause evil effects.
[429] Crawley (1) ch. v; also Hartland (1) ii 3iff; Frazer Magic Art. H. Norden Wanderer in Indo-China (1931), 103f. Tug-of-war: Kakouri 43f. Transmission of spirit power by anointing: Crawley (2) 60-89, union of rites of decoration and purification.
[430] Eliade (3) 180-82. Il. viii 17-27; Plat. Theait. 153cd, Rep. x 616bc; Macrob. Comm. Scipio’s Dream; Olympiodoros Comm. on the Gorgias, Proklos on the Tim. and The Divine Names 3, 1. Also Lévêque, esp. 11-20, 46-8. See also Eliade 177 for puppets.
