69.Davis, FDR: The New York Years, pp. 34–35.
70.Marian Barros, “City Lawyer, Country Chickens,” New York Times, November 14, 2007.
71.FDR to Henry Morgenthau Jr., June 13, 1928, FDRL.
72.Levy, Henry Morgenthau, Jr., p. 160.
73.Harlan D. Unrau and G. Frank Williss, Administrative History: Expansion of the National Park Service in the 1930s (Denver, CO: Denver Service Center Publication, 1983), p. 108.
74.Graham Averill, “Appalachian Inspiration,” Nature Conservancy (July/August 2013).
75.Davis, FDR: The New York Years, p. 4.
76.Dunwell, The Hudson: America’s River, p. 264.
77.Herbert Hoover, The Ordeal of Woodrow Wilson (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958), p. 297.
78.Eleanor Roosevelt, The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1961), p. 153.
79.Ritchie, Electing FDR, p. 10.
CHAPTER 6: “A TWICE-BORN MAN”
1.FDR, inaugural address, January 1, 1929, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/education/resources/pdfs/fdrstandard1.pdf.
2.Bernard Bellush, Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of New York (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955).
3.Stradling, The Nature of New York, p. 161.
4.FDR, address to New York State Forestry Association, February 27, 1929, Albany, NY.
5.Ibid.
6.Stradling, The Nature of New York, p. 161.
7.FDR to B. U. Hiester, June 30, 1931, FDRL.
8.FDR quoted in Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, p. 409.
9.Harold Faber, “Savoring the Scenic Delights Along the Taconic Parkway,” New York Times, August 14, 1987.
10.Ibid.
11.William Kennedy quoted in Mark Healy, “‘Just Drive,’ Said the Road, and the Car Responded,” July 5, 2002.
12.FDR to Captain Edward McCauley Jr., March 21, 1929, FDRL.
13.FDR quoted in “The Future of the Forest Preserve,” in Report of the President of the Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks, presented at annual meeting, April 12, 1932, Paul Schaefer Wilderness Archives, Union College, Schenectady, NY.
14.Peter M. Hopsicker, “Legalizing the 1932 Lake Placid Bob-run: A Test of the Adirondack Wilderness Culture,” Olympika 17 (2009), pp. 99–119.
15.“The Future of the Forest Preserve,” pp. 2–3.
16.Frank Graham Jr., The Adirondack Park: A Political History (New York: Knopf, 1978), pp. 184–85.
17.“Governor Roosevelt Dedicates Whiteface, Another Similar Highway,” New York Times, September 12, 1929.
18.Sam Rosenman, ed., Public Papers of the President of the United States: F. D. Roosevelt, Vol. 4 (New York: Random House, 1938), p. 361.
19.Migratory Bird Conservation Act, 45 Stat. 1222, February 18, 1929.
20.Dayton Duncan and Ken Burns, The Dust Bowl (San Francisco: Chronicle Books 2012), p. 33.
21.William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), pp. 2–6.
22.Adam Cohen, Nothing to Fear: FDR’s Inner Circle and the Hundred Days That Created Modern America (New York: Penguin, 2009), p. 2.
23.Hoover quoted in Michael E. Parrish, Anxious Decades: America in Prosperity and Desperation, 1920–1941 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), p. 244.
24.Roosevelt quoted in Bellush, Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of New York, p. 76.
25.Bernard Asbell, The F. D. R. Memoirs: A Speculation on History (New York: Doubleday, 1973), p. 105.
26.Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, p. 390.
27.A. L. Reisch Owen, Conservation Under F. D. R. (New York: Praeger, 1983), p. 10.
28.FDR to Nicholas Roosevelt, February 20, 1929, FDRL.
29.Thomas W. Patton, “FDR’s Trees,” Conservationist, Vol. 49, no. 5 (April 1995), p. 26.
30.Acting Dean Nelson C. Brown Records, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, F. Franklin Moon Library, Terence J. Hoverter College Archives and Special Collections, Syracuse.
31.Nelson Brown to Elliott Roosevelt, June 15, 1950, Brown Papers, FDRL.
32.Nelson Brown, “Governor Roosevelt’s Forest,” American Forests, Vol. 37 (May 1931), pp. 273–74.
33.Eleanor Roosevelt, preface to John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, Vol. 1 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959).
34.Elinor Morgenthau quoted in Ward, First-Class Temperament, p. 253.
35.FDR to Henry Morgenthau Jr., May 20, 1929, FDRL.
36.Henry Morgenthau quoted in Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries, pp. 26–27.
37.FDR, speech to New York State Legislature, March 25, 1930.
38.FDR, “A Debt We Owe,” Country Home (June 1930), pp. 12–14.
39.Egan, The Worst Hard Time, p. 270.
40.Florida International University Everglades Digital Library, “Reclaiming the Everglades: South Florida’s Natural History, 1884 to 1934,” http://everglades.fiu.edu/reclaim/timeline/.
41.Donald Worster, Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), pp. 10–11.
42.Kendrick Clements, Hoover, Conservation, and Consumerism (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000), p. 187.
43.Galusha, Another Day, Another Dollar, p. 20.
44.June Hopkins “The New York State Temporary Emergency Relief Administration,” October 1, 1931, Social Welfare History Project, http://www.socialwelfarehistory.com/eras/temporary-emergency-relief-administration/.
45.Jean Christie, “Conservation,” in Otis L. Graham and Meghan Robinson Wander, Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1985), p. 77.
46.Frederic A. Delano to H. S. Hooker, October 26, 1936, FDRL.
47.Tobin, The Man He Became, pp. 287–88.
48.FDR, “Proclamation of Conservation Week,” March 2, 1931, FDRL.
49.“Maunsell Crosby, Ornithologist, Dies,” New York Times, February 13, 1931, p. 17.
50.Bellush, Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of New York, p. 95.
51.FDR, “A Debt We Owe.”
52.Richard Davis, “National Forests of the United States,” Forest History Society, September 29, 2005, http://www.foresthistory.org/ASPNET/Places/National%20Forests%20of%20the%20U.S.pdf.
53.FDR quoted in Stradling, The Nature of New York, pp. 162–63.
54.Maher, Nature’s New Deal, p. 28.
55.David Gibson, “The National Adirondack Debate of 1932,” http://www.adirondackwild.org/pdf/pdf_adk_almanack/post-13_national_debate_of_32.pdf.
56.Graham, The Adirondack Park, p. 7.
57.FDR to John G. Saxe, n.d., 1931, FDRL, quoted in Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox, p. 129.
58.“Forest Measure Approved; Gov. Roosevelt Adds to His Prestige in Clash with Smith,” New York Times, November 4, 1931.
59.Governor George H. Dern to FDR, November 10, 1931, FDRL.
60.Bellush, Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of New York, p. 98.
61.Stradling, The Nature of New York, p. 160.
62.Thomas B. Allen, Guardian of the Wild: The Story of the National Wildlife Federation, 1936–1986 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), p. 24.
63.“Hawes Will Direct New Wild Life Body,” New York Times, September 5, 1930.
64.Hugh Bennett, “Soil Erosion: A National Menace,” USDA Circular 33 (1928).
65.Samuel Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), p. 37.
66.Fenster, FDR’s Shadow.
67.FDR, “Address at Oglethorpe University in Atlanta, Georgia,” May 22, 1932. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=88410.
68.Derek S. Hoff, “Rockefeller Family” in Brosnan, Encyclopedia of American Environmental History, Vol. 4, p. 1130.
69.Tom Horton, William Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Turning the Tide: Saving the Chesapeake Bay (Washington, DC: Island, 2013), pp. 71–72, 77–80.
70.U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge Comprehensive Conservati
on Plan, October 2006.
71.Michael Frome, “Not Far from the Maddening Crowd,” in Wilderness (Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1973), p. 250. See also Francis Harper, “The Okefinokee Wilderness,” National Geographic (May 1934), p. 597.
72.Francis Harper and Delma E. Presley, Okefinokee Album (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1981), p. 6.
73.When writing to Francis and Jean Harper, Franklin Roosevelt used the time-honored spelling “Okefinokee” that they preferred. However, the U.S. Geographical Board decided that the swamp’s official name should be the more modern “Okefenokee.” In the NWR declaration, the new, official spelling appeared, much to the dismay of purists like the Harpers. Composer Stephen C. Foster changed the spelling of Florida’s Suwannee River for his ballad “Old Folks at Home,” which he began with a longing for life “way down upon the Swanee River.” Today, there is a state park dedicated to Foster, who also wrote the songs “My Old Kentucky Home” and “Beautiful Dreamer.”
74.Harper and Presley, Okefinokee Album, p. 18.
75.Megan Kate Nelson, Trembling Earth: A Cultural History of the Okefenokee Swamp (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2005), pp. 185–88.
76.Alter, The Defining Moment, p. 84.
77.Ibid., pp. xiv–xv.
78.John Nance Garner quoted in Jules Witcover, The American Vice Presidency: From Irrelevance to Power (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2014), p. 302.
79.“John Nance Garner: Out of the Vaults, onto the Screen,” Center Points (Fall 2013), pp. 2–3.
80.John Nance Garner quoted in Witcover, The American Vice Presidency, p. 302.
81.Paul F. Boller Jr., Presidential Campaigns (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 233.
82.FDR, “Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago,” July 2, 1932. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=75174.
83.Ibid.
84.Eric Rutkow, American Canopy: Trees, Forests, and the Making of a Nation (New York: Scribner, 2012), p. 249.
85.FDR, “Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination.”
86.FDR to Louis Howe, October 10, 1933, FDRL.
87.Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 1, pp. 209–10.
88.FDR, “Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination.”
89.Charles Lathrop Pack quoted in Rutkow, American Canopy, pp. 249–50.
90.Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 1, p. 113.
91.“National Affairs: Hyde and Seedlings,” Time, July 18, 1931. Also see Clements, Hoover, Conservation, and Consumerism, p. 192.
92.Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 1, p. 113.
93.FDR to James O. Hazard, July 29, 1932, FDRL.
94.James A. Kehl and Samuel J. Astorino, “A Bull Moose Responds to the New Deal: Pennsylvania’s Gifford Pinchot,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 88, no. 1 (January 1964), pp. 37–51.
95.Gifford Pinchot (summer 1932, n.d.), unpublished statement, Gifford Pinchot Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
96.“Roosevelt Leaves on Long Trip West,” Washington Post, September 13, 1932, p. 3.
97.Worster, Dust Bowl, p. 12.
98.Eric Jay Dolin, Smithsonian Book of National Wildlife Refuges (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 2003), p. 85.
99.Margaret Bourke-White, “Dust Changes America,” The Nation, May 22, 1935; reprinted in John R. Wunder, Francis W. Kaye, and Vernon Carstensen, eds., Americans View Their Dust Bowl Experience (Boulder: University of Colorado Press, 2001), pp. 90–93.
100.“Conservation Crisis Seen in Texas,” American Forests (September 1931), p. 558.
101.Eleanor Roosevelt, Autobiography, p. 161.
102.Eleanor Roosevelt quoted in Thomas Patton, “Forestry and Politics: Franklin D. Roosevelt as Governor of New York,” New York History (October 1994), pp. 397–418.
103.FDR to Lowe Shearon, in Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: The Great Depression, 1929–1941 (New York: Macmillan, 1952), p. 316.
104.Hoover, The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, pp. 316–17.
105.Egan, The Worst Hard Time, p. 104.
106.Will Rogers quoted in Cohen, Nothing to Fear, pp. 4–5.
CHAPTER 7: “THEY’VE MADE THE GOOD EARTH BETTER”
1.Bob Marshall, Alaska Wilderness: Exploring the Central Brooks Range (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), p. 1.
2.Harvey Manning, Wilderness Alps: Conservation and Conflict in Washington’s North Cascades (Bellingham, WA: Northwest Wild Books, 2007), p. 76.
3.Robert Marshall, “The Problem of the Wilderness,” Scientific Monthly, Vol. 30, no. 2 (February 1930), p. 148.
4.See Robert Marshall, “Forest Devastation Must Stop,” Nation (August 28, 1929); “A Proposed Remedy for Our Forestry Illness,” Journal of Forestry, Vol. 28 (March 1930).
5.Miller, Gifford Pinchot and the Making of Modern American Environmentalism, pp. 333–34. See also A National Plan for American Forestry, Senate Document no. 12, 73rd Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933), 2 vols; Earle H. Clapp, Major Problems and the Next Big Step in American Forestry: Summary of a Report Prepared in Response to Senate Resolution 175; Together with Table of Contents, Letters of Transmittal, and Introduction from “A National Plan for American Forestry,” by the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933).
6.James M. Glover, A Wilderness Original: The Life of Bob Marshall (Seattle, WA: Mountaineer, 1986), pp. 146–49.
7.Bob Marshall quoted ibid., p. 150.
8.James M. Glover and Regina B. Glover, “Robert Marshall: Portrait of a Liberal Forester,” Journal of Forest History, Vol. 30, no. 3 (July 1986), pp. 112–19. See also Trees: The Yearbook of Agriculture (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949), p. 713.
9.Gifford Pinchot to FDR, January 20, 1933, FDRL.
10.Conrad L. Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1980), p. 73.
11.Gifford Pinchot to Franklin D. Roosevelt, January 20, 1933, FDRL.
12.Clements, Hoover, Conservation, and Consumerism, p. 179.
13.Alter, The Defining Moment, p. 168.
14.“Assassin Fires into Roosevelt Party at Miami; President-Elect Uninjured; Mayor Cermak and 4 Others Wounded”; “Cermak in Critical Condition at Hospital; ‘Glad It Was I, Not You,’ He Tells Roosevelt,” New York Times, February 16, 1933, p. 1.
15.Philip H. Melanson, The Secret Service (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2002), pp. 43–44.
16.Alter, The Defining Moment, p. 176.
17.Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, pp. 263–64.
18.Graham White and John Maze, Harold Ickes of the New Deal (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 96.
19.Ibid., p. 98.
20.Barry Mackintosh, “Harold L. Ickes and the National Park Service,” Journal of Forest History, Vol. 29 (April 1985), p. 78.
21.Harold Ickes, “Federal Responsibility for Planning,” in Harlean James, ed., American Planning and Civic Annual (Washington, DC: American Planning and Civic Association, 1934), p. 3.
22.J. Leonard Bates, “Anna Wilmarth Thompson Ickes,” in Edward T. James, Janet Wilson James, and Paul S. Boye, eds., Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary, Vol. 1 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 251–52; Jennifer McLerran, A New Deal for Native Art: Indian Arts and Federal Policy, 1933–1943 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2009), pp. 75–76.
23.Charles F. Wilkinson, American Indians, Time, and the Law: Native Societies in a Modern Constitutional Democracy (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987), p. 20.
24.Elmer R. Rusco, A Fateful Time: The Background and Legislative History of the Indian Reorganization Act (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2000), pp. 177–81.
25.“Today and Tomorrow,” New York Herald Tribune, February 7,
1952; Donald C. Swain, Wilderness Defender: Horace M. Albright and Conservation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), p. 218.
26.Anna Maria Gillis, “John Muir, Nature’s Witness,” Humanities, Vol. 32, no. 2 (March/April 2011), http://www.neh.gov/humanities/2011/marchapril/feature/john-muir-natures-witness.
27.Keith McClinsey, Washington D.C.’s Mayflower Hotel (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2007), p. 46.
28.Lillian Gish quoted in Alter, The Defining Moment, p. 239.
29.David A. Norris, “Four Terms with Franklin,” History Magazine (October/November 2012), p. 16.
30.Wirth, Parks, Politics, and the People, p. 69.
31.FDR, “Inaugural Address, March 4, 1933,” Washington, DC. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14473.
32.Alter, The Defining Moment, p. 207.
33.Quoted in Robert A. Caro, Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Knopf, 2002), p. 355.
34.Ellison Smith quoted in Anthony J. Badger, FDR: The First Hundred Days (New York: Hill and Wang, 2008), pp. 57–58.
35.FDR to Nelson C. Brown, March 8, 1933, Acting Dean Nelson C. Brown Papers, F. Franklin Moon Library of State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse.
36.FDR, “Capable of Management for Continuous Yield,” Forestry News Digest (January 1936).
37.FDR to F. A. Silcox, May 3, 1935, FDRL.
38.Memorandum, Roosevelt to secretaries of War, Interior, Agriculture, and Labor, March 14, 1933, in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 1.
39.William James, “The Moral Equivalent of War,” McClure’s, Vol. 35 (August 1910), pp. 463–68.
40.FDR, Address at Harvard University Tercentenary Celebration, September 18, 1936. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15133.
41.Galusha, Another Day, Another Dollar, p. 33.
42.Frances Perkins, The Roosevelt I Knew (New York: Viking, 1946), pp. 180–81.
43.Maher, Nature’s New Deal, pp. 11–12.
44.Jeanne Nienaber Clarke, Roosevelt’s Warrior: Harold Ickes and the New Deal (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 39.
45.Stan Cohen, The Tree Army: A Pictorial History of the Civilian Conservation Corps (Missoula, MT: Pictorial Histories, 1980), p. 24.
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