4.Clawson, New Deal Planning, pp. 13–14.
5.Charles E. Merriam, “The National Resources Planning Board: A Chapter in American Planning Experience,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 38, no. 6 (December 1944), pp. 1075–88.
6.W. Dale Nelson, The President Is at Camp David (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995), p. 4.
7.Louis Howe to Lewis Bailey, May 2, 1933, FDRL.
8.Gaddis Smith, “Roosevelt, the Sea, and International Security,” in Brinkley and Facey-Crowther, The Atlantic Charter, pp. 39–40.
9.Cross, Sailor in the White House, p. 15.
10.National Industrial Recovery Act, June 16, 1933; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789–1996; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11, National Archives.
11.Ickes, quoted in Worster, Dust Bowl, p. 42.
12.Boise City (Oklahoma) News, November 2, 1933.
13.Paige, The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, p. 8.
14.Newton, Design on the Land, pp. 577–81.
15.Wayne Franklin, Foreword, in Rebecca Conard, Places of Quiet Beauty: Parks, Preserves, and Environmentalism (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1997), pp. xi–xv.
16.Greg Ross Harber, “How You Gonna Keep ’Em Down on the Farm? Mapping New Deal Cultural Democracy in Iowa,” PhD dissertation, University of Iowa, 2007, pp. 294–95.
17.David Soll, “State Parks,” in Brosnan, Encyclopedia of American Environmental History, Vol. 4, pp. 1230–31.
18.Cutler, The Public Landscape of the New Deal, p. 65.
19.Ibid.
20.Cohen, The Tree Army, p. 90.
21.LaFrank, “Real and Ideal Landscapes Along the Taconic State Parkway,” in Hoagland and Breisch, Constructing Image, Identity, and Place, pp. 247–62.
22.Act of June 16, 1933 (“Industrial Recovery Act”), Public Law 73–67, 73rd Congress. NARA Online Public Access Database.
23.FDR to Henry A. Wallace, June 24, 1933, FDRL.
24.Lawrence S. Earley, Looking for Longleaf: The Fall and Rise of an American Forest (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004), p. 4.
25.FDR to Henry A. Wallace, July 11, 1933, FDRL.
26.Charles W. Hurd, “Roosevelt Greeted Royally by Canada at Campobello Isle,” New York Times, June 30, 1933.
27.FDR, “Greetings to the Civilian Conservation Corps, July 8, 1933,” in Rosenman, Public Papers of the President, p. 271.
28.“Half of Bonus Army Ready to Work in Woods,” Washington Post, May 20, 1933, p. 1.
29.“Forestry Veterans Go to New England,” Washington Post, June 21, 1933, p. 16. There were CCC companies in Charlemont, Lee, Fall River, Hyde Park, Wrentham, Spencer, and Chicopee Falls (Massachusetts); Gardiner, Cherryfield, and Dineo Station (Maine); and Rutland (Vermont).
30.Barbara Kirkconnell, “Catoctin Mountain Park: An Administrative History,” February 1988, pp. 9–10.
31.Phyllis McIntosh, “The Corps of Conservation,” National Parks (September–October 2001), pp. 26–27.
32.Newton, Design of the Land, pp. 589–91.
33.Billy Townsend, “History of the Georgia State Parks and Historic Sites,” http://gastateparks.org/content/georgia/parks/75th_Anniv/parks_history.pdf.
34.Davis and Davis, Our Mark on This Land, p. 131.
35.Newton, Design of the Land, pp. 502–3.
36.Richard Melzer, Coming of Age in the Great Depression (Las Cruces: New Mexico State University Press, 2000).
37.Edward Smith to Franklin D. Roosevelt, August 25, 1935.
38.Woodpecker, Vol. 1, no. 3 (August 19, 1933), Camp Cabeza de Vaca, NM.
39.FDR to Harry B. Hawes, October 5, 1939, FDRL.
40.“Hawes Will Direct New Wild Life Body,” New York Times, September 5, 1930.
41.Harry Benton Hawes, Fish and Game: Now or Never (New York: D. Appleton-Century, 1935), p. 1.
42.Thomas R. Dunlap, Saving America’s Wildlife (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), p. 82.
43.Peter Carrels, “The State and Fate of the Prairie,” Outdoor America, Issue 4 (2013), pp. 34–39.
44.Maher, Nature’s New Deal, pp. 8–9.
45.The CCC and Wildlife (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1938), p. 3.
46.Cohen, Nothing to Fear, p. 2.
47.William T. Hornaday and Harry M. Reeves, Thirty Years War for Wild Life (New York: Scribner, 1931), p. 191.
48.See Michael W. Giese, “A Federal Foundation for Wildlife Conservation: The Evolution of the National Wildlife Refuge System, 1920–1968,” PhD dissertation, American University, 2008, pp. 97–99, 119–20.
49.Ibid., pp. 118–19.
50.Clarence Cottam, Food Habits of North American Diving Ducks (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1939).
51.The CCC and Wildlife, pp. 5–6.
52.Douglas M. Thompson, “The Cost of Trout Fishing,” New York Times, April 11, 2015, p. A19. Thompson properly explains the environmental downside of fish hatcheries, including polluting rivers and lakes.
53.“Mr. and Mrs. Thomas H. Beck Have Good Time in Hollywood,” Wilton Bulletin, September 19, 1940.
54.David L. Lendt, Ding: The Life of Jay Norwood Darling (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1979), p. 63.
55.FDR to Henry Wallace, August 29, 1933, FDRL.
56.Paul G. Redington (Chief of the Biological Survey) to Henry Wallace, November 10, 1933, in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Conservation, Vol. 1, pp. 212–24.
57.Michael V. Namorato, ed., The Diary of Rexford G. Tugwell: The New Deal, 1932–1935 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1992), p. 150.
58.“Thomas H. Beck, 70, Retired Publisher,” New York Times, October 17, 1951.
59.Kenyon B. Zahner, “Quivering Garth: The Okefenokee,” Living Wilderness, Vol. 19, no. 50 (Autumn 1954).
60.Jean Sherwood Harper to FDR, November 25, 1933, FDRL.
61.FDR to Jean Sherwood Harper, December 19, 1933, FDRL.
62.John Wong, “FDR and the New Deal on Sport and Recreation,” Sport History Review, Vol. 29 (1998), pp. 173–91.
63.Billy Townsend, “History of the Georgia State Parks and Historic Sites,” http://gastateparks.org/content/georgia/parks/75th_Anniv/parks_history.pdf.
64.Larry I. Bland, The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, Vol. 1 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1961), p. 394.
65.Happy Days, April 19, 1941.
66.Paige, The Civilian Conservation Corps and the National Park Service, pp. 1–21.
67.William E. Leuchtenberg, The White House Looks South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), pp. 29–31.
68.Ibid.
69.Ward, Closest Companion, p. 16.
70.Elliott Roosevelt, F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, Vol. 1 (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950), pp. 372–73.
71.Connie Huddleston, Georgia’s Civilian Conservation Corps (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2009), p. 46.
72.Ibid., p. 12.
73.Ibid., p. 26.
74.FDR, Executive Order 7037, May 11, 1935. Online at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15057.7.
75.Jean Sherwood Harper to FDR, November 25, 1933, FDRL.
76.FDR to Jean Sherwood Harper, December 19, 1933, FDRL.
77.Francis Harper, “The Okefinokee Wilderness,” National Geographic (May 1934), p. 597.
78.Jonathan Rosen, The Life of the Skies: Birding at the End of Nature (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2008), p. 267.
79.Jean Sherwood Harper to FDR, February 8, 1935, FDRL.
80.FDR to Jean Sherwood Harper, February 18, 1935, FDRL.
81.Franklin D. Roosevelt quoted in M. S. Venkataramani, The Sunny Side of FDR (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1973), p. 265.
82.David W. Look and Carole L. Perrault, The Interior Building: Its Architecture and Its Art (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1986), pp. 1–27.
CHAPTER 10: “THE YEAR OF THE NATIONAL PARK”
&n
bsp; 1.Venkataramani, The Sunny Side of FDR, p. 37.
2.Duncan and Burns, The National Parks, p. 239.
3.Paige, The Civilian Conservation Corps and National Park Service, p. 19.
4.John Burroughs, “The Divine Abyss,” in The Writings of John Burroughs: Time and Change (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1912), pp. 39–45.
5.“Day by Day: March 21, 1934,” Pare Lorentz Center, FDRL.
6.Stephen R. Fox, The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981), pp. 205–6.
7.Runte, National Parks: The American Experience, p. 120.
8.Harold L. Ickes to FDR, March 29, 1934, FDRL.
9.Peter Matthiessen and Patricia Caulfield, The Everglades (San Francisco: Sierra Club, 1970), pp. 49–63.
10.David J. Nelson, “Florida Crackers and Yankee Tourists: The Civilian Conservation Corps, the Florida Park Service, and the Emergence of Modern Florida Tourism,” Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State University, 2008.
11.Cynthia Barnett, Rain: A Natural and Cultural History (New York: Crown, 2015), p. 232.
12.Harry A. Kersey Jr., “Seminoles and Miccosukees: A Century in Retrospective,” in Indians of the Southeastern United States in the Late 20th Century (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1992), p. 102.
13.FDR to Ernest F. Coe, April 1, 1939, FDRL
14.“Roosevelt to Start Today on Fishing Trip,” New York Times, March 27, 1934.
15.“Roosevelt Sails in Open Atlantic,” New York Times, March 29, 1934.
16.“Roosevelt Signs Two Major Bills,” New York Times, April 8, 1934.
17.“FDR: Day by Day for April 4, 1934,” Pare Lorentz Center, FDRL.
18.“Roosevelt Starts on Way to Nassau,” New York Times, March 30, 1934; see also “Roosevelt Sails in Open Atlantic.”
19.“Roosevelt Admits Catching a Whale,” New York Times, April 10, 1934.
20.“Big Crowd Meets Train,” New York Times, April 14, 1934.
21.Olmsted quoted in Duncan and Burns, The National Parks, p. 280.
22.“Park in Everglades Voted by Congress: National Wild Life Refuge and Playground Will Be Bigger Than Rhode Island,” New York Times, May 26, 1934.
23.Everglades National Park Enabling Act, 48 Stat. 816 (1934).
24.Marjory Stoneman Douglas, The Everglades: River of Grass (Sarasota, FL: Pineapple, 1997), p. 366.
25.William Sherman Jennings quoted in Michael Grunwald, The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida, and the Politics of Paradise (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006), p. 210.
26.Cohen, The Tree Army, p. 50.
27.Florida Park Service, “Highlands Hammock State Park: History,” accessed June 29, 2014, http://www.floridastateparks.org/history/parkhistory.cfm?parkid=1 29.
28.David Allen Sibley, The Sibley Guide to Trees (New York: Knopf, 2009), p. 3. See also Davis and Davis, Our Mark on This Land, p. 74.
29.Davis and Davis, Our Mark on This Land, pp. 71–72.
30.Clarke, Roosevelt’s Warrior: Harold L. Ickes and the New Deal, pp. 100–101.
31.Harold L. Ickes, unpublished diary entry, April 29, 1945, Harold L. Ickes Papers, Manuscript Reading Room, Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
32.Mark Reisner, Cadillac Desert: The American Desert and Its Disappearing Water (New York: Penguin, 1993), pp. 137–47.
33.Ickes quoted in Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim, p. 472.
34.Anthony P. Musso, FDR and the Post Office: A Young Boy’s Fascination; A World Leader’s Passion (Bloomington, IN; Milton Keynes, UK: Author House, 2006), p. 40.
35.Ibid., p. 16.
36.Bernice L. Thomas, The Stamp of FDR: New Deal Post Offices in the Mid-Hudson Valley (Fleischmanns, NY: Purple Mountain, 2002), p. 7.
37.Robert U. Johnson to FDR, August 16, 1934, FDRL.
38.FDR to Robert U. Johnson, August 24, 1934, FDRL.
39.“Vermont Voters Reject Mountain Parkway Plan,” New York Times, March 4, 1936, p. 3.
40.“Those CCC Boys,” Vermont Public Radio, http://www.vpr.net/episode/43879/those-ccc-boys/.
41.See Robert W. Righter, “National Monuments to National Parks: The Use of the Antiquities Act of 1906,” Western Historical Quarterly (1989), pp. 281–301.
42.FDR to Harold Ickes, May 29, 1934, FDRL.
43.Frederic A. Delano to Harold Ickes, May 16, 1934, FDRL.
44.Ibid.
45.Quetico-Superior Foundation, “Quetico Superior Timeline,” last updated 2009, http://www.queticosuperior.org/abouttheregion/timeline.html.
46.Quetico Superior Foundation, “History of the Quetico Superior: A History of Land Use and Controversy,” last updated 2009, http://www.queticosuperior.org/abouttheregion/history.html.
47.“Isle Royale Sought as National Reserve,” Washington Post, July 10, 1942, p. 8.
48.“Lonely Isle Royale to Become a Park,” New York Times, June 2, 1935, p. XX5.
49.James Jackson, “The Living Legacy of the CCC,” American Forests, Vol. 94, nos. 9, 10 (1988), p. 47.
50.Cornelius M. Maher, “Planting More Than Trees: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Roots of the American Environmental Movement, 1929–1943,” PhD dissertation, New York University, January 2001, pp. 320–21.
51.Harley E. Jolly, The CCC in the Smokies (Gatlinburg, TN: Great Smoky Mountain National History Association, 2001), p. 12.
52.Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1934, 16 U.S.C. 661–667e, 48 Stat. 401, at http://www.fws.gov/laws/lawsdigest/fwcoord.html.
53.David Wagstaff to FDR, May 30, 1934, FDRL.
54.FDR to Harold Ickes, June 6, 1934, FDRL.
55.Harold Ickes to FDR, June 19, 1934, FDRL.
56.John B. Adams interview by Don Graff, September 29, 1989, Zion National Park Oral History Project.
57.Ibid.
58.“Hawaiians Greet Roosevelt at Hilo,” New York Times, July 26, 1934.
59.“Roosevelt to Find Rare Sea Comforts,” New York Times, July 1, 1934.
60.Presidential log of USS Houston, entry for July 2, 1934, FDRL.
61.“President Speeds South on Cruiser,” New York Times, July 3, 1934.
62.“Trip of the President: Summer 1934,” entry for July 10, 1934, p. 5, FDRL.
63.“Roosevelt Watches Naval ‘Hide and Seek,’” New York Times, July 19, 1934.
64.“Hawaiians Greet Roosevelt at Hilo,” New York Times, July 26, 1934.
65.Summer Roper, “The Civilian Conservation Corps: An Archeological Survey of the Hilina Pali Erosion Control Project of 1940,” last updated June 28, 2014, http://www.nps.gov/havo/historyculture/civilian-conservation-corps.htm.
66.Jadelyn J. Moniz, Fire on the Rim: The Creation of Hawaii National Park (Washington, DC: Department of the Interior, 2015), p. 11. Online at http://www.nps.gov/havo/historyculture/upload/Fire-On-The-Rim-Paper_final.pdf.
67.“Hawaiians Greet Roosevelt at Hilo.”
68.National Park Service, “The Volcano House Story,” last updated June 26, 2014, http://www.nps.gov/havo/parknews/history.htm.
69.“Hawaiians Greet Roosevelt at Hilo.”
70.“Roosevelt Tours Hawaii Naval Base,” New York Times, July 28, 1934.
71.“Found in the Archives,” May 18, 2012, FDRL. Online at https://fdrlibrary.wordpress.com/2012/05/18/found-in-the-archives-33/.
72.“Roosevelt Arrives Off Pacific Coast,” New York Times, August 3, 1934.
73.Eleanor Roosevelt, “By Car and Tent,” Women’s Home Companion, Vol. 61 (August 1934), p. 4.
74.See Joyce L. Kornbluh, A New Deal for Workers’ Education: The Workers’ Service Program, 1933–1942 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1987), p. 87; and Gwendolyn Mink, The Wages of Motherhood: Inequality in the Welfare State, 1917–1942 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), p. 157.
75.Galusha, Another Day, Another Dollar, pp. 36–37.
76.Heather Van Wormer, “A New Deal for Gender: The Landscapes of the 1930s,” in Deborah L. Rotman and Ellen-Rose Savulis, eds., Divided Places: Material Dimensions of Gender Relation
s and the American Historical Landscape (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2003), p. 219.
77.Nancy C. Unger, Beyond Nature’s Housekeepers: American Women in Environmental History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp. 119–20.
78.Phyllis McIntosh, “The Corps of Conservation,” National Parks (September/October 2001), p. 25.
79.Galusha, Another Day, Another Dollar, pp. 36–37.
80.Bryant Simon, “New Men in Body and Soul: The Civilian Conservation Corps and the Transformation of Male Bodies and the Male Politic,” in Virginia J. Scharff, ed., Seeing Nature Through Gender (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003), pp. 80–102.
81.“Mrs. Roosevelt Goes On,” New York Times, July 29, 1934.
82.“Mrs. Roosevelt Draws Crowd,” New York Times, July 31, 1934.
83.See Billington, Jackson, and Melosi, The History of Large Federal Dams, pp. 193–210.
84.“Roosevelt Pledges Control of Power for Whole People,” New York Times, August 4, 1934.
85.FDR to Harold Ickes, August 6, 1935, FDRL.
86.Gary A. Wedemeyer, “A Brief History of the Western Fisheries Research Center, 1934–2006,” Western Fisheries Research Center (May 2007).
87.Dwayne Mack, “May the Work I’ve Done Speak for Me: African American Civilian Corps Enrollees in Montana, 1933–1934,” Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 27, no. 4 (2003), p. 236.
88.“Negro Quartet at CCC Camp Gains Notice,” Western News, September 27, 1934.
89.Donald H. Robinson, Through the Years in Glacier National Park: An Administrative History (West Glacier, MT: Glacier Natural History Association, May 1967), p. 22.
90.William P. Corbett, “Pipestone: The Origins and Development of a Nature Movement,” Minnesota History, Vol. 47, no. 3 (Fall 1980), pp. 83–85.
91.For background see Pipestone: A History of Pipestone National Monument, Minnesota, NPS online, http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/pipe2/sec7.htm.
92.Richard Sanderville to FDR, April 15, 1935, FDRL.
93.Happy Days, May 20, 1933, p. 7.
94.Calvin W. Gower, “The CCC Indian Division: Aid for Depressed Americans, 1933–1942,” Minnesota History (Spring 1972), p. 5.
95.Ibid., p. 4.
96.Robert Fechner to John Collier, September 8, 1934, Civilian Conservation Corps Record Group 35, National Archives, Washington, DC.
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